U S C E N S U S B U R E A U Helping You Make Informed Decisions P60-238 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU 6 1.1 9 1.4 13.2 Current Population Repo 7.1 1.9 * 2.6 Co 0 n .7 su * mer Income 1.6 1 0.6 1 1.1 9.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 7.5 1.1 1.0 7.6 1.3 * 1.1 16.7 1.9 * 1.5 11.9 0.9 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.6 * 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 14.3 11.8 1.2 9.2 0.7 9.0 10.0 1.0 10.1 1.2 12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3 1 9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1 13.2 1.3 12.7 1.4 1 15.2 0.8 15.4 0.9 1 8.0 1.0 6.7 1.0 9.8 1.1 9.8 1.2 8.0 1.0 8.1 1.1 10.4 1.1 10.2 1.2 1 15.6 1.3 15.2 1.4 1 1.2 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.9 * 1.4 0.7 * 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.3 * 1.1 1.9 * 1.5 0.9 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.2 18.8 1.7 14.1 0.7 14.0 12.9 1.0 13.1 12.4 1.2 11.7 10.8 0.8 11.0 14.3 1.3 13.9 1.4 11.8 1.2 11.7 1.3 9.2 0.7 9.0 0.7 10.0 1.0 10.1 1.2 12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3 13.1 9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1 9.6 13.2 1.3 12.7 1.4 13.8 0.8 15.4 0.9 15.2 1.0 6.7 1.0 9.1 1.3 1.2 9.9 1.3 8.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 59,925 18,979 57,555 4,421 19,890 57,783 35,316 20,538 58,155 37,335 21,977 58,865 37,773 22,425 59,369 37,913 22,561 59,506 39,923 23,100 57,861 41,195 23,330 56,6 39,750 23,355 58,754 39,479 23,221 72 63,6 40,898 27,0 40,207 27,612 38,789 27,779 39,792 39,8 39,143 59,506 861 6,633 58,754 23,221 58,818 702 60,193 3,708 58,922 24,661 59,441 41,021 24,474 59,663 412 24,312 0,213 2 39,4 38,789 27,779 71,61 792 27,798 69,85 39,843 28,203 70,78 39,143 27,995 71,52 38,900 27,995 71,96 38,768 27,691 71,42 38,531 28,421 73,76 39,521 29,309 74,16 40,906 29,931 73,17 41,249 29,829 40,861 40, By Carmen DeNavas-2 W 6 a , l 1 t 60 64,5 Bernadette D. Proctor Jessica C 4 . 1 S , m 53 it 0 h 26,691 59,149 41,259 26,891 Issued September 2010
85
Embed
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United … · 2018. 7. 24. · P60-238. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009. Issued September
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
U S C E N S U S B U R E A UHelping You Make Informed Decisions
P60-238
Income, Poverty, andHealth Insurance Coverage inthe United States: 2009
U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics Administration
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAUWashington, DC 20233
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
Penalty for Private Use $300
FIRST-CLASS MAILPOSTAGE & FEES PAIDU.S. Census Bureau
Permit No. G-58
P60
-23
8U
S C E N
S U S B
U R
E A U
Inco
me, Po
verty, and
Health
Insu
rance C
overage in
the U
nited
States: 2009
Curre
nt P
opula
tion R
eports C
onsu
mer In
come
14.3
7.6 1.1
11.9 1.4 13.2Curre nt Population Reports7.1 1.9 *
2.6Co0n.7su*mer Income1.6 1
0.6 1
1.1 9.2 1.2 0.9
1.0 7.5 1.1 1.0
7.6 1.3 * 1.1
16.7 1.9 * 1.5
11.9 0.9 0.7
1.5 1.2
1.4 1.2
1.6 * 1.2
0.9 0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.2
14.3
11.8 1.2
9.2 0.7 9.0
10.0 1.0 10.1 1.2
12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3 13.1
9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1 9.6
13.2 1.3 12.7 1.4 13.8
15.2 0.8 15.4 0.9 15.2
8.0 1.0 6.7 1.0 9.1
9.8 1.1 9.8 1.2 9.9
8.0 1.0 8.1 1.1 8.1
10.4 1.1 10.2 1.2 10.8
15.6 1.3 15.2 1.4 15.6
8.6 0.9 8.9 1.1 8.6
1.2 1.0
1.7 1.3
1.9 * 1.4
0.7 * 0.6
1.2 0.9
1.1 1.0
1.3 * 1.1
1.9 * 1.5
0.9 0.7
1.5 1.2
1.2
18.8 1.7
14.1 0.7 14.0
12.9 1.0 13.1
12.4 1.2 11.7
10.8 0.8 11.0
14.3 1.3 13.9 1.4
11.8 1.2 11.7 1.3
9.2 0.7 9.0 0.7
10.0 1.0 10.1 1.2
12.7 1.2 11.4 1.3 13.1
9.0 1.0 9.2 1.1 9.6
13.2 1.3 12.7 1.4 13.8
0.8 15.4 0.9 15.2 1.0
6.7 1.0 9.1 1.3
1.2 9.9 1.3
8.1 1.2
1.4 1.1
1.6 1.3
0.9
59,925
18,979 57,555
34,421 19,890 57,783
35,316 20,538 58,155
37,335 21,977 58,865
37,773 22,425 59,369
37,913 22,561 59,506
39,923 23,100 57,861
41,195 23,330 56,633
39,750 23,355 58,754
39,479 23,221
63,594
25,572 63,658
75
40,898 27,013
40,207 27,612
38,789 27,779
39,792
39,843
39,143
59,506
57,861
56,633
58,754
23,221 58,818
23,702 60,193
23,708 58,922
24,661 59,441
41,021 24,474 59,663
40,412 24,312
40,213 23,820
39,498
38,789 27,779 71,616
39,792 27,798 69,858
39,843 28,203 70,785
39,143 27,995 71,520
38,900 27,995 71,968
38,768 27,691 71,428
38,531 28,421 73,762
39,521 29,309 74,161
40,906 29,931 73,170
41,249 29,829
40,861
40,843
ByCarmen DeNavas-2W6a,l1t60 64,5Bernadette D. ProctorJessica C4. 1S,m53it0h 26,691
59,149 41,259 26,891
Issued September 2010
use 259C pantone
Acknowledgments
Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Margaret E. Richardson and Melissa A. Stringfellow, prepared the income section of this report under the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor pre-pared the poverty section under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Jessica C. Smith prepared the health insurance coverage section under the direction of Brett O’Hara, Chief of the Health and Disability Statistics Branch.Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics, and Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Assistant Division Chief for Employment Characteristics, both of the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
Adelle D. Berlinger, George M. Mitcham, Tim J. Marshall, and Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division, processed the Current Population Survey 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file. Donna K. Benton, Kirk E. Davis, Thy K. Le, and Chandararith R. Phe, all of the Survey Processing Branch, pro-grammed and produced the detailed and publication tables.
Danielle N. Castelo, Rebecca A. Hoop, and Matthew R. Herbstritt, under the supervision of David V. Hornick and Kimball T. Jonas, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review. Thomas F. Moore, Chief of the Health Surveys and Supplements Branch, provided overall direction.
Lisa Clement, Tim J. Marshall, Michelle Wiland, and Lisa Paska, Demographic Surveys Division, and Roberto Picha and Agatha Jung,Technologies Management Office, prepared and pro-grammed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made signifi-cant contributions to the preparation of this report. Barton Baker, Ashley Edwards, Suzanne Macartney, Laryssa Mykyta, Ashley Provencher, Jessica L. Semega, Bruce H. Webster, Jr., John Hisnanick, Len Norry, and Judith Waldrop reviewed the contents.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.
Linda Chen, Jamie A. Stark, and Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Francis Grailand Hall, Chief, provided publications and printing management, graph-ics design and composition, and editorial review for print and elec-tronic media. General direction and production management were provided by Claudette E. Bennett, Assistant Division Chief.
P60-238
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2009 Issued September 2010
U.S. Department of Commerce Gary Locke,
Secretary
Vacant,Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert M. Groves,
Director
Suggested CitationDeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D.
Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-238, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2009, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC, 2010.
Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank,Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert M. Groves, Director
Thomas L. Mesenbourg, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Howard Hogan, Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David S. Johnson, Chief, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 iii
A-2. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . .45
A-4. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
A-5. Number of Workers With Earnings and Median Earnings by Work Experience, Sex, and Selected Characteristics: 2002 to 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 1
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009
Introduction
This report presents data on income, poverty, and health insurance cover-age in the United States based on information collected in the 2010 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Summary of findings:
• Themedianhouseholdincomein2009 was not statistically differ-ent from the 2008 median in real terms.1
• Thepovertyrateincreasedbetween2008 and 2009.
• Theuninsuredrateandnumberofpeople without health insurance increased between 2008 and 2009.
These results were not uniform across groups. For example, between 2008 and 2009, real median household income declined for non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks, while the changes for Asians and Hispanics were not
1 All income values are adjusted to reflect 2009 dollars. “Real” refers to income after adjust-ing for inflation. The adjustment is based on percentage changes in prices between 2009 and earlier years and is computed by dividing the annual average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2009 by the annual average for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947 to 2009 are available in Appendix A and on the Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes /www/income/data/incpovhlth/2009/p60no238 _appacpitable.pdf>. Consumer prices between 2008 and 2009 fell by 0.4 percent.
Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy
The data in this report are from the 2010 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) and were collected in the 50 states and the District of Columbia and do not represent residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. island areas.* It is based on a sample of about 100,000 addresses. The estimates in this report are controlled to inde-pendent national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin for March 2010. The population controls used to prepare estimates for 1999 to 2009 were based on the results from Census 2000 and are updated annually using administrative records for such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration.
The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data. The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institu-tions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories are only included in the estimates if information about them is reported in an interview at their parents’ home. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than that of the basic CPS since it includes military person-nel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regard-less of whether they live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further documentation about the CPS ASEC, see <www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf>.
Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. Further information about the source and accuracy of the estimates is available at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa.pdf>.
* U.S. island areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
2 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
statistically significant.2 The pov-erty rate increased for non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, while the change for Asians was not sta-tistically significant. Additionally, for health insurance, the uninsured rate and number of uninsured increased for non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, while the changes for
2 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. There-fore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). The body of this report (text, figures, and tables) shows data using the first approach (race alone). The appen-dix tables show data using both approaches. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White” refers to people who are not Hispanic and who reported White and no other race. The Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the compari-son group for other race groups and Hispanics.
Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for race groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 12.9 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 2.9 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 2.0 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race.
The small sample size of the Asian popula-tion and the fact that the CPS does not use sepa-rate population controls for weighting the Asian sample to national totals contribute to the large variances surrounding estimates of this group. This means that for some estimates for the Asian population, we are unable to detect statistically significant changes from the previous year. The American Community Survey (ACS), based on a much larger sample size of the population, is a better source for estimating and identifying changes for small groups of the population, such as the Asian population.
The householder is the person (or one of the people) in whose name the home is owned or rented and the person to whom the relationship of other household members is recorded. If a married couple owns the home jointly, either the husband or the wife may be listed as the house-holder. Since only one person in each household is designated as the householder, the number of householders is equal to the number of house-holds. This report uses the characteristics of the householder to describe the household.
Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population or for race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. In addition, the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the Asian sample to national totals. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see <www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads/adsmain.htm>.
Asians were not statistically signifi- including full-time, year-round work-cant. These results are discussed in ers; families in poverty; and health more detail in the three main sec- insurance coverage of children. tions of this report—income, poverty,
The income and poverty estimates and health insurance coverage. Each
shown in this report are based solely section presents estimates by charac-
on money income before taxes and do teristics such as race, Hispanic origin,
not include the value of noncash ben-nativity, and region. Other topics
efits, such as nutritional assistance, covered are earnings of workers,
Supplemental Poverty Measure
On March 2, 2010, the Interagency Technical Working Group (which included representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], U.S. Census Bureau, Economics and Statistics Administration, Council of Economic Advisers, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and Office of Management and Budget [OMB]) issued a series of suggestions to the Census Bureau and BLS on how to develop the Supplemental Poverty Measure. Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 1995 National Academy of Sciences report and the extensive research on pov-erty measurement conducted over the past 15 years.
The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government programs and will not replace the official poverty thresholds. Instead, the new measure will serve as an additional indicator of economic well-being and will provide a deeper understanding of economic conditions and policy effects. The official poverty measure, which has been in use since the 1960s, estimates poverty rates by looking at a family’s or an individual’s cash income. The new measure will be a more complex statistic incorporat-ing additional items, such as tax payments and work expenses, in its family resource estimates. Thresholds used in the new measure will be derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey expenditure data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and utilities) and will be adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. Additional details can be found at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/SPM_TWGObservations.pdf>.
The Census Bureau’s statistical experts, with assistance from BLS and in consultation with other appropriate agencies and outside experts, will be responsible for the measure’s technical design. Over 75 comments were received in response to a May 2010 federal register notice regarding the measure. The Census Bureau has embarked on an ambitious research agenda, which includes an assessment of alternative definitions of the poverty unit, an investigation of alternative data sources for geographic cost-of-living adjustments, and an evaluation of the reliability of the data from questions added to the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS ASEC) in 2010. The Census Bureau plans to publish documentation on these and other technical aspects of the new measure before the end of this year.
If the President’s budget initiative is approved, the Census Bureau will pub-lish the first set of poverty estimates using the new approach in September 2011. Both the Census Bureau and the Interagency Technical Working Group consider the Supplemental Poverty Measure a work in progress and expect that there will be improvements to the statistic over time.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 3
Medicare, Medicaid, public hous-ing, and employer-provided fringe benefits.
Since the publication of the first offi-cial U.S. poverty estimates in 1964, there has been continuing debate about the best approach to measur-ing income and poverty in the United States.
Recognizing that supplemental esti-mates of income and poverty can pro-vide useful information to the public as well as to the federal government, in 2009, the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Chief Statistician formed the Interagency Technical Working Group on Developing the Supplemental Poverty Measure. This group asked the Census Bureau, in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), to develop the new statistic. The measure is designed to obtain an improved understanding of the economic well-being of American families and how federal policies affect those living in poverty. The text box “Supplemental Poverty Measure” provides more information.
The CPS is the longest-running survey conducted by the Census Bureau. The CPS ASEC asks detailed ques-tions categorizing income into over 50 sources. The key purpose of the CPS ASEC is to provide timely and detailed estimates of income, poverty, and health insurance coverage and to measure change in those estimates at the national level. The CPS ASEC is the official source of the national poverty estimates calculated in accordance with OMB’s Statistical Policy Directive No. 14 (Appendix B).
The Census Bureau also reports income, poverty, and health insur-ance coverage estimates based on data from the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the 2010 Census program and has eliminated the need for a long-form census questionnaire. The ACS offers
broad, comprehensive information on and local estimates, see the text box social, economic, and housing topics “State and Local Estimates of Income, and provides this information at many Poverty, and Health Insurance.”levels of geography, particularly for
The CPS ASEC provides reliable esti-local communities.
mates of the net change, from one Since the CPS ASEC produces more year to the next, in the overall distri-complete and thorough estimates bution of economic characteristics of of income and poverty, the Census the population, such as income and Bureau recommends that people use earnings, but it does not show how it as the data source for national esti- those characteristics change for the mates. Estimates for income, poverty, same person, family, or household. health insurance coverage, and other Longitudinal measures of income, economic characteristics at the state poverty, and health insurance cover-level can be found in forthcoming age that are based on following the briefs based on data from the 2009 same people over time are avail-ACS. For more information on state able from the Survey of Income and
State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
The U.S. Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household income, poverty, and health insurance coverage by state and other smaller geographic units based on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). Single-year estimates are available for geographic units with populations of 65,000 or more. The ACS also produces estimates of income and poverty for counties and places with populations of 20,000 or more by pooling 3 years of data. Before the end of this year, 5-year income and poverty estimates will be available for all geographic units, includ-ing census tracts and block groups. (Since questions on health insurance coverage were added to the ACS in 2008, 3-year estimates for health insurance coverage will not be available until next year. Five-year health insurance coverage estimates for the smallest geographic units will be available in 2013.)
The Census Bureau’s Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program also produces single-year estimates of median household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as population and poverty estimates for school districts. These estimates are based on models using data from a variety of sources, including current surveys, administra-tive records, intercensal population estimates, and personal income data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. In general, SAIPE estimates have lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they incorporate ACS data in the models. Estimates for 2008 are available at <www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/index.html>. Estimates for 2009 will be available later this year.
The Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) pro-gram produces model-based estimates of health insurance coverage rates for states and counties. The SAHIE program released 2007 estimates of health insurance coverage by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and income categories at the state level and by age, sex, and income categories at the county level in 2010. These estimates are available at <www.census.gov /did/www/sahie/index.html>.
4 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates INCOME IN THE UNITED derived from SIPP data answer ques- STATEStions such as:
Highlights• Whatpercentageofhouseholds
move up or down the income dis- • Therealmedianhouseholdincome
tribution over time? in 2009 was $49,777, not statis-tically different from the 2008
• Howmanypeopleremaininpov-median (Table 1 and Figure 1). erty over time?
• Howlongdopeoplewithout • Realmedianincomedeclinedbyhealth insurance tend to remain 1.8 percent for family households uninsured? and increased 1.6 percent for non-
family households between 2008 The text box “Dynamics of Economic Well-Being” provides more information. and 2009 (Table 1).
•RealmedianincomedeclinedforBlack households and non-Hispanic White households between 2008 and 2009, while the changes for Asian and Hispanic-origin house-holds were not statistically different (Table 1 and Figure 1).
•Native-bornhouseholdsandhouse-holds maintained by a noncitizen had declines in real median income between 2008 and 2009.3 The changes in the median income of all foreign-born households and households maintained by a natu-ralized citizen were not statistically significant (Table 1).
•TheMidwestandWestexperienceddeclines in real median household income between 2008 and 2009 (2.1 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively).4 The changes in median household incomes in the Northeast and South were not sta-tistically significant (Table 1).
•Thechangeinincomeinequalitybetween 2008 and 2009 was not statistically significant, as mea-sured by the shares of aggregate household income by quintiles and the Gini index (Tables 3 and A-2).5
3 Native-born households are those in which the householder was born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. island areas of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands of the United States or was born in a foreign country but had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign born regardless of the date of entry into the United States or citizenship status. The CPS does not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of all householders, 86.8 percent were native born; 6.7 percent were foreign born, naturalized citizens; and 6.5 percent were noncitizens (the difference in the percentage of householders who were naturalized citizens and those who were noncitizens is not statistically significant).
4 The difference in the declines in median household income between the Midwest and West was not statistically significant.
5 For a discussion of these two income measures, see “What Are Shares of Aggregate Household Income and a Gini index?,” in Bishaw, Alemayehu and Jessica Semega, Income, Earn-ings, and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey, American Community Survey Reports, ACS-09, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2008, <www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs /acs-09.pdf>.
The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides monthly data about labor force participation, income sources and amounts, and health insurance coverage of individuals, families, and households during the time span covered by each of its panels. The data yield insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences and the economic mobility of U.S. residents.* For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a lower pov-erty rate than the annual measures presented in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g., 2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific findings from the 2004 panel include:
• Theproportionofhouseholdsinthebottomincomequintilein2004that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007 (30.9 percent) was not sta-tistically different from the proportion of households in the top quintile in 2004 that moved to a lower quintile in 2007 (32.2 percent).
• Householdswithhouseholderswhohadlowerlevelsofeducationweremore likely to remain in or move into a lower income quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.
• Approximately31.6percentofthepopulationhadatleastonespellofpoverty lasting 2 or more months during the 4-year period from 2004 to 2007.
• Chronicpovertywasrelativelyuncommon,with2.2percentofthepopulation living in poverty all 48 months of the period.
More information based on these data is available in a series of reports titled the Dynamics of Economic Well-Being, as well as in table packages and working papers.
The U.S. Census Bureau is in the process of reengineering the SIPP. The rede-signed survey is expected to reduce respondent burden and attrition and deliver data on a timely basis, while addressing the same topic areas of the earlier SIPP panels. For more information, see <www.sipp.census.gov/sipp>.
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being
*The 2004 SIPP panel collected data from February 2004 through January 2008. The data are currently available for download. See the SIPP Web site for details <www.sipp.census.gov/sipp>.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 5
Table 1.Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2008 and 2009(Income in 2009 dollars� Households and people as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Men with earnings � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59,861 46,191 238 56,053 47,127 242 *2�0 0�62Women with earnings � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � See footnotes at end of table�
� 44,156 35,609 174 43,217 36,278 173 *1�9 0�58
6 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2008 and 2009—Con�(Income in 2009 dollars� Households and people as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level� 1 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals� Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate
medians to $250,000 or more� Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000�” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used�
2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>
3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race� Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible� A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept)� This table shows data using the first approach (race alone)� The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000� Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table�
4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas� For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www�census�gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro�html>�
5 The data shown in this section are per capita incomes and their respective confidence intervals� Per capita income is the mean income computed for every man, woman, and child in a particular group� It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in institutional quarters)�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
Figure 1.Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2009
Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
2009 dollars Recession
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
200920052000 19951990198519801975197019651959
$65,469
$54,461
$49,777
$38,039
$32,584
All races
White, not Hispanic
Black
Asian
Hispanic (any race)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 7
• Bothmenandwomen,15yearsold 2008 and 2009.7 The changes for defined, the 4.2 percent income
and over, who worked full-time, non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and decline is:10
year-round experienced increases Asians were not statistically signifi-8
•Notstatisticallydifferentfromthein real median earnings between cant (Table 1).
declines in income for the years sur-2008 and 2009. The median earn-
rounding the two recessions lasting ings of men increased 2.0 percent, Household Income
from March 2001 to November 2001 from $46,191 to $47,127; and Real median household income was and from July 1990 to March 1991. the earnings of women increased $49,777 in 2009, not statistically by 1.9 percent, from $35,609 to different from the 2008 median. •Largerthanthe1.7percentdecline$36,278.6 In 2009, the female-to- Since 2007, the year before the most for the income years surrounding male earnings ratio was 0.77, not recent recession, median household the December 1969 to November statistically different from the 2008 income has declined 4.2 percent 1970 recession.11
ratio (Table 1 and Figure 2). (from $51,965) and is 5.0 percent •Smallerthanthedeclinesforthebelow the median household income • Themedianearningsofallworking income years surrounding the peak ($52,388) that occurred in 1999 males 15 years old and over was January 1980 to July 1980 and July (Tables 1, 2, and A-1).9 Though the $36,331 in 2009, not statistically 1981 to November 1982 combined trough of the recession that began different from their 2008 median, recessions (6.0 percent) and the in December 2007 has not yet been while the earnings of their female November 1973 to March 1975
counterparts increased by 1.9 recession (5.7 percent) (Figure 1 percent, from $25,553 to $26,030 and Tables 1, 2, and A-1).12
7 The difference between the declines for the (Table A-4). overall and White populations was not statisti-cally significant. 10 Recessions are determined by the National
• Realpercapitaincomedeclinedby 8 Unlike medians, per capita and means are Bureau of Economic Research, a private research
1.2 percent for the total popula- affected by extremely high and low incomes. organization. See Appendix A for a list of peak 9 The difference between the percentage and trough months.
tion, 1.3 percent for Whites, and declines of 2007 to 2009 and 1999 to 2009 in 11 Discussion is limited to recessions occurring 3.5 percent for Hispanics between median household income was not statistically after 1967, the first year that household income
significant. In addition, the difference between estimates were derived from the CPS ASEC.the 1999 and 2007 medians is not statistically 12 The difference between the declines in significant. The median household income peak
6 income for the combined January 1980 to July
The difference between the percentage of $52,388 in 1999 and the $52,301 median 1980 and July 1981 to November 1982 reces-increases in the earnings of men and women was household income in 2000 are not statistically sions and the November 1973 to March 1975 not statistically significant. different. recession was not statistically significant.
Table 2.Change in Real Median Income and Earnings, Number of Workers, and Percentage of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers During Income Years Surrounding Recessions by Sex: 1969 to 2009(Income and earnings in 2009 dollars� Information for people 15 years and older beginning with 1980 and people 14 years and older for previous years� Before 1989, earnings are for civilian workers only� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Recessions1
Income years
Per- centage change
in real median house-
hold income
Change in number of
workers with earnings
(in thousands)
Change in number of
full-time, year-round workers with earnings (in thousands)
Percentage-point change in the percentage
of full-time, year-round
workers with earnings
Percentage change in median
earnings of all workers
Percentage change in median
earnings of full-time, year-round workers
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleDecember 2007, trough not yet defined � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2007 to 2009 *–4�2 *–2,548 *–1,323 *–6,931 *–2,396 *–6�1 *–2�2 *–4�1 *–2�8 *1�0 –0�1March 2001 to November 2001 � � � � � � 1999 to 2002 * –3�5 * 1,178 358 462 * 1,005 –0�5 * 1�1 * –2�6 * 7�6 0�4 * 6�3July 1990 to March 1991 � � � � � � � � � � � 1989 to 1991 *–4�2 –5 458 *–1,790 *1,096 *–2�5 *1�4 *–6�0 1�0 –1�0 0�7January 1980 to July 1980 and July 1981 to November 1982 � � � � � � � � � � 1978 to 1983 *–6�0 *2,235 *4,710 492 *4,252 *–1�5 *4�2 *–10�1 *6�4 *–5�6 1�0November 1973 to March 1975 � � � � � � 1973 to 1975 *–5�7 –170 *1,343 *–2,314 257 *–3�7 –0�7 *–6�4 1�6 *–4�2 –0�5December 1969 to November 1970� � � 1969 to 1971 *–1�7 *1,613 *748 –189 *628 *–2�2 0�8 *–2�2 *6�3 *1�5 *2�6
* Statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level�1 Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization�Note: Income years are based on peak income year prior to or during the start of the recession and the trough income year near or after the end of the recession�Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1970 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
8 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Race and Hispanic Origin and non-Hispanic-White populations households maintained by natural-were collected in the CPS ASEC) and ized citizens had the highest income, Real median income declined for Black 2009, the Black-to-non-Hispanic- $51,975; followed by native-born households and non-Hispanic White White income ratio increased from households, $50,503; and noncitizen households between 2008 and 2009 0.58 to 0.60. Over the same period, households, $36,089 (Table 1). (Table 1 and Figure 1); the changes for the Hispanic-to-non-Hispanic-White
the Asian and Hispanic-origin house-income ratio declined from 0.74 to Region15
holds were not statistically significant. 0.70. Income data for the Asian popu-
The decline for Black households was Real median household income in lation was first available in 1987. The
4.4 percent, larger than the 1.6 per- the Midwest and West experienced Asian-to-non-Hispanic White income
cent decline for non-Hispanic White declines of 2.1 percent and 1.9 percent ratios for 1987 and 2009 were not
households. between 2008 and 2009 (Table 1).16 statistically different, 1.14 and 1.20, The changes in the median incomes
In comparison to the respective respectively. in the Northeast and South were income peaks before the 2001 reces- not statistically significant. In 2009, sion, 2009 household income was 5.0 Age of Householder
households in the West ($53,833) and percent lower for all races combined Change in real median household Northeast ($53,073) had the highest (from $52,388 in 1999), 4.2 percent income by age of the householder median household incomes, followed lower for non-Hispanic Whites (from
between 2008 and 2009 was not by the Midwest ($48,877) and the $56,843 in 1999), 11.8 percent lower
uniform across the age groups. The South ($45,615).17
for Blacks (from $36,952 in 2000), median income of households with
5.7 percent lower for Asians (from Residencehouseholders under 65 declined (1.3 $69,448 in 2000), and 7.9 percent
percent), while the income of house- Between 2008 and 2009, both house-lower for Hispanics (from $41,312 in 2000 .13 holds with householders 65 and holds inside and outside of princi-)
older increased (5.8 percent). More pal cities within metropolitan areas Among the race groups, Asian house- precisely, declines in median income experienced changes in real median holds had the highest median income were experienced by households income, but in opposite directions in 2009 ($65,469). The median with householders aged 15 to 24 (4.4 (Table 1). Households inside princi-income for non-Hispanic-White percent decline), 25 to 34 (2.0 percent pal cities experienced a 1.9 percent households was $54,461; for Black decline), and 35 to 44 (2.6 percent increase in income, whereas house-households it was $32,584; and for decline). Changes in the incomes of holds outside principal cities experi-Hispanic households it was $38,039. households with householders aged enced a 1.9 percent decline. In 2009, Comparing the income of non- 45 to 54 and 55 to 64 were not statis- households within metropolitan areas Hispanic-White households to that tically significant.14 but outside principal cities had the of other households shows that the highest median income ($56,582), 2009 ratio of Asian to non-Hispanic- Nativity and households outside metropolitan White income was 1.20, the ratio of
Native-born households and house- areas had the lowest ($40,135). Black to non-Hispanic-White income
holds maintained by a noncitizen was 0.60, and the ratio of Hispanic had declines in real median income to non-Hispanic-White income was between 2008 and 2009. The changes 15 The Northeast region includes Connecticut, 0.70. Between 1972 (the first year in the median income of foreign- Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
that income data for the Hispanic Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, born households and households and Vermont. The Midwest region includes
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 13 maintained by a naturalized citizen
Except for the differences between the Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, decline for Blacks compared with the declines were not statistically significant. The Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South for non-Hispanic Whites and Asians and the dif- decline for native-born households region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, ference between the declines for non-Hispanic Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Whites and Hispanics, the differences between was 0.7 percent, and for households Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, the remaining declines were not statistically maintained by a noncitizen, the South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West significant. For all races, the median household Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state income peak of $52,388 in 1999 was not statisti- decline was 4.5 percent. In 2009, equivalent. The West region includes the states cally different from the 2000 median of $52,301. of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, For non-Hispanic Whites, the $56,843 income Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, peak in 1999 was not statistically different from Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.the 2000 median of $56,826. For Blacks, the 14 Except for the difference between the 16 The difference in the declines in median $36,952 income peak in 2000 was not statisti- declines in the income of households with house- household income between the Midwest and cally different from the 1999 median of $35,928. holders under 65 compared with the decline for West was not statistically significant. For Hispanics, the $41,312 income peak in 2000 those aged 15 to 24, the differences among the 17 The difference between the median house-was not statistically different from the 2001 declines discussed in this paragraph were not hold incomes for the West and Northeast was not median of $40,665. statistically significant. statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 9
Income Inequality index is up 3.1 percent. (Table A-2 2. As family size increases, expenses lists historical money income inequal- do not increase at the same rate.The Census Bureau has traditionally ity measures.)20
used two methods to measure income 3. The increase in expenses is larger inequality: (1) the shares of aggregate Between 2008 and 2009, the changes for a first child of a single-parent household income received by quin- in the real household income at the family than the first child of a two-tiles and (2) the Gini index. In addi- 50th (median), 10th, and 90th percen- adult family.21
tion to these measures, the Census tiles were not statistically significant Table 3 shows several income inequal-Bureau also produces estimates of the (Table A-2). However, comparing the ity measures, including aggregate ratio of income percentiles, the Theil change in household income between income shares and the Gini index, index, the mean logarithmic deviation 1999, the year that household income using both money income and of income (MLD), and the Atkinson peaked before the 2001 recession,
18 equivalence-adjusted income for measures. and 2009 suggests income inequality 2008 and 2009. For both 2008 and The change in income inequality is increasing. Income at the 50th and 2009, the Gini index is lower based between 2008 and 2009 was not 10th percentiles declined—5.0 percent on the equivalence-adjusted income statistically significant as measured and 9.0 percent, respectively—while estimate than under the traditional by the shares of aggregate household the change in income at the 90th per- money-income estimate, suggesting income by quintiles, the Gini index, centile was not statistically significant. a more equal income distribution. the MLD, or Atkinson measures. The Between 1999 and 2009, the 90th- Comparing the shares of aggregate Theil index was the only inequality to-the-10th-percentile income ratio household income received by quin-measure to show a statistically signifi- increased from 10.42 to 11.36. tile historically shows higher shares cant change—a 1.3 percent increase of income in the lower quintiles and (Tables 3 and A-2). In 2009, the share Equivalence-Adjusted Income lower shares in the higher quintiles
Inequality of aggregate income received by the for equivalence-adjusted income than bottom quintile was 3.4 percent; Another way to measure income for money income. This redistribu-the second quintile, 8.6 percent; the inequality is using an equivalence- tion would be expected because at third, 14.6 percent; the fourth, 23.2 adjusted income estimate, which the lower end of the income distribu-percent; and the highest quintile, 50.3 takes into consideration the number tion there is a higher concentration of percent. Households in the lowest of people living in the household and single-person households and smaller quintile had incomes of $20,453 or how these people share resources and family sizes in relation to those at the less; those in the second quintile had take advantage of economies of scale. upper end of the distribution. incomes ranging from $20,454 to For example, the money-income-
In 2009, the lowest quintile share of $38,550; those in the third quintile based distribution treats income of aggregate income for equivalence-had incomes ranging from $38,551 to $30,000 for a single-person house- adjusted income (3.4 percent) was $61,801; those in the fourth quintile hold and a family household simi- not higher than the lowest quin-had incomes ranging from $61,802 to larly, while the equivalence-adjusted tile share of aggregate income for $100,000; and those in the highest quin- income of $30,000 for a single-person money income. This is the first time tile had incomes of $100,001 or more. household would be more than twice that shares of aggregate income in The Gini index was 0.468 in 2009. the equivalence-adjusted income of the lowest quintile for equivalence-Except for the 1.5 percent decline $30,000 for a family household with adjusted income and money income in the Gini index between 2006 and two adults and two children. The were not statistically different. 2007, there were no other statisti- equivalence adjustment used here is cally significant annual changes since based on a three-parameter scale that 1993, the earliest year available for reflects: 21 The three-parameter scale used here is the
comparable measures of income same as the one used in the report The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty
19 1. On average, children consume less inequality. Since 1993, the Gini in the United States: 2005, Current Population
than adults. Reports, P60-232, U.S. Census Bureau, March 2007, <www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60
18 -232.pdf>. The three-parameter scale was An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of 20 For further discussion of how high incomes applied to the incomes of families and unrelated Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribu- individuals and assigned to each family member December 1977, pp. 865–880, provides an tion measures, see, Semega, Jessica and Ed or unrelated individual living within the house-explanation of inequality measures. 19 Welniak, “Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted hold. For details on the derivation of the three- Caution should be used in making direct Income Values on Income Distribution Measures parameter scale, see Short, Kathleen, Experimen-comparisons with years earlier than 1993 Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual tal Poverty Measures: 1999, Current Population because of substantial methodological changes Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC),” April Reports, P60-216, U.S. Census Bureau, October in the 1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census 2007, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income 2001, <www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs Bureau introduced computer-assisted interview- /publications/unrestrict-tables/index.html>. /p60-216.pdf>.ing and increased income reporting limits.
10 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
(Table A-3 lists historical equivalence- equivalence-adjusted income distribu- parameter.22 Between 2008 and 2009, adjusted inequality measures.) tion showed a statistically significant the Atkinson measure calculated with
increase between 2008 and 2009 an e=0.25 increased by 3.3 percent; For equivalence-adjusted income,
(Table 3). The Gini index increased and with e=0.75, it increased 4.5 between 2008 and 2009, there was
from 0.451 in 2008 to 0.458 in percent.23
an increase in the Gini index and the 2009—the second annual significant
redistribution of aggregate income Table A-3 shows equivalence-adjusted increase. The MLD, which measures
shares, suggesting an increase measures of income distribution the gap between the median and aver-
in income inequality. Specifically, for income years 1967 to 2009.24
age income, increased 8.3 percent between 2008 and 2009, for the low- Over the 1967-to-2009 period, all
between 2008 and 2009. The Theil est quintile, the aggregate share of equivalence-adjusted inequality
index is similar to the Gini index in income decreased from 3.6 percent to measures increased more than the
that it is a single statistic that summa-3.4 percent; and for the second quin-
rizes the dispersion of income across tile, the aggregate share of income
the entire income distribution. The 22 Higher values for the epsilon parameter (e)
declined from 9.4 percent to 9.2 per- when calculating the Atkinson measure increases Theil index increased from 0.380 to sensitivity of changes at the lower end of the dis-
cent. The changes between 2008 and 0.394 between 2008 and 2009. The tribution, while lower values increase sensitivity
2009 in the aggregate shares for the of changes at the upper end of the distribution.Atkinson measure, useful in determin- 23 The difference between the percentage
middle, fourth, and highest quintiles ing which end of the distribution con- changes in the Atkinson measure based on
were not statistically significant. e=0.25 and e=0.75 was not statistically signifi-tributed most to inequality, increased cant.
Each income inequality sum- between 2008 and 2009 for both 24 This is the first year a historical series of equivalence-adjusted income inequality has been
mary measure based on the high and low values of the epsilon (e) produced back to 1967.
Table 3. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2008 and 2009(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
2008 2009 Percentage change
Money Equivalence- Money Equivalence- Money Equivalence- income adjusted income income adjusted income income adjusted income
– Represents or rounds to zero�* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level�1 A 90 percent confidence interval (C�I�) is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable
the estimate� For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>�Source: U� S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 11
money income inequality measures. Work Experience and Earnings decreased by about 939,000 (to 43.2 The equivalence-adjusted Gini index million) between 2008 and 2009. An
The number of working men and increased 23.8 percent compared estimated 68.4 percent of working
women aged 15 and older with earn-with 17.9 percent for the money men with earnings and 59.2 percent
ings decreased between 2008 and income Gini index; the equivalence- of working women with earnings
2009—men decreased by 2.1 million adjusted MLD increased 88.9 percent worked full-time, year-round in 2009,
to 81.9 million and women decreased compared with 44.7 percent for the a decline of 2.8 percentage points for
by 1.6 million to 73.0 million (Figure money income MLD; the equivalence- men (from 71.2 percent in 2008); for
3 and Table A-4). The number of adjusted Theil index increased 58.9 women, the change was not statisti-
full-time, year-round workers also percent compared with 40.4 per- 26 cally significant.
decreased. The number of men cent for the money income Theil
who worked full-time, year-round The 2009 median earnings of all index; and the equivalence-adjusted decreased by 3.8 million (to 56.1 working men aged 15 and older, Atkinson measure increased at million), and the number of women regardless of work experience, was e=0.25 by 55.7 percent, at e=0.50 who worked full-time, year round $36,331, not statistically different by 53.2 percent, and e=0.75 by 54.6
from the 2008 median in real terms; percent compared with 36.6 per-while that of their female counterparts cent, 32.9 percent, and 30.9 percent, 26 A full-time, year-round worker is a person increased by 1.9 percent to $26,030 respectively for the money income who worked 35 or more hours per week (full-
time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous (Table A-4). Meanwhile, both men and Atkinson measure at each epsilon.25calendar year (year-round). For school personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if women who worked full-time, year-
25 The differences between the percentage they are scheduled to return to their job in the round experienced increases in real changes in the equivalence-adjusted Atkinson fall. For detailed information on work experi- median earnings between 2008 and measure based on each epsilon were not statisti- ence, see Table PINC-05, “Work Experience in cally significant. The difference between the per- 2010—People 15 Years Old and Over by Total 2009. Median earnings increased 2.0 centage changes in the money income Atkinson Money Earnings in 2010, Age, Race, Hispanic percent for full-time, year-round work-measure based on e=0.50 and e=0.75 was not Origin, and Sex” at <www.census.gov/hhes statistically significant. /www/income/dinctabs.html>. ing men (from $46,191 to $47,127)
Figure 2.Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2009
Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Earnings in thousands (2009 dollars), ratio in percent Recession
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
200920052000 19951990198519801975197019651959
Earnings of women
Female-to-male earnings ratio
77 percent
$47,127
$36,278
Earnings of men
12 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
and 1.9 percent for women who • Smallerthanthedeclinesinearn- 1.4 million, respectively. For female worked full-time, year-round (from ings for the income years surround- workers with earnings, declines were $35,609 to $36,278).27 In 2009, the ing the recession lasting from July evident in these age groups as well, female-to-male earnings ratio of full- 1990 to March 1991 (6.0 percent 766,000 and 1.3 million, respectively; time, year-round workers was 0.77, decline); the January 1980 to July while the number of female work-not statistically different from the 1980 and July 1981 to November ers 45 to 64 years old increased by 2008 ratio (Table 1 and Figure 2). 1982 combined recessions (10.1 579,000 (Table A-5).30
percent decline); and the November Since 2007, the year before the most Declines were evident in the num-
1973 to March 1975 recession (6.4 recent recession, the number of work- ber of male workers with earnings
percent decline).29
ing men with earnings decreased between 2007 and 2009 within the by 2.5 million (from 84.5 million to Between 2007 and 2009, the real educational attainment categories of 81.9 million). The number of work- median earnings of full-time, year- some college, no degree (678,000 ing women with earnings decreased round male workers increased by 1.0 decline), ninth to twelfth grade, non-by 1.3 million (from 74.3 million percent (from $46,669 to $47,127); graduate (348,000 decline), and those to 73.0 million) (Figure 3 and Table the change was not statistically with less than a ninth grade educa-A-4). Between 2007 and 2009, the significant for full-time, year-round tion (234,000 decline). Declines were real median earnings of male work- female workers, with a median of evident for female workers with earn-ers declined by 4.1 percent (from $36,278 in 2009. However, between ings within the categories high school $37,898 to $36,331) and for female 2007 and 2009, the number of males graduate (639,000 decline) and some workers by 2.8 percent (from $26,770 working full-time, year-round with college, no degree (646,000 decline); to $26,030). Though the trough of earnings decreased by 6.9 million; the while female workers with an associ-the recession that began in December number of females working full-time, ate’s degree or bachelor’s degree or 2007 has not yet been defined, no year-round with earnings decreased more increased (gains of 365,000 and other set of income years surround- by 2.4 million. Since the CPS ASEC is 514,000, respectively).31
ing the recessions dating from 1969 not a longitudinal survey, we can-The occupation groups with sta-
to the present has experienced such not determine how the loss of these tistically significant declines in the
a large decline in the number of 9.3 million workers (who worked number of male workers with earnings
workers, or in the percentage-point full-time, year-round in 2007 and did between 2007 and 2009 were con-
declines in the percentage of male not work in 2009, or who worked struction and extraction occupations
and female full-time, year-round work- full-time, year-round in 2007 and (1.0 million decline), transportation
ers (Figure 3 and Tables 2 and A-4). in 2009 worked less than full-time, and material-moving occupations
In addition, 2007 to 2009 is the only year-round) affected median earnings (709,000 decline), production occupa-
period (dating from 1969 to present) (Tables 2 and A-4). tions (634,000 decline), and sales and
showing a decline in women’s real Examining the change between 2007 related occupations (586,000 decline).
median earnings. For men, the 2007 and 2009 in the number of workers Statistically significant declines in the
to 2009 decline in real median earn-with earnings by characteristics such number of female workers with earn-
ings is:as age, educational attainment, occu- ings by occupation group occurred in
• Largerthanthedeclinesinearnings pation, and class of worker shows management, business, and financial for the income years surrounding that, in many cases, the number of operations occupations (413,000 the March 2001 to November 2001
male workers with earnings declined. decline); office and administrative sup-recession (2.6 percent decline) and
Although the same can be said for port occupations (1.3 million decline); the December 1969 to November
their female counterparts, there were and production occupations (712,000 1970 recession (2.2 percent decline).28 some cases in which the number of
female workers increased. 30 The following differences among the declines in number of workers were not statisti-
27 The differences among the percentage Between 2007 and 2009, the num- cally significant: the decline in the number of increases in the earnings of full-time, year-round men 15 to 24 compared with the declines for working men compared with the increases for ber of male workers with earnings men 25 to 44 and women 25 to 44, the decline total working women and women working full- in the age groups 15 to 24 and 25 in the number of men 25 to 44 compared with time, year-round were not statistically different. the declines for women 15 to 24 and 25 to 44, The difference between the 2009 median earnings to 44 declined by 1.3 million and the decline in the number of women 15 to 24 of all working men and of full-time, year-round compared with that for women 25 to 44.working women was not statistically significant. 31 All of the differences among the declines
28 The difference between the declines in 29 The difference between the declines in discussed in this paragraph were not statistically earnings for the income years surrounding the earnings for income years surrounding the July significant. In addition, the differences between March 2001 and November 2001 recession and 1990 to March 1991 recession and the the increases in the number of women with an the December 1969 to November 1970 recession November 1973 to March 1975 recession was associate’s degree and those with a bachelor’s was not statistically significant. not statistically significant. degree were not statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 13
decline). Between 2007 and 2009, By class of worker, between 2007 and between 2008 and 2009.34 In 2009, women gained jobs in professional 2009, declines in the number of male the per capita income for the over-and related occupations (658,000 workers with earnings occurred in the all population was $26,530; for gain); service occupations (646,000 private wage and salary (2.3 million Whites it was $28,034; for non-gain); and farming, fishing, and for- decline) and self-employed (426,000 Hispanic Whites, $30,941; for Blacks, estry occupations (87,000 gain).32 decline) worker categories (Table A-5). $18,135; for Asians, $30,653; and
For female workers with earnings, for Hispanics, $15,063.35 Per capita 32 Except for the following differences, the a decline of 1.4 million occurred in income declined 1.3 percent for
differences among the declines in this paragraph the private wage and salary worker Whites and 3.5 percent for Hispanics were not statistically significant: The difference category (Table A-5).between the decline in the number of females (Table 1).36 The changes for non-in production occupations compared with the Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Asians declines for males in sales and related occupa- Per Capita Income33 tions and females in office and administrative were not statistically significant. support occupations; the difference between Real per capita income declined by the decline in the number of males in construc-tion and extraction occupations and females in 1.2 percent for the total population management, business, and financial operations occupations; and the difference between the decline in the number of females in office and administrative support occupations compared with the declines in the number of females in 33 The per capita income data presented in 34 Unlike medians, per capita and means are
management, business, and financial operations this report are not directly comparable with esti- affected by extremely high and low incomes.
occupations and males in production occupa- mates of personal per capita income prepared by 35 The difference between the per capita
tions and transportation and material-moving the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. incomes of the non-Hispanic-White and Asian
occupations. In addition, the difference between Department of Commerce. The lack of corre- populations was not statistically significant.
the increases in the number of females in profes- spondence stems from the differences in income 36 The difference between the declines for definition and coverage. For further details, see the overall and White populations was not statis-sional and related occupations and those in ser-
vice occupations was not statistically significant. <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income tically significant./compare1.html>.
Figure 3.Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2009
Note: Data on number of workers not readily available before 1967. People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Numbers in millions Recession
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
200920052000 19951990198519801975197019651959
Female full-timeyear-round workers
Male workers
Female workers
Male full-time,year-round workers
Figure 3.Total and Full-Time Year-Round Workers with Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2009
Note: Data on number of workers not readily available before 1967. People 15 years old and over beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and over as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Numbers in millions Recession
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
20092005200119971993198919851981197719731969
Female Full-TimeYear-Round Workers
Male Workers
Female Workers
Male Full-TimeYear-Round Workers
14 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
POVERTY IN THE 24.7 percent to 25.8 percent), and people aged 65 and older (from 9.7
UNITED STATES37 for Hispanics (from 23.2 percent to percent to 8.9 percent) (Table 4).39
25.3 percent). For Asians, the 2009 Highlights Impact of the 2007 Economic poverty rate (12.5 percent) was not • Theofficialpovertyratein2009 Downturnstatistically different from the 2008
was 14.3 percent—up from 13.2 poverty rate (Table 4).38 The poverty rate and the number in percent in 2008. This was the sec- poverty increased by 1.9 percentage
• Thepovertyratein2009(14.3per-ond statistically significant annual points and 6.3 million between 2007 increase in the poverty rate since cent) was the highest poverty rate and 2009 (Table 5). The increase in 2004 (Table 4 and Figure 4). since 1994 but was 8.1 percentage the overall poverty rate was:
points lower than the poverty rate • Largerthantheincreaseinthe• In2009,43.6millionpeoplewere in 1959, the first year for which poverty rate during the November in poverty, up from 39.8 million in poverty estimates are available 1973 to March 1975 recession.40
2008—the third consecutive annual (Figure 4).increase in the number of people in • Smallerthantheincreaseinthe
poverty (Table 4 and Figure 4). • Thenumberofpeopleinpovertyin poverty rates associated with the
2009 (43.6 million) is the largest January 1980 to July 1980 and July • Between2008and2009,the 1981 to November 1982 combined number in the 51 years for which
poverty rate increased for non- recessions.poverty estimates have been pub-Hispanic Whites (from 8.6 percent
lished (Figure 4). Between 2007 and 2009, the child to 9.4 percent), for Blacks (from poverty rate and the number in
• Between2008and2009,the poverty increased by 2.7 percentage 37 OMB determined the official definition poverty rate increased for children points and 2.1 million.
of poverty in Statistical Poverty Directive 14. under the age of 18 (from 19.0 Poverty thresholds are updated each year using percent to 20.7 percent) and people 39 Since unrelated individuals under 15 are the change in the average annual Consumer Price
aged 18 to 64 (fr om the poverty universe, therIndex for All Consumers (CPI-U). Since the aver- om 11.7 percent excluded fr e are 460,000 fewer children in the poverty universe age annual CPI-U for 2009 was lower than the to 12.9 percent), but decreased for than in the total civilian noninstitutionalized average annual CPI-U for 2008, poverty thresh-population. olds for 2009 are slightly lower (0.4 percent) 40 The apparent changes in the poverty rates than the corresponding thresholds for 2008. across the March 2001 to November 2001 and Appendix B provides a more detailed description 38 The poverty rate for Blacks was not statisti- December 1969 to November 1970 recessions of how the Census Bureau calculates poverty. cally different from that of Hispanics. were not statistically different from zero.
Figure 4.Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2009
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Numbers in millions, rates in percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
200920052000 19951990198519801975197019651959
Recession
43.6 million
14.3 percent
Number in poverty
Poverty rate
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 15
Table 4.People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2008 and 2009(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C�I�] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Characteristic
2008 2009Change in poverty2
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number
90 percentC�I�1 (±) Percent
90 percentC�I�1 (±) Number
90 percentC�I�1 (±) Percent
90 percentC�I�1 (±) Number Percent
PEOPLE Total � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Family Status
– Represents or rounds to zero� * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level�1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information,
see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>�2 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding�3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race� Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible� A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept)� This table shows data using the first approach (race alone)� The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000� Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately�
4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas� For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www�census�gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro�html>�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
16 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Race and Hispanic Origin Age 20.1 percent and 14.8 million in 2009). For related children under the age of 18
Both the poverty rate and the number Between 2008 and 2009, both the in families with a female householder,
in poverty increased for non-Hispanic poverty rate and the number in pov-44.4 percent were in poverty compared
Whites from 2008 to 2009 (9.4 per- erty increased for people aged 18 to with 11.0 percent of related children in
cent and 18.5 million in 2009—up 64 (from 11.7 percent and 22.1 mil-married-couple families.43
from 8.6 percent and 17.0 million lion to 12.9 percent and 24.7 million). Both the poverty rate and the number in 2008) (Table 4). The poverty rate Both the poverty rate and the num-in poverty decreased for people aged for non-Hispanic Whites was lower ber in poverty increased for related 65 and older (from 9.7 percent and than the poverty rates for other children under the age of 6 (from 21.3 3.7 million to 8.9 percent and 3.4 mil- percent and 5.3 million in 2008 to race groups. Non-Hispanic Whites lion) (Table 4 and Figure 5). 23.8 percent and 6.0 million in 2009). accounted for 42.5 percent of the
Of related children under the age of 6 people in poverty, compared with Both the poverty rate and the num-in families with a female householder, 64.9 percent of the total population. ber in poverty increased for children 54.3 percent were in poverty—four
under the age of 18 (from 19.0 per-For Blacks, the poverty rate and the times the rate of related children in
cent and 14.1 million in 2008 to 20.7 number in poverty increased to 25.8 married-couple families (13.4 percent).
percent and 15.5 million in 2009). percent and 9.9 million in 2009, The poverty rate for children was
Nativityhigher than 24.7 percent and 9.4 higher than the rates for people aged million in 2008. For Asians, the 2009 18 to 64 and those aged 65 and older Of all people, 87.6 percent were poverty rate (12.5 percent) was not (Table 4). Children comprised 35.5 native born and 12.4 percent were statistically different from the 2008 percent of people in poverty but only foreign born. The poverty rate and the rate, while the number of Asians in 24.5 percent of the total population. number in poverty for the native-born poverty increased from 1.6 million in population increased from 12.6 per-
Related children are related to the 2008 to 1.7 million in 2009. Both the cent and 33.3 million in 2008 to 13.7 householder by birth, marriage, or number in poverty and the poverty percent and 36.4 million in 2009. adoption and are not themselves rate increased for Hispanics—12.4 Among the foreign-born population, householders or spouses of household-
million or 25.3 percent were in pov- 19.0 percent or 7.2 million people ers.42 Both the poverty rate and the
erty in 2009, up from 11.0 million or lived in poverty in 2009—up from 41
number in poverty increased for related 23.2 percent in 2008. 17.8 percent or 6.5 million people in
children under the age of 18 (from 18.5 2008 (Table 4).
percent and 13.5 million in 2008 to
43 In the text of this report, families with a 42 Official poverty estimates for children female householder with no husband present will
are compiled in two ways—estimates for “all be referred to as families with a female house-children” and estimates for “related children.” In holder. Families with a male householder with no
41 The poverty rate for Blacks was not statisti- 2009, “all children” included 1.2 million more wife present will be referred to as families with a cally different from that of Hispanics. children than “related children.” male householder.
Table 5.Change in Poverty During Income Years Surrounding Recessions: 1969 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level�1 Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization�2 For comparability purposes, the 1989 poverty rate used in this calculation (13�1 percent) is based on data that reflect the implementation of the 1990 decennial census
population controls� This poverty rate is different from the poverty rate shown in Table B-1, which is based on 1980 census population controls�Note: Income years are based on peak income year prior to or during the start of the recession and the trough income year near or after the end of the recession�Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1970 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 17
Of the foreign-born population, 42.6 poverty rate for the Northeast was 51.2 percent of poor people in metro-percent were naturalized U.S. citizens; 12.2 percent (not statistically different politan areas lived in principal cities. the remaining were not U.S. citizens. from the 2008 rate), while the number For those inside metropolitan areas but The poverty rate and the number in in poverty increased from 6.3 million not in principal cities, the poverty rate poverty in 2009 for naturalized U.S. in 2008 to 6.7 million in 2009. and the number in poverty rose from citizens were 10.8 percent and 1.7 9.8 percent and 15.3 million to 11.0 million, estimates not statistically Residence percent and 17.4 million.different from 2008. The poverty Inside metropolitan statistical areas, rate and the number in poverty for Work Experiencethe poverty rate and the number of those who were not U.S. citizens rose people in poverty were 13.9 percent Among all workers aged 16 and older, to 25.1 percent and 5.4 million in and 35.7 million in 2009—up from both the poverty rate and the number 2009—up from 23.3 percent and 5.0 12.9 percent and 32.6 million in 2008. in poverty increased to 6.9 percent million in 2008. Among those living outside metro- and 10.7 million from 6.4 percent and
politan areas, the poverty rate and the 10.1 million.Region
number in poverty were 16.6 percent Between 2008 and 2009, the increase The poverty rate increased from 2008 and 7.9 million in 2009—up from 15.1 in poverty among workers was driven to 2009 in three of the four regions, percent and 7.3 million in 2008.almost entirely by those who worked while all four regions had increases in
the number of people in poverty. The Between 2008 and 2009, the pov- less than full-time, year-round.44 Both
Midwest poverty rate increased from erty rate for people in principal cities the percentage and number in poverty
12.4 percent to 13.3 percent, and the increased from 17.7 percent to 18.7 increased among less than full-time,
number in poverty increased from percent, while the number in poverty year-round workers from 13.5 percent and 7.3 million to 14.5 percent and 8.1 million to 8.8 million; the South increased from 17.2 million to 18.3 8.0 million. For full-time, year-round increased from 14.3 percent to 15.7 million. Within metropolitan areas,
percent and from 15.9 million to 17.6 people in poverty were more likely to million; and the West increased from live in principal cities. While 38.2 per- 44 The increase between the 2008 and 2009
estimates for all workers and for less than full-13.5 percent to 14.8 percent and from cent of all people living in metropolitan time, year-round workers were not statistically 9.6 million to 10.5 million. The 2009 areas in 2009 lived in principal cities, different from each other.
Figure 5.Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2009
Notes: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
200920052000 19951990198519801975197019651959
Recession
12.9 percent8.9 percent
20.7 percent
18 to 64 years
Under 18 years
65 years and older
18 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
workers, the percentage and number Families 942,000 in 2009 from 13.8 percent in poverty in 2009 were not statisti- and 723,000 in 2008).
The poverty rate and the number of cally different from 2008—2.7 percent
families in poverty were 11.1 percent and 2.6 million.45 Depth of Poverty
and 8.8 million in 2009 compared
Among those who did not work at with 10.3 percent and 8.1 million in Categorizing a person as “in poverty”
least one week last year, the pov- 2008 (Table 4). or “not in poverty” is one way to
erty rate and the number in poverty describe his or her economic situa-The poverty rate and the number of
increased to 22.7 percent and 18.9 tion. The income-to-poverty ratio and families in poverty increased across
million in 2009 from 22.0 percent and the income deficit or surplus describe all types of families: married-couple
17.1 million in 2008 (Table 4). additional aspects of economic families (5.8 percent and 3.4 million well-being. While the poverty rate in 2009 from 5.5 percent and 3.3 mil-
45 A full-time, year-round worker is a person shows the proportion of people with lion in 2008); families with a female who worked 35 or more hours per week (full- income below the appropriate pov-
time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous householder (29.9 percent and 4.4 erty threshold, the income-to-poverty calendar year (year-round). For school personnel, million in 2009 from 28.7 percent and summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if ratio gauges the depth of poverty. It they are scheduled to return to their job in the 4.2 million in 2008); and families with shows how close a family’s income fall. a male householder (16.9 percent and
Table 6. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characteristics: 2009(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C�I�] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>�
2 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race� Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible� A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept)� This table shows data using the first approach (race alone)� The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000� Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately�
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 19
is to their poverty threshold. The In 2009, 6.3 percent of all people, poverty threshold. On the other hand, income-to-poverty ratio is reported as or 19.0 million people, had income the elderly represented 12.7 percent a percentage that compares a family’s below one-half of their poverty of the overall population, 7.9 percent or an unrelated person’s income with threshold, up from 5.7 percent and of the people in poverty, and 5.2 the appropriate poverty threshold. 17.1 million in 2008. This group rep- percent of those with income below For example, a family with an income- resented 43.7 percent of the poverty 50 percent of their poverty threshold. to-poverty ratio of 110 percent has population in 2009. The percentage For people with income below 125 income that is 10 percent above their and number of people with income percent of their poverty threshold, poverty threshold. below 125 percent of their threshold 34.5 percent were children while 9.7
was 18.7 percent and 56.8 million, up percent were elderly (Figure 6).46
The income deficit or surplus shows from 17.9 percent and 53.8 million how many dollars a family’s or an in 2008. For children under the age Income Deficit unrelated person’s income is below of 18 in 2009, 9.3 percent and 6.9
The income deficit for families in pov-(or above) their poverty threshold. million lived in families with income erty (the difference in dollars between For those with an income deficit, the below 50 percent of their poverty a family’s income and its poverty measure is an estimate of the dollar threshold, up from 8.5 percent and threshold) averaged $9,042 in 2009, amount necessary to raise a family’s 6.3 million in 2008. The percentage which was not statistically different or a person’s income to their poverty and number of children living in fami-from the 2008 estimate. The average threshold. lies with income below 125 percent income deficit was larger for families of their poverty threshold in 2009 with a female householder ($9,218) Ratio of Income to Poverty was 26.3 percent and 19.6 million, up than for married-couple families from 25.0 percent and 18.6 million in
Table 6 presents the number and ($8,820) (Table 7).47 2008 (Table 6).percentage of people with speci-fied income-to-poverty ratios—those The demographic makeup of the below 50 percent of poverty (“Under population differs at varying degrees 46 The percentage of children below 100
0.50”), those below 100 percent of of poverty. Children represented 24.5 percent of poverty was not statistically differ-ent from the percentage of children below 50
poverty (“Under 1.00,” also called “in percent of the overall population, percent of poverty. poverty”), and those below 125 per- 35.5 percent of the people in poverty, 47 The income deficit for families in poverty
was not statistically different from the income cent of poverty (“Under 1.25”). and 36.3 percent of the people with deficit for families with a female householder or
income below 50 percent of their married-couple families.
Figure 6.Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2009(Percent)
Note: Details may not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Population with incomesbelow 125 percent
of thresholds
Population with incomesbelow 100 percent
of thresholds
Population with incomesbelow 50 percent
of thresholds
Totalpopulation
People 65 years and older
24.5
35.5
36.3
34.5
62.7
56.7
58.4
55.8
12.7
7.9
5.2
9.7
Children under 18 years old
People 18 to 64 years old
Figure 5.Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2009(Percent)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Population withincomes below
125 percentof thresholds
Populationwith incomes
below 50 percentof thresholds
Population withincomes below
100 percentof thresholds
Totalpopulation
People 65 years and older
24.535.5 36.3 34.5
62.756.7 58.4
55.8
12.7 7.9 5.2 9.7
Children under 18 years old
People 18 to 64 years old
20 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
The average income deficit per capita Alternative/Experimental variations in medical costs across for families with a female house- Poverty Measures population groups, or geographic dif-holder ($2,776) was higher than for ferences in the cost of living. Poverty The poverty estimates in this report married-couple families ($2,211). The estimates using the new Supplemental are based on money income before income deficit per capita is computed Poverty Measure, which the Census taxes, do not include the value of by dividing the average deficit by the Bureau expects to publish for the first noncash benefits, and use the offi-average number of people in that type time in September 2011, will address cial poverty thresholds. The money of family. Since families with a female these concerns. For more details, see income measure does not completely householder were smaller, on aver- the text box “Supplemental Poverty capture the economic well-being of age, than married-couple families, the Measure” on page 2.individuals and families; and there are larger per capita deficit for female- many questions about the adequacy householder families reflects their National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-of the official poverty thresholds. smaller average family size as well as Based Measures and Estimates of the Families and individuals also derive their lower average family income. Effect of Benefits and Taxeseconomic well-being from noncash
benefits, such as food and hous-For unrelated individuals in pov- The Census Bureau currently com-ing subsidies, and their disposable erty, the average income deficit was putes several alternative measures of income is determined by both taxes $6,158 in 2009. The $5,926 deficit income and poverty which fall into paid and tax credits received. The for women was lower than the $6,443 two categories: 1) poverty measures official poverty thresholds developed deficit for men.48 based on the 1995 recommenda-more than 40 years ago do not take tions of the National Academy of
48 The average income deficit for unrelated into account rising standards of living Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family individuals was not significantly different from the income deficit for unrelated men or unrelated or such things as child care expenses, Assistance called NAS-based measures women. other work-related expenses,
Table 7.Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2009(Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals [C�I�] in dollars� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
1 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>�
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 21
and 2) other income and poverty benefits, available at <www.bls children classified as poor in 2008 estimates in the Effect of Benefits and .census.gov/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch>. by 2 million. Taxes on Income and Poverty series Both microdata files are currently
• In2008,thenumberofelderly(R&D). The NAS-based measures use available for 2008. Data for 2009 will
people in poverty would be higher both alternative poverty thresholds be released before the end of the year.
by 13 million people if Social and an expanded income definition.
Security payments were excluded The R&D estimates use the official CPS Table Creator II
from money income, more than thresholds but examine the impact of CPS Table Creator II is a Web-based quadrupling the number of elderly adding or subtracting specific compo- tool designed to help research- people in poverty.nents from an enhanced definition of ers explore alternative income and income. Researchers can also estimate poverty poverty measures. The tool is avail-
rates using alternative poverty thresh-The Census Bureau will release esti- able from a link on the Census
olds. Many other countries use relative mates for these alternative measures Bureau’s poverty Web site
poverty measures with thresholds that for 2009 at a later date. Estimates for <www.census.gov/hhes/www
are based on a percentage of median 2008 for the R&D series can be found /cpstc/apm/cpstc_altpov.html>.
or mean income.49 Table Creator II at <www.census.gov/hhes/www Table Creator II allows researchers to
allows researchers to estimate poverty /cpstables/032009/rdcall/toc.htm> produce poverty and income esti-
rates using a relative poverty thresh-and 2008 estimates for the NAS-based mates using their own combinations
old calculated as any percentage of measures can be found at of threshold and resource definitions
mean or median equivalence-adjusted <www.census.gov/hhes/www and to see the incremental impact of
income. For example, using poverty /povmeas/tables.html>. the addition or subtraction of a single
thresholds based on 50 percent of resource element. For example:The Census Bureau also makes median income rather than the official available a r esearch file that provides • IfthecashvalueofSupplemental poverty thresholds would increase the microdata with variables used to Nutrition Assistance Program overall poverty rate in 2008 from 13.2 construct the NAS-based alternative (SNAP) benefits were added to the percent to 21.9 percent.measures, available at money income of families, this
<www.census.gov/hhes/www would move the family resources of
/povmeas/datafiles.html>, and an 2.2 million people above the official 49 For example, the Organization for Economic
expanded version of the CPS ASEC poverty line in 2008. Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median
public-use file that includes estimates • Takingintoaccountthevalueof income. The European Union defines poverty
of the value of taxes and noncash as an income below 60 percent of the national the federal Earned Income Tax median of equalized disposable income after
Credit would reduce the number of social transfers.
22 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE IN THE UNITED STATES
Highlights
• Thepercentageofpeoplewithouthealth insurance increased to 16.7 percent in 2009 from 15.4 percent in 2008. The number of uninsured people increased to 50.7 million in 2009 from 46.3 million in 2008 (Table 8 and Figure 7).50
• Thenumberofpeoplewithhealthinsurance decreased to 253.6 mil-lion in 2009 from 255.1 million in 2008. This is the first year that the number of people with health insur-ance has decreased since 1987, the first year that comparable health insurance data were collected. The number of people covered by private health insurance decreased to 194.5 million in 2009 from 201.0 million in 2008. The number of people covered by government health insurance increased to 93.2 million in 2009 from 87.4 million in 2008 (Table C-1).
• Between2008and2009,thepercentage of people covered by private health insurance decreased from 66.7 percent to 63.9 per-cent (Figure 8 and Table C-1). The percentage of people covered by employment-based health insur-ance decreased to 55.8 percent in 2009, from 58.5 percent in 2008. The percentage of people covered by employment-based health insur-ance is the lowest since 1987, the
50 For a brief description of how the Census Bureau collects and reports on health insurance data, see the text box “What Is Health Insurance Coverage?” For a discussion of the quality of ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see Appendix C.
What Is Health Insurance Coverage?
The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) asks about health insurance coverage in the previous calen-dar year. Specifically, the survey asks separate questions about the major types of health insurance. People who answer “no” to each of the cover-age questions are then asked to verify that they were, in fact, not covered by any type of health insurance. For reporting purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private coverage or government coverage. Private health insurance is a plan provided through an employer or a union or purchased by an individual from a private company. Government health insurance includes such federal programs as Medicare, Medicaid, and military health care; the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP); and individual state health plans.* People were considered “insured” if they were covered by any type of health insurance for part or all of the previous calendar year. They were considered “unin-sured” if, for the entire year, they were not covered by any type of health insurance.
Research shows health insurance coverage is underreported in the CPS ASEC for a variety of reasons. Annual retrospective questions appear to cause few problems when collecting income data (possibly because the interview period is close to when people pay their taxes). However, because health insurance coverage status can change over the course of a year, answering questions about this long reference period may lead to response errors. For example, some people may report their insurance coverage status at the time of their interview rather than their coverage status during the previous calendar year. Compared with other national surveys, the CPS ASEC’s estimate of the number of people without health insurance more closely approximates the number of people who were uninsured at a specific point in time during the year than the number of people uninsured for the entire year. There are several ongoing projects aimed at improving the quality of health coverage data from the CPS ASEC, including cognitive research and field testing to improve the wording of the CPS ASEC health coverage questions.
For more information on the quality of CPS ASEC health insurance esti-mates, see Appendix C, “Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.” For a comparison between health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How Long? (Congressional Budget Office, May 2003) at <www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=4210> and People With Health Insurance: A Comparison of Estimates From Two Surveys, SIPP Working Paper 243, June 2004, at <www.census.gov/sipp/workpapr/sp243.pdf>.
*Types of insurance are not mutually exclusive; people may be covered by more than one during the year.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 23
Table 8. People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2008 and 2009(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C�I�] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
– Represents or rounds to zero�* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level� 1 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding� 2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information,
see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>�3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race� Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible� A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept)� This table shows data using the first approach (race alone)� The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000� Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately�
4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas� For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www�census�gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro�html>�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
24 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
first year that comparable health people covered by Medicare in 2009 increased from 10.8 percent and insurance data were collected. (14.3 percent and 43.4 million) 21.3 million to 12.0 percent and The number of people covered by were not statistically different from 23.7 million. The uninsured rate employment-based health insurance 2008.51 and the number of uninsured for decreased to 169.7 million in 2009, Blacks increased from 19.1 percent
•In2009,10.0percentofchildrenfrom 176.3 million in 2008. and 7.3 million to 21.0 percent and
under 18, or 7.5 million, were with-8.1 million (Table 8).
•Thepercentageofpeoplecovered out health insurance. These esti-by government health insurance mates were not statistically different •Thepercentageandnumberofprograms increased to 30.6 percent from the 2008 estimates (Table 8). uninsured Hispanics increased to in 2009, from 29.0 percent in 2008 The uninsured rate for children in 32.4 percent and 15.8 million in (Figure 8 and Table C-1). This is the poverty (15.1 percent) was greater 2009, from 30.7 percent and 14.6 highest percentage of people cov- than the rate for all children.52 million in 2008 (Table 8).ered by government health insur-
•Between2008and2009,theance programs since 1987. The Type of Coverage
uninsured rate and the number of percentage and number of people Most people (55.8 percent) were cov-uninsured for non-Hispanic Whites covered by Medicaid increased ered by an employment-based health to 15.7 percent or 47.8 million in
51 insurance plan for some or all of The percentage and number of people cov-2009, from 14.1 percent or 42.6 ered by Medicaid in 2009, 15.7 percent and 47.8 2009. The rate of employment-based million in 2008. The percentage million, were higher than the percentage and coverage in 2009 was lower than the
number of people covered by Medicare in 2009, and number of people covered by 14.3 percent and 43.4 million. rate in 2008. This is the lowest rate Medicaid is the highest since 1987. 52 The number of uninsured children in pov- of employment-based coverage since The percentage and number of erty in 2009 was not statistically different from
the number in 2008. 1987, the first year that comparable
Figure 7.Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2009
1 The data for 1996 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. 2 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also reflect the results of follow-up verification questions, which were asked of people who responded “no” to all questions about specific types of health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys.
Notes: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS. The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Numbers in millions, rates in percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
2009200520021999219961199319901987
50.7 million
16.7 percent
Number uninsured
Uninsured rate
Recession
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 25
health insurance data were col- people covered by government health lected (Table C-1). The rate of private programs also increased to 93.2 coverage decreased to 63.9 percent million in 2009, from 87.4 million in in 2009, from 66.7 percent in 2008 2008. The percentage of people with (Figure 8). This was the lowest rate Medicaid coverage (15.7 percent) of private coverage since 1987. The was higher in 2009 than in 2008. number of people covered by private This was the highest rate of Medicaid insurance also decreased to 194.5 coverage since 1987. The number million in 2009, from 201.0 million in of people covered by Medicaid also 2008. increased in 2009 to 47.8 million,
from 42.6 million in 2008. In contrast, The percentage of people covered
the percentage and number of people by government health programs
with Medicare coverage in 2009 was increased to 30.6 percent in 2009,
not statistically different from 2008, from 29.0 percent in 2008. This
at 14.3 percent and 43.4 million.53 In was the highest rate of government
2009, 11.2 percent of people had no coverage since 1987. The number of
coverage other than Medicaid.
Race and Hispanic Origin
In 2009, the uninsured rate and the number of uninsured for non-Hispanic Whites increased to 12.0 percent and 23.7 million, from 10.8 percent and 21.3 million in 2008 (Table 8). The uninsured rate and the number of uninsured for Blacks in 2009 were higher than in 2008, at 21.0 percent and 8.1 million. The uninsured rate and the number of uninsured for Asians in 2009 were not statistically different from 2008, at 17.2 percent and 2.4 million.54 Among Hispanics, the uninsured rate and the number of uninsured increased to 32.4 percent and 15.8 million in 2009 from 30.7 percent and 14.6 million in 2008.
Age
The uninsured rate for those under 65 increased in 2009 to 18.8 percent from 17.3 percent in 2008. In 2009, the percentage of children under 18 without health insurance (10.0 percent) was not statistically differ-ent from the percentage reported in 2008. The uninsured rate in 2009 for those aged 65 and older (1.8 percent) was also not statistically different from the rate in 2008. The uninsured rate increased for other age groups from 2008 to 2009. For those aged 18 to 24, the rate increased to 30.4 percent from 28.6 percent. For those aged 25 to 34, the rate increased to 29.1 percent from 26.5 percent. For those aged 35 to 44, the rate increased to 21.7 percent from 19.4 percent. For those aged 45 to 64, the rate increased to 16.1 percent from 14.4 percent.
Since 2007, the year before the most recent recession, the uninsured rate of people under 65 increased to 18.8
53 The percentage and number of people cov-ered by Medicaid in 2009, 15.7 percent and 47.8 million, were higher than the percentage and number of people covered by Medicare in 2009, 14.3 percent and 43.4 million.
54 Due to the small sample size, the changes in uninsured rates for Asians are better inter-preted when viewed over a longer time period.
Figure 8.Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2008 and 2009
* Statistically different at the 90 percent confidence level.1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by more than one type of health insurance during the year.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Private insurance
Government insurance
No insurance
20082009
Percent0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Not covered
Militaryhealth care1
Medicaid
Medicare
Any governmentplan
Direct-purchase
Employment-based
Any private plan
*
*
*
*
*
*
26 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table 9.People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2007 and 2009(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C�I�] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
* Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level� 1 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding� 2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability� The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate� For more information,
see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <www�census�gov/hhes/www/p60_238sa�pdf>� 3 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race� Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible� A group such as Asian may be defined as those
who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept)� This table shows data using the first approach (race alone)� The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000� Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately�
4 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas� For more information, see “About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www�census�gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro�html>�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 and 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 27
percent from 17.1 percent in 2007.55 two and one-half times that of the percent).56, 57 Among full-time, year-The uninsured rate of children under native-born population in 2009. round workers in 2009, the uninsured 18 decreased to 10.0 percent in 2009 rate increased to 15.2 percent from from 11.0 percent in 2007 (Table 9). Economic Status 14.6 percent in 2008. The number The uninsured rate of people aged 65 of uninsured among full-time, year-The uninsured rate is higher among and older in 2009 was not statistically round workers (14.6 million) was people with lower incomes (Table 8). different from the rate in 2007, at 1.8 not statistically different from 2008. In 2009, 26.6 percent of people in percent. However, other age groups Among less-than-full-time-year-round households with annual incomes less experienced increases in uninsured workers, the uninsured rate and the than $25,000 had no health insur-rates. Specifically, the uninsured rate number of uninsured increased to ance coverage. In 2009, the uninsured of those aged 18 to 24 increased 29.7 percent and 14.7 million in 2009 rates decreased as household income to 30.4 percent in 2009 from 28.1 from 27.3 percent and 13.0 million increased—21.4 percent of people percent in 2007. For those aged 25 in 2008. Similarly, the uninsured rate in households with incomes rang-to 34, the uninsured rate increased and the number of uninsured non-ing from $25,000 to $49,999 were to 29.1 percent in 2009 from 25.7 workers increased to 29.1 percent uninsured; 16.0 percent of people percent in 2007. The uninsured rate and 13.2 million in 2009 from 26.0 in households with incomes ranging for those aged 35 to 44 was 21.7 percent and 10.6 million in 2008.from $50,000 to $74,999 were unin-
58
percent in 2009, up from 18.3 percent sured; and 9.1 percent of people in In 2009, the uninsured rate of full-in 2007. For those aged 45 to 64, the households with incomes of $75,000 time, year-round workers (15.2 uninsured rate was 16.1 percent in or more were uninsured. percent) was not statistically different 2009, up from 14.0 percent in 2007.
from 2007, the first year before the Among the four household income most recent recession (Table 9). The Nativity groups, the uninsured rate in 2009 uninsured rate of less-than-full-time-was not statistically different from
The uninsured rate and the number of year-round workers increased to 29.7 2008 for households with incomes uninsured for the native-born popula- percent in 2009 from 25.7 percent ranging from $25,000 to $49,999. In tion increased to 14.1 percent and in 2007 (Table 9). The uninsured rate 2009, the uninsured rate for people 37.7 million in 2009 from 12.9 per- of those who did not work increased in households with incomes less than cent and 34.0 million in 2008 (Table to 29.1 percent in 2009 from 25.4 $25,000 increased to 26.6 percent 8). The uninsured rate and the num- percent in 2007. from 24.5 percent in 2008. The ber of uninsured for the foreign-born
uninsured rate for households with population increased to 34.5 percent Children’s Health Insurance incomes ranging from $50,000 to and 13.0 million in 2009 from 33.5 Coverage
$74,999 increased to 16.0 percent in percent and 12.3 million in 2008.
2009 from 14.0 percent in 2008. The In 2009, the uninsured rate and the Among the foreign-born population,
uninsured rate for people in house- number of children under the age of the uninsured rate increased for non-
holds with incomes of $75,000 or 18 without health insurance (10.0 citizens in 2009 to 46.0 percent from
more increased to 9.1 percent in 2009 percent and 7.5 million) were not 44.7 percent in 2008. The uninsured
from 8.2 percent in 2008. statistically different from 2008 (Table rate in 2009 for naturalized citizens
8). Uninsured rates for children varied (19.0 percent) was not statistically Work Experience by poverty status, age, race, and different from the rate in 2008. The
Hispanic origin. Figure 9 shows that number of uninsured noncitizens Between 2008 and 2009, the unin-
children aged 12 to 17 had a higher increased to 9.9 million in 2009 from sured rate for workers aged 18 to
9.5 million in 2008. The number 64 (people who worked at some
of uninsured naturalized citizens time during the year) rose from 56 A full-time, year-round worker is a person who worked 35 or more hours per week (full-
increased to 3.0 million in 2009 from 18.7 percent to 20.2 percent. The time) and 50 or more weeks during the previous
2.8 million in 2008. The proportion of number of workers who were unin- calendar year (year-round). For school personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks worked if
the foreign-born population without sured increased from 27.8 million they are scheduled to return to their job in the fall.
health insurance in 2009 was nearly to 29.3 million. In 2009, full-time, 57 The 2009 insured rate for those who
year-round workers were more worked less than full-time, year-round (70.3 percent) was not statistically different from the
55 The 2008 uninsured rates for those under likely to be covered by health insur- 2009 insured rate for nonworkers (70.9 percent).65, those aged 18 to 24, and those aged 65 and ance (84.8 percent) than those who
58 The percentage of uninsured part-time older were not statistically different from their workers (29.7 percent) was not statistically rates in 2007 (17.3 percent, 28.6 percent, and worked less than full-time, year-round different from the percentage of uninsured non-1.7 percent, respectively). (70.3 percent) or nonworkers (70.9 workers (29.1 percent) in 2009.
28 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
uninsured rate (11.3 percent) than those under 6 (9.2 percent).59 In 2009, children in poverty were more likely to be uninsured (15.1 percent) than all children (10.0 percent).
In 2009, the uninsured rates were 7.0 percent for non-Hispanic White chil-dren, 11.5 percent for Black children, 10.0 percent for Asian children, and 16.8 percent for Hispanic children.60 These 2009 uninsured rates were not statistically different from the respec-tive rates in 2008.
Region
The Northeast had the lowest unin-sured rate in 2009, followed by the Midwest, the West, and the South (Table 8). Between 2008 and 2009, the uninsured rates increased in all four regions—11.6 percent to 12.4 percent in the Northeast; 11.6 percent to 13.3 percent in the Midwest; 17.4 percent to 18.3 percent in the West; and 18.2 percent to 19.7 percent the South. Between 2008 and 2009, the number of uninsured in all four regions increased—6.3 million to 6.8 million in the Northeast; 7.6 million to 8.8 million in the Midwest; 12.3 million to 13.0 million in the West; and 20.2 million to 22.1 million in the South.61
Residence
The uninsured rate for people living inside metropolitan statistical areas increased to 16.8 percent in 2009 from 15.4 percent in 2008 (Table 8). The uninsured rate in 2009 for people living outside metropolitan areas
59 The uninsured rate for children under the age of 6 (9.2 percent) was not statistically differ-ent from the uninsured rate for children aged 6 to 11 (9.5 percent).
60 In 2009, the uninsured rate for Black children was not statistically different from the uninsured rate for Asian children.
61 The 2009 uninsured rate for the West (18.3 percent) was not statistically different from the 2008 uninsured rate for the South (18.2 percent). The 2008 uninsured rate for the Northeast (11.6 percent) was not statistically different from the 2008 uninsured rate for the Midwest (11.6 percent).
increased to 16.0 percent from 15.2 U.S. Census Bureau percent in 2008. In 2009, the unin- Washington, DC 20233-8500sured rate was higher among people
or send e-mail to living in principal cities (19.7 percent)
<[email protected]>than among people living inside met-ropolitan areas but outside principal If you have suggestions or comments cities (15.0 percent). on the health insurance coverage
data, please write to: COMMENTS
Jennifer Cheeseman Day The Census Bureau welcomes the
Assistant Division Chief, Employment comments and advice of data and
Characteristics report users. If you have suggestions
Housing and Household Economic or comments on the income and pov-
Statistics Division erty data, please write to:
U.S. Census Bureau
Charles T. Nelson Washington, DC 20233-8500
Assistant Division Chief, Economic or send e-mail to
Characteristics <jennifer.cheeseman.day
Housing and Household Economic @census.gov>.
Statistics Division
Figure 9.Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, Age, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: 2009
Percent
Race1 and Hispanic origin
Age
Nativity
Household Income
1 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. This figure shows data using the race-alone concept. For example, Asian refers to people who reported Asian and no other race.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Not a citizen
Naturalized citizen
Native born
Hispanic (any race)
Asian
Black
White, not Hispanic
12 to 17 years
6 to 11 years
Under 6 years
$75,000 or more
$50,000 to $74,999
$25,000 to $49,999
Less than $25,000
Children in poverty
All children
10.0
15.1
14.6
13.810.0
5.4
9.29.5
11.3
7.0
11.5
10.016.8
9.3
10.6
32.1
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 29
Additional Data and Contacts
Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases, and briefings are avail-able electronically on the U.S. Census Bureau’s income, poverty, and health insurance Web sites. The Web sites may be accessed through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov> or directly at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income.html> for income data, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html> for poverty data, and <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthins.html> for health insurance data.
The Current Population Survey (CPS) Table Creator <www.census.gov /hhes/www/cpstc/cps_table_creator.html> gives you the ability to create customized tables from the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). You can generate estimates using your own definitions of income and poverty with CPS Table Creator II <www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstc /apm/cpstc_altpov.html>.
Microdata are available for download by clicking “Data Tools” on the Census Bureau’s home page and then clicking the “DataFerrett” link. Technical methods have been applied to CPS microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of individuals from whom data were collected.
For assistance with income, poverty, or health insurance data or questions about them, contact the Data Integration Division’s Information Resources and Dissemination Branch at 301-763-3242 or toll-free at 1-866-758-1060, or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and Answer Center” found at <ask.census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 31
APPENDIX A. ESTIMATES OF INCOME
How Income Is Measured
For each person 15 years and older in the sample, the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks questions on the amount of money income received in the preceding cal-endar year from each of the following sources:
1. Earnings
2. Unemployment compensation
3. Workers’ compensation
4. Social security
5. Supplemental security income
6. Public assistance
7. Veterans’ payments
8. Survivor benefits
9. Disability benefits
10. Pension or retirement income
11. Interest
12. Dividends
13. Rents, royalties, and estates and trusts
14. Educational assistance
15. Alimony
16. Child support
17. Financial assistance from outside of the household
18. Other income
It should be noted that although the income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the demographic characteristics, such as age, labor force status, and household composition, are as of the survey date. The income of the household does not include amounts received by people who were mem-bers during all or part of the previous year if these people no longer resided in the household at the time of the
interview. The Current Population and educational expenses, etc. Data
Survey (CPS) collects income data for users should consider these ele-
people who are current residents but ments when comparing income levels.
did not reside in the household during Moreover, readers should be aware
the previous year. that for many different reasons there is a tendency in household surveys
Data on income collected in the ASEC for respondents to underreport their by the U.S. Census Bureau cover income. Based on an analysis of inde-money income received (exclusive pendently derived income estimates, of certain money receipts such as the Census Bureau determined that capital gains) before payments for respondents report income earned personal income taxes, social security, from wages or salaries more accu-union dues, Medicare deductions, rately than other sources of income, etc. Therefore, money income does and that the reported wage and salary not reflect the fact that some families income is nearly equal to independent receive noncash benefits, such as estimates of aggregate income.food stamps, health benefits, subsi-dized housing, and goods produced Recessionsand consumed on the farm. In addi-
Recessions are defined by the tion, money income does not reflect National Bureau of Economic the fact that noncash benefits are also Research. Peak and trough months received by some nonfarm residents, of recent recessions are shown in the which often take the form of the use text box above. The data points in the of business transportation and facili-time series charts in this report use ties, full or partial payments by busi-July as a reference.ness for retirement programs, medical
Recessions
Peak month Year Trough month Year
November 1948 October 1949
July 1953 May 1954
August 1957 April 1958
April 1960 February 1961
December 1969 November 1970
November 1973 March 1975
January 1980 July 1980
July 1981 November 1982
July 1990 March 1991
March 2001 November 2001
December 2007
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, MA 02138 <www�nber�org>
32 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2009
1 The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2009� The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U�
Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 2009 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2009 by the annual average for the earlier year(s)�
For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www�bls�gov/cpi/cpirsdc�htm>�
Cost-of-Living Adjustment
In order to accurately assess changes in income and earnings over time, an adjustment for changes in the cost of living is required. The Census Bureau uses the research series of the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1977 through 2009, to adjust for changes in the cost of living. The indexes used to make the constant dollar conversions are shown in the text box “Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2009.”
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 33
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
AL
L R
AC
ES
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2000
3 ���
����
����
��19
994 �
����
����
����
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1997
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1996
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1995
5 ���
����
����
��19
946 �
����
����
����
1993
7 ���
����
����
��19
928 �
����
����
����
1991
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1990
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1989
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1988
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1987
9 ���
����
����
��19
86� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
8510
���
����
����
�19
8411
���
����
����
�19
83� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
82� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
81� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
80� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7912
���
����
����
�19
78� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
77� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7613
���
����
����
�19
7514
���
����
����
�19
7414
, 15 �
����
����
��19
73� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7216
���
����
����
�19
7117
���
����
����
�19
70� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
69� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
68� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
6718
���
����
����
�
117,
538
117,
181
116,
783
116,
011
114,
384
113,
343
112,
000
111,
278
109,
297
108,
209
106,
434
103,
874
102,
528
101,
018
99,6
2798
,990
97,1
0796
,426
95,6
6994
,312
93,3
4792
,830
91,1
2489
,479
88,4
5886
,789
85,4
0783
,918
83,5
2782
,368
80,7
7677
,330
76,0
3074
,142
72,8
6771
,163
69,8
5968
,251
66,6
7664
,778
63,4
0162
,214
60,8
13
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
0
13�0
13�4
12�9
12�6
13�0
13�3
13�2
12�9
12�4
12�1
11�8
12�7
13�2
13�7
13�7
14�6
15�1
15�0
14�5
14�0
13�7
14�5
14�8
15�1
15�3
15�4
15�9
16�2
15�8
15�5
14�8
14�6
15�2
15�3
15�8
14�9
14�9
15�6
16�5
16�3
15�9
16�2
17�8
11�9
12�0
11�3
11�2
11�5
11�6
11�6
11�4
11�4
11�1
11�3
11�4
11�8
12�3
12�2
12�6
12�6
12�5
12�3
11�8
11�6
11�6
11�7
11�7
12�4
12�7
13�1
12�7
13�2
12�7
12�3
12�9
13�1
13�0
13�0
12�5
12�2
12�1
12�3
11�8
11�7
12�2
12�1
11�1
11�0
10�5
11�1
10�8
11�0
10�9
10�6
10�5
10�5
10�9
10�7
11�3
11�2
11�4
11�5
11�0
11�1
11�3
11�2
11�3
11�4
11�2
11�5
11�7
11�9
12�2
12�3
12�4
12�1
12�1
11�6
11�9
12�3
12�3
11�9
11�4
11�6
12�1
12�0
11�9
12�6
13�7
14�1
14�1
14�0
14�1
14�2
14�1
14�0
14�5
14�8
14�5
14�0
14�5
14�4
14�7
15�0
14�8
15�8
15�5
15�9
15�7
15�0
15�0
15�3
15�3
16�0
16�3
16�3
16�7
16�2
16�4
15�8
16�2
16�8
16�4
17�3
18�2
16�9
17�5
18�7
19�2
19�1
20�4
20�0
18�1
17�6
18�0
18�2
18�1
18�1
17�7
18�0
17�9
18�4
18�4
18�7
18�8
18�8
19�2
19�0
18�5
19�3
19�3
20�0
20�1
20�1
20�1
20�4
20�1
19�9
20�2
20�5
20�8
21�4
21�9
21�8
21�7
22�4
22�3
22�0
22�7
22�8
22�5
22�7
23�4
22�8
22�1
11�5
11�9
12�0
11�6
12�1
12�0
12�2
12�5
12�6
12�7
12�8
12�6
12�2
12�3
12�1
11�6
11�7
12�1
12�0
12�2
12�4
12�3
12�3
12�2
11�9
11�7
11�1
10�9
11�2
11�5
12�1
12�2
11�8
11�4
11�0
11�3
11�8
11�1
10�3
10�4
10�5 9�6
8�3
11�9
11�9
12�7
12�5
12�0
11�9
12�3
12�3
12�2
12�3
12�5
12�0
11�4
10�7
10�6
10�3
10�0 9�7
9�9
9�9
10�6
10�1
10�0 9�5
8�8
8�5
7�9
7�7
7�8
7�8
7�9
7�8
7�0
6�8
6�2
6�8
7�4
6�8
5�7
5�6
5�7
4�7
4�4
4�4
4�3
4�7
4�7
4�3
4�4
4�4
4�2
4�3
4�5
4�3
4�0
3�7
3�5
3�1
3�2
3�0
2�7
2�9
3�0
3�1
3�0
2�7
2�6
2�3
2�2
2�0
1�9
1�6
1�6
1�9
1�9
1�6
1�5
1�4
1�4
1�5
1�5
1�1
1�2
1�1
0�9
0�9
3�8
3�7
4�0
4�0
4�0
3�6
3�7
3�7
3�9
3�8
4�0
3�4
3�1
2�8
2�6
2�6
2�3
2�1
1�9
2�1
2�2
1�9
1�9
1�7
1�4
1�3
1�2
1�2
1�0
1�0
1�2
1�1
1�0
0�9
0�8
1�0
1�2
1�0
0�8
0�8
0�8
0�6
0�8
49,7
7750
,112
51,9
6551
,278
50,8
9950
,343
50,5
1950
,563
51,1
6152
,301
52,3
8851
,100
49,3
0948
,315
47,6
2246
,175
45,6
6545
,888
46,2
6947
,637
48,2
7947
,433
47,0
7146
,488
44,8
9844
,074
42,7
4743
,048
43,1
6343
,892
45,3
2545
,452
43,7
5843
,483
42,7
7343
,923
45,3
6044
,462
42,6
3643
,055
43,3
9141
,836
40,1
08
213
136
145
220
170
223
219
166
156
164
245
302
228
244
275
210
213
217
223
243
266
232
222
241
243
201
194
194
226
226
215
184
164
161
174
169
173
170
165
158
160
151
146
67,9
7668
,164
69,9
4070
,819
69,5
9768
,662
68,8
8668
,976
70,5
2171
,165
70,4
6268
,145
66,2
1464
,148
62,8
0261
,731
60,5
5658
,177
58,2
4259
,505
60,9
9659
,266
58,5
3957
,434
55,2
5554
,002
51,9
9051
,879
51,5
6552
,202
53,8
4253
,496
51,9
0951
,147
49,9
4751
,365
52,4
5851
,748
49,0
3549
,301
49,3
6647
,331
44,8
58
243
241
244
273
263
259
252
259
281
280
366
368
370
359
344
332
327
244
240
251
266
265
240
233
219
199
194
192
188
191
204
205
158
158
156
161
160
160
156
158
155
151
146
See
foot
note
s at
end
of t
able
�
34 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
WH
ITE
AL
ON
E19
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
WH
ITE
20
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2000
3 ���
����
����
��19
994 �
����
����
����
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1997
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1996
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1995
5 ���
����
����
��19
946 �
����
����
����
1993
7 ���
����
����
��19
928 �
����
����
����
1991
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1990
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1989
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1988
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1987
9 ���
����
����
��19
86� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
8510
���
����
����
�19
8411
���
����
����
�19
83� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
82� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
81� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
80� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7912
���
����
����
�19
78� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
77� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7613
���
����
����
�19
7514
���
����
����
�19
7414
, 15 �
����
����
��19
73� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7216
���
����
����
�19
7117
���
����
����
�19
70� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
ootn
otes
at e
nd o
f ta
le�
See
fb
95,4
8995
,297
95,1
1294
,705
93,5
8892
,880
91,9
6291
,645
90,6
82
90,0
30
88,8
93
87,2
12
86,1
06
85,0
59
84,5
11
83,7
37
82,3
87
81,7
95
81,6
75
80,9
68
80,1
63
79,7
34
78,5
19
77,2
84
76,5
76
75,3
28
74,3
76
73,1
82
72,8
45
71,8
72
70,7
66
68,0
28
66,9
34
65,3
53
64,3
92
62,9
84
61,9
65
60,6
18
59,4
63
57,5
75
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
11�4
11�8
11�2
10�9
11�3
11�7
11�6
11�4
11�0
10�8
10�3
11�0
11�6
11�9
11�9
12�7
13�0
12�9
12�4
12�0
11�8
12�4
12�7
13�2
13�5
13�5
13�8
14�4
13�9
13�6
13�1
13�0
13�6
13�7
14�1
13�4
13�5
14�1
15�0
14�9
11�6
11�7
11�1
10�8
11�1
11�2
11�1
11�0
11�1
10�8
11�0
10�9
11�5
11�9
11�8
12�1
12�2
12�1
12�0
11�5
11�2
11�1
11�2
11�2
11�9
12�1
12�6
12�1
12�6
12�1
11�7
12�3
12�3
12�4
12�5
11�9
11�6
11�4
11�7
11�2
10�8
10�7
10�3
10�9
10�7
10�9
10�8
10�4
10�1
10�3
10�8
10�5
11�0
11�0
11�3
11�4
10�8
11�0
11�2
11�1
11�1
11�4
11�1
11�3
11�5
11�8
12�1
12�2
12�3
12�0
11�9
11�4
11�7
12�1
12�1
11�6
11�0
11�2
11�8
11�6
14�2
14�0
14�0
14�1
14�3
14�0
14�0
14�3
14�8
14�4
14�1
14�5
14�4
14�8
15�2
15�0
15�9
15�8
16�0
16�0
15�2
15�2
15�4
15�4
16�2
16�6
16�7
16�9
16�5
16�6
16�0
16�3
16�9
16�6
17�5
18�4
17�0
17�8
19�0
19�5
18�7
18�1
18�3
18�7
18�4
18�4
18�1
18�4
18�2
18�6
18�8
19�2
19�2
19�4
19�7
19�5
19�4
19�9
19�9
20�6
20�8
20�9
21�0
21�1
20�8
20�8
21�1
21�3
21�6
22�3
22�8
22�7
22�6
23�3
23�1
23�0
23�6
23�7
23�4
23�7
12�0
12�5
12�5
12�1
12�7
12�5
12�7
13�1
13�1
13�2
13�3
13�2
12�7
12�9
12�7
12�1
12�4
12�8
12�6
12�9
13�0
12�9
13�1
12�8
12�4
12�3
11�7
11�6
11�8
12�1
12�7
12�8
12�5
12�1
11�7
11�8
12�5
11�8
10�9
11�0
12�6
12�5
13�3
13�3
12�6
12�6
13�0
13�0
12�8
13�0
13�2
12�6
12�1
11�3
11�2
11�0
10�6
10�4
10�6
10�5
11�2
10�8
10�7
10�1 9�5
9�1
8�5
8�2
8�4
8�4
8�5
8�2
7�5
7�3
6�6
7�4
7�9
7�3
6�2
6�0
4�7
4�6
5�0
4�9
4�6
4�6
4�6
4�4
4�6
4�8
4�4
4�3
4�0
3�8
3�4
3�4
3�3
2�9
3�2
3�2
3�3
3�2
2�9
2�9
2�5
2�4
2�1
2�0
1�7
1�8
2�0
2�1
1�7
1�6
1�5
1�5
1�7
1�6
1�2
1�3
4�1
4�0
4�3
4�3
4�3
3�9
4�1
4�0
4�2
4�1
4�3
3�8
3�5
3�0
2�8
2�8
2�5
2�3
2�0
2�3
2�4
2�1
2�0
1�9
1�6
1�4
1�4
1�3
1�1
1�1
1�3
1�2
1�1
1�0
0�9
1�1
1�3
1�1
0�9
0�9
51,8
61
52,1
13
53,9
12
53,9
07
53,3
47
52,9
82
53,2
16
53,7
55
53,9
34
54,7
00
54,4
85
53,7
64
51,9
30
50,5
86
49,9
84
48,7
00
48,1
78
48,2
45
48,4
85
49,6
86
50,7
84
50,1
44
49,5
94
48,8
74
47,3
51
46,4
97
44,8
29
45,0
67
45,6
05
46,3
06
47,5
23
47,2
50
46,0
15
45,5
50
44,7
31
45,9
36
47,5
39
46,6
45
44,5
96
44,8
44
154
151
159
156
233
208
209
218
253
242
275
269
329
261
261
273
281
234
235
228
247
296
249
237
253
234
203
205
210
238
226
208
193
189
163
173
181
179
170
173
70,5
44
70,9
21
72,7
56
73,5
18
72,4
73
71,4
36
71,8
25
71,7
35
73,3
13
73,8
04
73,0
23
71,2
36
69,1
59
66,6
95
65,3
05
64,4
51
63,2
70
60,8
04
60,7
01
61,9
05
63,5
36
61,7
94
61,0
40
59,8
26
57,5
23
56,2
30
54,1
48
54,0
17
53,7
27
54,3
08
55,9
65
55,4
78
53,9
37
53,1
15
51,7
92
53,2
68
54,4
86
53,7
61
50,8
11
51,0
26
272
273
277
306
300
294
288
292
315
316
413
419
421
395
379
375
365
271
264
277
294
291
264
256
241
218
211
211
204
208
223
223
174
171
170
173
173
174
165
168
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 35
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
WH
ITE
20—
Con
�
1969
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1968
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1967
18 �
����
����
���
WH
ITE
AL
ON
E,
NO
T H
ISPA
NIC
19
2009
1 �
����
����
����
2008
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2007
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2006
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2005
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2004
2 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
WH
ITE
, NO
T
HIS
PAN
IC 2
0
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2000
3 ���
����
����
��19
994 �
����
����
����
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1997
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1996
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1995
5 ���
����
����
��19
946 �
����
����
����
1993
7 ���
����
����
��19
928 �
����
����
����
1991
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1990
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1989
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1988
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1987
9 ���
����
����
��19
86� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
8510
���
����
����
�19
8411
���
����
����
�19
83� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
82� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
81� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
80� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7912
���
����
����
�19
78� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
77� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7613
���
����
����
�19
7514
���
����
����
�oo
tnot
es a
t end
of t
ale
�S
ee f
b
56,2
48
55,3
94
54,1
88
83,1
58
82,8
84
82,7
65
82,6
75
82,0
03
81,6
28
81,1
48
81,1
66
80,8
18
80,5
27
79,8
19
78,5
77
77,9
36
77,2
40
76,9
32
77,0
04
75,6
97
75,1
07
75,6
25
75,0
35
74,4
95
74,0
67
73,1
20
72,0
67
71,5
40
70,5
86
69,6
48
69,2
14
68,9
96
68,1
06
67,2
03
64,8
36
63,7
21
62,3
65
61,5
33
100�
010
0�0
100�
0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
0
14�5
14�8
16�2
10�6
10�9
10�6
10�4
10�8
11�1
11�1
10�9
10�6
10�4 9�8
10�2
10�7
11�1
10�9
11�9
12�2
12�1
11�8
11�4
11�2
11�8
12�1
12�7
13�0
13�0
13�2
13�9
13�6
13�3
12�9
12�8
13�4
13�4
13�8
10�9
11�4
11�4
11�0
11�2
10�5
10�2
10�5
10�7
10�5
10�5
10�6
10�2
10�5
10�4
11�1
11�3
11�3
11�7
11�8
11�7
11�6
11�1
11�0
10�7
10�8
10�8
11�4
11�8
12�4
11�8
12�4
11�9
11�6
12�2
12�1
12�1
12�2
11�5
12�3
13�4
10�3
10�2 9�8
10�5
10�2
10�4
10�3
10�0 9�8
10�0
10�4
10�2
10�6
10�7
10�9
11�2
10�6
10�7
11�1
11�0
10�9
11�2
10�9
11�2
11�4
11�7
12�0
12�1
12�2
11�8
11�7
11�2
11�5
12�0
12�0
19�3
20�9
20�6
14�0
13�6
13�6
13�7
13�9
13�6
13�7
13�9
14�3
14�1
13�7
14�2
14�3
14�7
15�1
14�9
15�7
15�7
16�0
15�9
15�1
15�2
15�3
15�4
16�2
16�6
16�6
16�9
16�4
16�6
15�9
16�2
16�8
16�5
17�4
24�5
23�8
23�2
18�8
18�4
18�3
18�7
18�5
18�5
18�2
18�5
18�3
18�6
18�9
19�4
19�4
19�7
20�2
19�8
19�8
20�1
20�1
20�8
21�0
21�2
21�3
21�4
21�1
21�0
21�4
21�6
21�9
22�6
23�0
22�9
22�8
23�5
23�3
11�2
10�1 8�8
12�4
13�0
12�9
12�5
13�2
13�0
13�1
13�5
13�4
13�6
13�7
13�7
13�2
13�4
13�1
12�5
12�7
13�3
13�0
13�3
13�3
13�2
13�4
13�2
12�8
12�6
12�0
11�8
12�0
12�4
12�9
13�0
12�8
12�4
11�9
6�1
5�0
4�6
13�4
13�3
14�2
14�0
13�3
13�3
13�7
13�7
13�5
13�6
13�8
13�3
12�8
11�9
11�8
11�4
11�1
10�8
11�0
10�9
11�7
11�2
11�1
10�4 9�8
9�4
8�7
8�5
8�7
8�6
8�7
8�4
7�7
7�5
6�8
1�2
1�0
0�9
5�1
4�9
5�4
5�3
4�9
5�0
5�0
4�7
4�9
5�1
4�7
4�5
4�2
4�0
3�6
3�6
3�5
3�1
3�3
3�3
3�5
3�3
3�0
3�0
2�7
2�5
2�2
2�1
1�8
1�8
2�1
2�2
1�8
1�7
1�5
0�9
0�7
0�8
4�4
4�4
4�7
4�7
4�7
4�3
4�4
4�3
4�5
4�4
4�6
4�0
3�7
3�2
3�0
3�0
2�7
2�4
2�2
2�4
2�5
2�2
2�1
2�0
1�7
1�5
1�4
1�3
1�2
1�1
1�3
1�2
1�2
1�0
0�9
45,2
84
43,5
60
41,8
26
54,4
61
55,3
19
56,8
14
55,7
69
55,7
97
55,5
39
55,7
19
55,9
18
56,1
00
56,8
26
56,8
43
55,7
71
54,0
68
52,8
00
51,9
57
50,2
71
49,9
51
49,8
64
49,6
43
50,8
22
51,8
76
51,5
25
50,9
58
49,9
85
48,4
15
47,4
62
45,9
81
45,8
22
46,2
63
47,1
26
48,1
92
48,1
40
46,9
28
46,4
79
45,0
68
166
162
152
279
224
256
200
189
254
269
219
233
228
359
321
282
362
271
266
292
309
244
237
254
303
284
258
247
263
(N
A)
230
235
108
267
253
264
271
239
51,1
97
49,0
33
46,4
98
73,2
40
73,8
21
75,7
06
76,3
24
75,3
75
74,1
03
74,5
07
74,0
58
75,6
53
76,0
50
75,4
17
73,5
17
71,3
75
68,7
12
67,4
34
66,0
93
64,9
38
62,3
48
62,0
03
63,2
77
64,8
09
63,0
56
62,2
34
61,0
13
58,6
43
57,2
07
55,5
70
54,8
11
54,4
03
55,0
22
56,6
12
56,1
33
54,6
04
53,7
97
52,4
26
171
162
157
299
302
305
337
333
322
316
315
343
341
447
449
(N
A)
(N
A)
404
392
387
288
276
286
317
296
289
280
266
256
(N
A)
235
226
248
248
241
258
240
254
36 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
WH
ITE
, NO
T
HIS
PAN
IC20
—C
on�
1974
14, 1
5 ���
����
����
1973
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1972
16 �
����
����
���
BL
AC
K A
LO
NE
OR
I
N C
OM
BIN
AT
ION
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
BL
AC
K A
LO
NE
21
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
BL
AC
K20
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2000
3 ���
����
����
��19
994 �
����
����
����
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1997
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1996
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1995
5 ���
����
����
��19
946 �
����
����
����
1993
7 ���
����
����
��19
928 �
����
����
����
1991
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1990
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1989
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1988
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1987
9 ���
����
����
��19
86� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
8510
���
����
����
�19
8411
���
����
����
�oo
tnot
es a
t end
of t
ale
�S
ee f
b
60,1
64
59,2
36
58,0
05
15,2
12
15,0
56
14,9
76
14,7
09
14,3
99
14,1
51
13,9
69
13,7
78
14,7
30
14,5
95
14,5
51
14,3
54
14,0
02
13,8
09
13,6
29
13,4
65
13,3
15
13,1
74
12,8
38
12,5
79
12,4
74
12,1
09
11,5
77
11,6
55
11,2
81
11,2
69
11,0
83
10,6
71
10,4
86
10,5
61
10,1
92
9,92
2 9,
797
9,48
0
100�
010
0�0
100�
0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
13�2
13�4
13�9
23�4
23�5
23�6
23�2
23�8
24�2
23�5
23�1
23�5
23�6
23�6
23�4
23�9
24�3
23�6
23�3
22�1
21�0
22�0
24�4
24�4
25�8
26�0
27�7
30�0
30�7
30�4
29�1
28�2
30�1
30�5
30�1
29�7
30�7
11�6
11�4
11�1
15�4
14�9
14�0
14�5
15�5
14�6
14�8
14�9
15�4
15�0
14�1
14�6
15�5
14�6
14�8
14�9
14�5
14�4
14�5
15�3
14�8
15�8
15�6
16�1
15�6
15�8
15�3
15�1
14�9
15�7
15�4
15�8
16�5
17�5
11�4
10�7
11�0
13�4
13�7
12�3
13�3
12�3
12�7
13�0
12�4
13�4
13�7
12�4
13�3
12�3
12�8
13�0
12�4
12�8
12�9
12�7
12�7
13�6
12�4
13�2
12�2
12�5
12�1
11�5
12�2
13�1
12�4
12�6
12�6
13�3
13�2
18�3
16�9
17�6
14�5
15�1
14�6
14�4
14�5
15�1
14�4
15�9
14�6
15�0
14�5
14�3
14�6
15�1
14�5
15�9
15�5
15�4
14�1
14�4
14�7
14�5
14�4
13�6
15�1
14�1
14�6
14�4
13�9
13�7
15�0
14�4
14�3
14�5
23�1
23�7
24�0
15�2
14�9
16�2
16�0
15�9
15�8
15�7
14�9
15�1
14�9
16�3
16�0
15�9
15�7
15�7
14�9
16�1
17�2
16�3
15�5
16�1
15�4
16�0
15�0
13�4
14�6
15�2
15�4
15�7
14�0
14�0
14�8
14�7
13�2
12�1
12�8
12�0 8�7
8�1
8�6
8�2
8�3
8�3
8�5
8�7
8�7
8�1
8�6
8�1
8�3
8�2
8�5
8�7
9�1
8�8
9�0
8�4
8�7
8�4
7�8
7�9
6�9
7�0
7�1
7�3
7�1
7�5
6�7
6�7
6�8
6�5
7�6
8�1
7�6
6�3
6�6
7�4
7�0
6�7
6�5
7�0
6�8
6�3
6�6
7�4
7�0
6�6
6�4
7�0
6�8
7�1
7�2
7�6
6�7
5�7
5�7
5�5
5�5
4�7
4�3
4�6
5�0
5�6
4�9
4�4
4�4
3�7
3�7
1�5
1�7
1�7
1�8
2�0
2�0
2�0
2�0
1�7
1�8
1�9
1�8
2�0
1�9
1�9
1�9
1�7
1�8
1�9
1�7
1�9
2�7
1�8
1�3
1�2
0�9
1�3
1�2
0�9
1�0
0�9
1�1
1�3
1�0
0�7
0�7
0�6
1�1
1�3
1�1
1�2
1�1
1�3
1�4
1�1
1�2
1�2
1�3
1�2
1�0
1�2
1�4
1�1
1�2
1�1
1�3
1�1
1�2
1�1
0�9
0�8
0�8
0�7
0�8
0�6
0�5
0�3
0�5
0�4
0�4
0�5
0�4
0�2
0�1
46,3
28
47,9
58
47,3
10
32,7
50
34,2
15
35,2
67
34,1
83
34,0
09
34,3
33
34,6
24
34,7
87
32,5
84
34,0
88
35,0
86
34,0
10
33,9
04
34,1
74
34,5
73
34,6
07
35,7
04
36,9
52
35,9
28
33,3
15
33,3
79
31,9
66
31,2
95
30,0
93
28,5
52
28,0
92
28,8
84
29,7
12
30,2
02
28,5
85
28,3
07
28,1
58
28,1
71
26,4
88
228
224
225
418
437
481
253
324
315
435
458
394
439
491
256
331
355
450
466
420
490
669
522
574
629
534
560
564
574
607
678
615
596
542
553
547
509
53,8
68
55,0
95
54,3
84
46,2
80
46,5
02
48,4
46
48,3
97
46,9
45
46,2
84
47,0
18
48,0
89
46,0
46
46,3
56
48,2
39
48,0
07
46,6
45
46,1
41
46,8
02
47,7
04
47,5
50
48,7
98
49,5
12
44,8
64
43,9
23
44,1
87
42,4
84
41,8
75
39,8
01
38,1
21
38,4
62
39,4
77
40,0
76
39,1
61
38,2
21
37,7
78
36,7
56
35,3
26
235
233
243
516
486
530
594
511
492
498
560
525
496
538
594
507
500
501
551
502
494
711
599
630
863
727
601
661
517
502
533
544
571
526
513
477
435
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 37
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
BL
AC
K20
—C
on�
1983
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1982
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1981
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1980
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1979
12 �
����
����
���
1978
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1977
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1976
13 �
����
����
���
1975
14 �
����
����
���
1974
14, 1
5 ���
����
����
1973
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1972
16 �
����
����
���
1971
17 �
����
����
���
1970
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1969
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1968
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1967
18 �
����
����
���
AS
IAN
AL
ON
E O
R
IN
CO
MB
INA
TIO
N
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
AS
IAN
AL
ON
E22
2009
1 ���
����
����
��20
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
20
042 �
����
����
����
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
ootn
otes
at e
nd o
f ta
le�
See
fb
9,23
6 8,
916
8,96
1 8,
847
8,58
6 8,
066
7,97
7 7,
776
7,48
9 7,
263
7,04
0 6,
809
6,57
8 6,
180
6,05
3 5,
870
5,72
8
4,94
0 4,
805
4,71
5 4,
664
4,50
0 4,
346
4,23
5 4,
079
4,68
74,
573
4,49
44,
454
4,27
34,
123
4,04
03,
917
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
32�2
31�7
31�6
30�6
28�9
28�6
27�8
28�6
30�1
28�2
27�5
29�1
29�9
28�9
27�9
29�1
32�5
11�7
11�9
10�3
10�0
11�1
10�2
13�1
10�4
11�7
12�1
10�3
10�1
11�2
10�2
13�1
10�2
17�0
17�4
18�0
17�8
17�5
17�1
19�4
18�4
17�3
18�1
17�9
17�9
18�3
17�6
18�9
20�1
19�1 8�0
8�7
8�0
7�0
7�8
8�3
9�3
8�7
7�9
8�7
8�1
7�1
7�9
8�3
9�3
8�8
13�4
13�2
13�2
13�6
13�8
12�9
14�1
13�9
13�6
14�6
15�0
14�5
14�7
15�4
15�7
15�5
16�9 8�2
8�3
7�4
8�4
7�2
8�1
6�2
8�1
8�2
8�2
7�5
8�5
7�2
8�1
6�0
8�1
13�8
14�6
14�2
14�2
14�2
15�6
15�4
15�1
16�0
16�6
15�5
15�6
16�2
16�5
17�4
16�5
14�5
11�4
12�1
11�6
11�6
10�7
11�5
11�5
13�3
11�1
12�1
11�4
11�4
10�5
11�4
11�5
13�2
13�8
14�7
13�8
14�2
15�2
14�7
14�4
15�5
15�2
14�1
15�7
14�7
13�7
14�2
13�6
12�9
11�8
16�6
15�2
17�1
17�3
18�4
19�0
16�9
18�3
16�9
15�1
17�0
17�1
18�6
19�0
16�8
18�1
6�2
5�6
5�9
6�2
6�9
7�2
5�7
5�7
5�2
6�2
5�1
5�7
5�0
5�1
4�4
4�0
3�1
11�9
12�7
13�1
13�2
13�1
12�8
14�0
12�8
11�8
12�6
13�1
13�1
13�0
12�6
13�9
12�7
3�2
2�3
3�1
2�9
3�1
3�4
2�8
2�4
2�2
1�9
2�6
2�0
1�7
2�0
1�8
1�7
1�5
16�7
17�0
17�7
17�1
17�0
16�6
16�0
16�0
16�9
17�1
17�9
17�0
16�9
16�7
16�1
16�0
0�4
0�4
0�2
0�4
0�3
0�5
0�3
0�3
0�3
0�3
0�5
0�3
0�2
0�2
0�1
0�2
0�3
7�8
7�4
8�0
8�6
6�9
7�6
7�7
6�5
7�8
7�5
7�9
8�8
6�9
7�7
7�8
6�7
0�1
0�1
0�1
0�1
0�1
0�1
0�2
0�1
0�0
0�1
0�2
0�3
0�1
0�2
0�1
0�0
0�2
7�7
6�6
6�8
6�7
7�7
5�8
5�3
5�9
7�7
6�6
6�8
6�9
7�8
6�1
5�4
6�1
25,4
39
25,5
41
25,5
91
26,6
77
27,9
01
28,3
95
27,1
54
27,0
85
26,8
53
27,3
18
27,9
83
27,2
27
26,3
43
27,2
95
27,3
72
25,6
86
24,2
85
65,0
73
65,3
18
68,1
48
67,9
79
67,0
74
65,2
36
64,4
48
62,3
38
65,4
69
65,3
88
68,3
82
68,3
38
67,1
25
65,2
98
64,9
58
62,7
45
477
410
430
503
509
600
364
336
395
330
436
408
392
375
403
373
404
1,43
5 1,
408
1,43
4 1,
720
801
1,31
5 1,
437
943
1,26
7 1,
381
1,43
3 1,
781
782
1,38
8 1,
276
1,09
8
33,8
35
33,6
06
33,6
18
34,6
23
35,8
01
36,2
88
34,7
92
34,6
05
33,5
19
33,9
75
34,7
49
34,3
93
32,6
43
33,3
29
32,5
86
31,2
84
29,1
81
90,1
10
85,9
95
87,4
77
93,1
15
87,8
93
86,4
50
80,9
51
82,8
35
90,8
11
85,8
58
87,9
50
93,9
29
88,0
02
86,8
88
81,6
05
83,5
16
418
420
407
426
441
474
310
308
297
302
345
367
335
360
347
330
326
1,77
0 1,
481
1,49
6 1,
949
1,53
4 1,
632
1,39
2 1,
575
1,84
5 1,
497
1,55
2 2,
021
1,55
2 1,
681
1,44
5 1,
629
38 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Med
ian
inco
me
Mea
n in
com
e R
ace
and
P
erce
ntag
e di
strib
utio
n(d
olla
rs)
(dol
lars
)H
ispa
nic
orig
in
Num
ber
$15,
000
$25,
000
$35,
000
$50,
000
$75,
000
$100
,000
$1
50,0
00
of h
ouse
hold
er
(tho
u-U
nder
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
$2
00,0
00
Sta
ndar
d S
tand
ard
and
year
sand
s)To
tal
$15,
000
$24,
999
$34,
999
$49,
999
$74,
999
$99,
999
$149
,999
$199
,999
and
over
Val
ueer
ror
Val
ueer
ror
AS
IAN
AN
D
PA
CIF
IC
IS
LA
ND
ER
20
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
4,07
1 10
0�0
10�3
8�0
8�6
12�8
17�5
12�7
16�3
7�5
6�3
64,9
81
1,55
1 88
,635
2,
092
2000
3 ���
����
����
��3,
963
100�
09�
37�
77�
412
�416
�914
�816
�48�
76�
469
,448
1,
185
90,6
72
1,88
2 19
994 �
����
����
����
3,74
2 10
0�0
11�0
7�2
7�9
13�0
17�1
13�7
14�6
7�7
7�8
65,6
00
2,31
2 86
,747
2,
199
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
3,30
8 10
0�0
10�7
8�7
9�0
13�1
17�8
13�7
16�7
5�8
4�5
61,2
88
1,70
6 79
,122
2,
285
1997
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
3,12
5 10
0�0
11�4
8�5
8�5
12�5
19�1
13�7
16�2
6�0
4�0
60,2
94
1,67
6 78
,470
2,
432
1996
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2,99
8 10
0�0
12�3
9�1
8�4
12�2
19�1
12�8
16�7
5�6
3�7
58,9
11
2,11
1 76
,976
2,
761
1995
5 ���
����
����
��2,
777
100�
012
�59�
87�
713
�919
�613
�713
�64�
74�
456
,759
1,
424
77,1
82
3,11
4 19
946 �
����
����
����
2,04
0 10
0�0
11�9
10�2
8�3
13�4
19�3
13�2
13�9
5�2
4�5
57,9
37
2,19
5 75
,225
2,
681
1993
7 ���
����
����
��2,
233
100�
014
�69�
49�
813
�415
�214
�515
�14�
63�
456
,052
2,
757
73,4
43
2,95
7 19
928 �
����
����
����
2,26
2 10
0�0
12�0
10�2
8�9
12�9
21�4
11�9
14�7
4�6
3�4
56,6
21
1,63
4 70
,175
1,
929
1991
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
2,09
4 10
0�0
11�6
8�7
10�5
14�7
18�2
13�9
13�9
5�0
3�6
55,9
80
1,80
6 71
,075
2,
095
1990
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1,95
8 10
0�0
10�6
9�5
8�2
12�5
20�9
14�0
15�4
5�4
3�6
61,1
70
1,81
2 73
,837
2,
090
1989
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1,98
8 10
0�0
10�4
8�2
9�0
13�1
19�8
15�8
14�5
4�7
4�5
60,2
98
1,63
0 74
,959
2,
181
1988
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
1,91
3 10
0�0
10�5
11�5
8�2
13�6
20�5
12�1
15�3
5�4
2�9
56,2
17
2,31
0 70
,284
2,
099
1987
9 ���
����
����
��(N
A)
100�
012
�112
�38�
711
�318
�912
�915
�85�
02�
858
,206
2,
164
(N
A)
(N
A)
HIS
PAN
IC
(A
NY
RA
CE
)23
2009
1 ���
����
����
��13
,298
100�
016
�515
�214
�315
�417
�69�
17�
82�
21�
738
,039
502
52,2
2957
320
08� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
13
,425
100�
017
�814
�814
�516
�416
�29�
07�
52�
41�
437
,769
484
51,3
7653
220
07� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
13
,339
100�
015
�614
�713
�816
�518
�310
�07�
52�
21�
540
,013
538
52,5
8155
320
06� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
12
,973
100�
015
�514
�513
�517
�118
�19�
38�
02�
61�
540
,193
537
53,8
0361
720
05� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
12
,519
100�
015
�615
�214
�017
�217
�89�
37�
22�
21�
639
,517
392
51,7
9152
120
042 �
����
����
����
12,1
7810
0�0
16�1
15�1
14�5
16�6
17�8
9�0
7�4
2�0
1�5
38,9
1654
552
,095
637
2003
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
11,6
9310
0�0
15�6
15�5
14�9
16�5
17�1
9�5
7�3
2�1
1�6
38,4
8253
551
,860
574
2002
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
11,3
3910
0�0
15�2
14�9
14�0
17�1
18�1
9�6
7�6
2�1
1�5
39,4
6857
553
,518
715
2001
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
10,4
9910
0�0
14�9
15�0
12�9
17�9
17�4
10�6
7�6
2�2
1�4
40,6
6551
653
,772
680
2000
3 ���
����
����
��10
,034
100�
014
�515
�112
�617
�618
�910
�47�
32�
01�
741
,312
595
54,7
7778
819
994 �
����
����
����
9,57
910
0�0
15�1
15�3
14�2
16�8
17�9
10�1
7�4
2�0
1�4
39,5
7957
551
,994
923
1998
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
9,06
010
0�0
18�3
15�3
13�7
17�3
16�8
8�9
6�6
1�8
1�3
37,2
3071
850
,305
1,07
019
97� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
8,
590
100�
020
�115
�314
�415
�917
�47�
96�
01�
61�
335
,481
633
47,8
1496
519
96� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
8,
225
100�
020
�117
�514
�515
�516
�38�
15�
41�
51�
133
,904
657
46,2
901,
071
1995
5 ���
����
����
��7,
939
100�
022
�317
�115
�115
�814
�98�
04�
91�
20�
831
,947
696
43,6
0497
819
946 �
����
����
����
7,73
510
0�0
22�2
16�3
13�8
15�7
16�5
7�6
5�7
1�4
0�9
33,5
1962
345
,199
1,12
819
937 �
����
����
����
7,36
210
0�0
21�6
16�7
13�5
17�9
14�9
8�1
5�3
1�0
1�0
33,4
5367
244
,277
931
1992
8 ���
����
����
��7,
153
100�
021
�316
�613
�516
�916
�88�
05�
11�
10�
633
,847
700
43,1
7167
919
91� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
6,
379
100�
020
�216
�613
�516
�917
�28�
15�
31�
60�
634
,850
725
44,3
4371
019
90� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
6,
220
100�
019
�716
�512
�917
�618
�27�
85�
31�
30�
835
,525
729
44,5
0173
319
89� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
5,
933
100�
019
�314
�514
�416
�217
�99�
55�
91�
50�
936
,612
710
46,7
5280
319
88� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
5,
910
100�
020
�815
�513
�916
�217
�78�
64�
91�
60�
835
,471
899
45,2
8696
0
See
foot
note
s at
end
of t
able
�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 39
Table
A-1
.H
ou
seh
old
s b
y T
ota
l M
on
ey I
ncom
e, R
ace, an
d H
isp
an
ic O
rigin
of
Hou
seh
old
er:
19
67
to 2
009
—C
on
�(I
ncom
e in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
Hou
seho
lds
as o
f Mar
ch o
f the
follo
win
g ye
ar� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Rac
e an
d
His
pani
c or
igin
of
hou
seho
lder
an
d ye
ar
Num
ber
(tho
u-sa
nds)
Per
cent
age
dist
ribut
ion
Med
ian
inco
me
(dol
lars
)M
ean
inco
me
(dol
lars
)
Tota
lU
nder
$1
5,00
0
$15,
000 to
$24,
999
$25,
000 to
$34,
999
$35,
000 to
$49,
999
$50,
000 to
$74,
999
$75,
000 to
$99,
999
$100
,000
to
$1
49,9
99
$150
,000
to
$1
99,9
99$2
00,0
00
and
over
Val
ueS
tand
ard
erro
r V
alue
Sta
ndar
d er
ror
HIS
PAN
IC
(A
NY
RA
CE
)23—
Con
�
1987
9 ���
����
����
��19
86� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
8510
���
����
����
�19
8411
���
����
����
�19
83� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
82� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
81� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
80� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7912
���
����
����
�19
78� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
77� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7613
���
����
����
�19
7514
���
����
����
�19
7414
, 15 �
����
����
��19
73� �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
19
7216
���
����
����
�
5,64
25,
418
5,21
34,
883
4,32
64,
085
3,98
03,
906
3,68
43,
291
3,30
43,
081
2,94
82,
897
2,72
22,
655
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
100�
010
0�0
21�4
21�1
21�6
22�1
23�1
22�6
19�5
19�9
17�8
17�9
18�5
20�9
20�4
17�2
15�9
16�9
15�6
16�3
17�6
16�0
16�3
16�8
17�0
17�0
15�5
16�4
16�8
17�6
18�2
18�4
17�1
18�1
13�5
14�0
13�3
13�8
14�6
14�5
14�5
15�2
15�6
15�2
16�0
15�6
15�6
14�7
17�4
16�2
16�6
16�0
16�7
17�0
17�8
17�3
18�0
17�9
18�1
18�7
19�3
17�5
18�8
20�1
18�8
21�6
17�1
17�5
16�8
17�3
16�2
16�6
17�6
17�3
19�0
19�4
18�5
18�3
18�3
19�2
20�6
17�8
8�6
8�0
7�7
8�2
6�9
7�5
8�3
7�8
8�1
7�7
6�6
6�8
5�6
6�5
6�7
5�9
5�2
5�7
5�1
4�2
4�1
3�4
4�1
4�0
4�5
3�8
3�5
2�7
2�3
3�0
3�1
2�8
1�1
1�1
0�8
1�0
0�7
0�8
0�7
0�6
0�8
0�8
0�5
0�4
0�5
0�5
0�4
0�3
1�0
0�4
0�3
0�3
0�2
0�5
0�3
0�5
0�5
0�2
0�3
0�2
0�3
0�3
0�2
0�5
34,9
2534
,267
33,2
0133
,411
32,5
5632
,392
34,6
2333
,832
35,9
1135
,613
34,3
2832
,799
32,1
3434
,936
35,1
4235
,200
759
893
776
838
825
856
948
917
1,03
586
360
369
971
076
579
868
8
44,7
6843
,269
41,4
8641
,546
39,6
4439
,977
41,5
7741
,324
43,4
5042
,066
40,5
1238
,760
38,1
4840
,471
40,8
2940
,459
829
711
675
810
761
811
794
823
873
851
625
631
678
659
665
688
(NA
) N
ot a
vaila
ble�
1 M
edia
n in
com
e is
cal
cula
ted
usin
g $2
,500
inco
me
inte
rval
s� B
egin
ning
with
200
9 in
com
e da
ta, t
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u ex
pand
ed th
e up
per
inco
me
inte
rval
s us
ed to
cal
cula
te m
edia
ns to
$25
0,00
0 or
mor
e� M
edia
ns fa
lling
in th
e up
per
open
-end
ed in
terv
al a
re p
lugg
ed w
ith "
$250
,000
�" B
efor
e 20
09, t
he u
pper
ope
n-en
ded
inte
rval
was
$10
0,00
0 an
d a
plug
of "
$100
,000
" w
as u
sed�
2 D
ata
have
bee
n re
vise
d to
refl
ect a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
�3
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
a 2
8,00
0 ho
useh
old
sam
ple
expa
nsio
n�4
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2000
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls�
5 F
ull i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
199
0 ce
nsus
-bas
ed s
ampl
e de
sign
and
met
ropo
litan
defi
nitio
ns, 7
,000
hou
seho
ld s
ampl
e re
duct
ion,
and
rev
ised
edi
ting
of r
espo
nses
on
race
�6
Intr
oduc
tion
of 1
990
cens
us s
ampl
e de
sign
�7
Dat
a co
llect
ion
met
hod
chan
ged
from
pap
er a
nd p
enci
l to
com
pute
r-as
sist
ed in
terv
iew
ing�
In a
dditi
on, t
he 1
994
AS
EC
was
rev
ised
to a
llow
for
the
codi
ng o
f diff
eren
t inc
ome
amou
nts
on s
elec
ted
ques
tionn
aire
item
s� L
imits
eith
er
incr
ease
d or
dec
reas
ed in
the
follo
win
g ca
tego
ries:
ear
ning
s lim
its in
crea
sed
to $
999,
999;
soc
ial s
ecur
ity li
mits
incr
ease
d to
$49
,999
; sup
plem
enta
l sec
urity
inco
me
and
publ
ic a
ssis
tanc
e lim
its in
crea
sed
to $
24,9
99; v
eter
ans'
ben
efits
lim
its in
crea
sed
to $
99,9
99; c
hild
sup
port
and
alim
ony
limits
dec
reas
ed to
$49
,999
�8
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
199
0 ce
nsus
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
�9
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
a n
ew C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em�
10 R
ecor
ding
of a
mou
nts
for
earn
ings
from
long
est j
ob in
crea
sed
to $
299,
999�
Ful
l im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
980
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn�
11 Im
plem
enta
tion
of H
ispa
nic
popu
latio
n w
eigh
ting
cont
rols
and
intr
oduc
tion
of 1
980
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn�
12 Im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
980
cens
us p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls� Q
uest
ionn
aire
exp
ande
d to
sho
w 2
7 po
ssib
le v
alue
s fr
om 5
1 po
ssib
le s
ourc
es o
f inc
ome�
13 F
irst y
ear
med
ians
wer
e de
rived
usi
ng b
oth
Par
eto
and
linea
r in
terp
olat
ion�
Bef
ore
this
yea
r, al
l med
ians
wer
e de
rived
usi
ng li
near
inte
rpol
atio
n�14
Som
e of
thes
e es
timat
es w
ere
deriv
ed u
sing
Par
eto
inte
rpol
atio
n an
d m
ay d
iffer
from
pub
lishe
d da
ta, w
hich
wer
e de
rived
usi
ng li
near
inte
rpol
atio
n�15
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
a n
ew C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em� Q
uest
ionn
aire
exp
ande
d to
ask
11
inco
me
ques
tions
�16
Ful
l im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
970
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn�
17 In
trod
uctio
n of
197
0 ce
nsus
sam
ple
desi
gn a
nd p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls�
18 Im
plem
enta
tion
of n
ew C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em�
19 B
egin
ning
with
the
2003
CP
S, r
espo
nden
ts w
ere
allo
wed
to c
hoos
e on
e or
mor
e ra
ces�
Whi
te a
lone
ref
ers
to p
eopl
e w
ho r
epor
ted
Whi
te a
nd d
id n
ot r
epor
t any
oth
er r
ace
cate
gory
� The
use
of h
is s
ingl
e-ra
ce p
opul
atio
n do
es
not i
mpl
y th
at it
is th
e pr
efer
red
met
hod
of p
rese
ntin
g or
ana
lyzi
ng th
e da
ta� T
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u us
es a
var
iety
of a
ppro
ache
s� In
form
atio
n on
peo
ple
who
rep
orte
d m
ore
than
one
rac
e, s
uch
as W
hite
an
d A
mer
ican
Indi
an a
nd A
lask
a N
ativ
e or
Asi
an a
nd
Bla
ck o
r A
fric
an A
mer
ican
, is
avai
labl
e fr
om C
ensu
s 20
00 th
roug
h A
mer
ican
Fac
tFin
der�
Abo
ut 2
�6 p
erce
nt o
f peo
ple
repo
rted
mor
e th
an o
ne r
ace
in C
ensu
s 20
00�
20 F
or th
e ye
ars
2001
and
ear
lier,
the
CP
S a
llow
ed r
espo
nden
ts to
rep
ort o
nly
one
race
gro
up�
21 B
lack
alo
ne r
efer
s to
peo
ple
who
rep
orte
d B
lack
and
did
not
rep
ort a
ny o
ther
rac
e ca
tego
ry�
22 A
sian
alo
ne r
efer
s to
peo
ple
who
rep
orte
d A
sian
and
did
not
rep
ort a
ny o
ther
rac
e ca
tego
ry�
23 B
ecau
se H
ispa
nics
may
be
any
race
, dat
a in
this
rep
ort f
or H
ispa
nics
ove
rlap
with
dat
a fo
r ra
cial
gro
ups�
Bei
ng H
ispa
nic
was
rep
orte
d by
13�
0 pe
rcen
t of W
hite
hou
seho
lder
s w
ho r
epor
ted
only
one
rac
e, 3
�0 p
erce
nt o
f Bla
ck
hous
ehol
ders
who
rep
orte
d on
ly o
ne r
ace,
and
1�9
per
cent
of A
sian
hou
seho
lder
s w
ho r
epor
ted
only
one
rac
e� D
ata
user
s sh
ould
exe
rcis
e ca
utio
n w
hen
inte
rpre
ting
aggr
egat
e re
sults
for
the
His
pani
c po
pula
tion
and
for
race
gro
ups
beca
use
thes
e po
pula
tions
con
sist
of m
any
dist
inct
gro
ups
that
diff
er in
soc
ioec
onom
ic c
hara
cter
istic
s, c
ultu
re, a
nd r
ecen
cy o
f im
mig
ratio
n� D
ata
wer
e fir
st c
olle
cted
for
His
pani
cs in
197
2�
Sou
rce:
U�S
� Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
196
8 th
roug
h 20
10 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
�
40 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009(Income in 2009 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars� For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, TheChanging Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 41
Table A-2.Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009—Con�(Income in 2009 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars� For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, TheChanging Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
42 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-2.Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009—Con�(Income in 2009 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars� For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, TheChanging Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 43
Table A-2.Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2009—Con�(Income in 2009 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars� For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, TheChanging Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
44 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
1 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals� Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more� Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000�” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used�
2 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC�3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion�4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls�5 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race�6 Introduction of 1990 census sample design�7 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing� In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts
on selected questionnaire items� Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999�
8 Implementation of 1990 census population controls�9 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system�10 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999� Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design�11 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design�12 Implementation of 1980 census population controls� Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income�13 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation� Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation�14 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation�15 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system� Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions�16 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design�17 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls�18 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 45
Table
A-3
. Sele
cte
d M
easu
res o
f Eq
uiv
ale
nce-A
dju
ste
d I
ncom
e D
isp
ers
ion
: 1
96
7 t
o 2
00
9(F
or fu
rthe
r ex
plan
atio
n of
inco
me
ineq
ualit
y m
easu
res,
see
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, Ser
ies
P60
-204
, The
Cha
ngin
g S
hape
of t
he N
atio
n’s
Inco
me
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
947–
1998
� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Mea
sure
s of
inco
me
disp
ersi
on20
0920
0820
0720
0620
0520
041
2003
2002
2001
2000
219
993
ME
AS
UR
ES
Sh
ares
of
Eq
uiv
alen
ce-A
dju
sted
I
nco
me
of
Qu
inti
les
Low
est q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Sec
ond
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Thi
rd q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Fou
rth
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
H
ighe
st q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
STA
ND
AR
D E
RR
OR
SS
har
es o
f E
qu
ival
ence
-Ad
just
ed
In
com
e o
f Q
uin
tile
sLo
wes
t qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
econ
d qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
T
hird
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
F
ourt
h qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Hig
hest
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
3�4
9�2
15�0
22�9
49�4
0�45
80�
665
0�39
4
0�09
50�
190
0�30
0
0�02
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
170�
0050
0�00
01
0�00
070�
0012
0�00
16
3�6
9�4
15�1
22�9
49�0
0�45
10�
614
0�38
0
0�09
20�
183
0�28
7
0�02
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
170�
0047
0�00
01
0�00
070�
0012
0�00
16
3�7
9�6
15�3
22�9
48�5
0�44
50�
589
0�37
1
0�09
00�
178
0�27
9
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
170�
0046
0�00
01
0�00
080�
0012
0�00
16
3�7
9�4
15�0
22�5
49�4
0�45
40�
608
0�39
7
0�09
50�
186
0�28
8
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
180�
0046
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0014
0�00
18
3�7
9�5
15�1
22�7
49�1
0�45
20�
620
0�38
9
0�09
40�
185
0�28
9
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
180�
0047
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0013
0�00
17
3�7
9�5
15�2
22�8
48�8
0�44
90�
612
0�38
5
0�09
20�
183
0�28
6
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
180�
0046
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0014
0�00
18
3�7
9�5
15�2
22�9
48�6
0�44
70�
594
0�37
6
0�09
10�
180
0�28
1
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�22
0�00
180�
0045
0�00
01
0�00
080�
0012
0�00
16
3�8
9�6
15�3
22�8
48�5
0�44
50�
575
0�37
7
0�09
10�
178
0�27
7
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�22
0�00
180�
0043
0�00
01
0�00
080�
0013
0�00
17
3�9
9�6
15�2
22�4
49�0
0�44
80�
577
0�39
3
0�09
30�
182
0�28
0
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
190�
0043
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0015
0�00
18
4�0
9�8
15�2
22�4
48�7
0�44
30�
545
0�38
2
0�09
10�
177
0�27
2
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�10
0�22
0�00
190�
0041
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0014
0�00
17
3�9
9�7
15�3
22�7
48�5
0�44
30�
542
0�37
1
0�08
90�
175
0�27
0
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�22
0�00
180�
0052
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0014
0�00
19
46 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-3
. Sele
cte
d M
easu
res o
f Eq
uiv
ale
nce-A
dju
ste
d I
ncom
e D
isp
ers
ion
: 1
96
7 t
o 2
00
9—
Con
�(F
or fu
rthe
r ex
plan
atio
n of
inco
me
ineq
ualit
y m
easu
res,
see
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, Ser
ies
P60
-204
, The
Cha
ngin
g S
hape
of t
he N
atio
n’s
Inco
me
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
947–
1998
� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Mea
sure
s of
inco
me
disp
ersi
on
1998
1997
1996
1995
419
945
1993
619
927
1991
1990
1989
1988
ME
AS
UR
ES
Sh
ares
of
Eq
uiv
alen
ce-A
dju
sted
I
nco
me
of
Qu
inti
les
Low
est q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Sec
ond
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Thi
rd q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Fou
rth
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
H
ighe
st q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
STA
ND
AR
D E
RR
OR
SS
har
es o
f E
qu
ival
ence
-Ad
just
ed
In
com
e o
f Q
uin
tile
sLo
wes
t qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
econ
d qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
T
hird
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
F
ourt
h qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Hig
hest
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
3�8
9�8
15�4
22�7
48�2
0�44
20�
556
0�37
7
0�09
00�
177
0�27
4
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�22
0�00
190�
0053
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0016
0�00
20
3�8
9�8
15�4
22�6
48�4
0�44
30�
549
0�37
9
0�09
00�
177
0�27
3
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�23
0�00
190�
0053
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0016
0�00
21
3�9
9�8
15�5
22�8
48�0
0�44
00�
524
0�37
4
0�08
90�
174
0�26
7
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�23
0�00
190�
0050
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0016
0�00
20
4�0
9�9
15�6
22�9
47�6
0�43
50�
509
0�36
0
0�08
60�
169
0�26
1
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�23
0�00
190�
0049
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0015
0�00
19
3�9
9�8
15�6
22�9
47�9
0�43
80�
513
0�36
6
0�08
80�
172
0�26
4
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�23
0�00
190�
0046
0�00
01
0�00
100�
0015
0�00
19
3�8
9�8
15�6
23�1
47�7
0�43
80�
516
0�36
7
0�08
80�
173
0�26
5
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�23
0�00
190�
0046
0�00
01
0�00
090�
0015
0�00
19
4�0
10�3
16�3
23�7
45�6
0�41
50�
456
0�30
3
0�07
50�
152
0�23
9
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�12
0�22
0�00
180�
0042
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0008
0�00
13
4�2
10�5
16�5
23�7
45�1
0�40
80�
430
0�29
2
0�07
30�
147
0�22
9
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�12
0�22
0�00
180�
0040
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
12
4�3
10�6
16�4
23�6
45�2
0�40
80�
418
0�29
6
0�07
30�
147
0�22
7
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�20
0�00
180�
0038
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0009
0�00
13
4�3
10�5
16�3
23�4
45�5
0�41
00�
423
0�30
2
0�07
40�
148
0�22
9
0�02
0�05
0�07
0�11
0�21
0�00
190�
0039
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0009
0�00
13
4�3
10�6
16�5
23�8
44�8
0�40
40�
406
0�28
8
0�07
10�
143
0�22
3
0�02
0�05
0�08
0�11
0�20
0�00
180�
0039
0�00
01
0�00
060�
0010
0�00
14
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 47
Table
A-3
. Sele
cte
d M
easu
res o
f Eq
uiv
ale
nce-A
dju
ste
d I
ncom
e D
isp
ers
ion
: 1
96
7 t
o 2
00
9—
Con
�(F
or fu
rthe
r ex
plan
atio
n of
inco
me
ineq
ualit
y m
easu
res,
see
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, Ser
ies
P60
-204
, The
Cha
ngin
g S
hape
of t
he N
atio
n’s
Inco
me
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
947–
1998
� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Mea
sure
s of
inco
me
disp
ersi
on
19
878
1986
1985
919
8419
8310
19
8219
8119
8019
7911
1978
1977
ME
AS
UR
ES
Sh
ares
of
Eq
uiv
alen
ce-A
dju
sted
I
nco
mes
of
Qu
inti
les
Low
est q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Sec
ond
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Thi
rd q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Fou
rth
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
H
ighe
st q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
STA
ND
AR
D E
RR
OR
SS
har
es o
f E
qu
ival
ence
-Ad
just
ed
In
com
e o
f Q
uin
tile
sLo
wes
t qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
econ
d qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
T
hird
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
F
ourt
h qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Hig
hest
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
4�3
10�7
16�7
23�8
44�4
0�40
00�
404
0�28
3
0�07
00�
142
0�22
1
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0038
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0008
0�00
12
4�0
10�6
16�6
24�0
44�8
0�40
70�
465
0�29
3
0�07
30�
149
0�23
7
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0044
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
13
4�1
10�7
16�6
23�9
44�7
0�40
40�
453
0�28
6
0�07
20�
147
0�23
3
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0042
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
12
4�2
10�8
16�8
24�2
44�1
0�40
00�
451
0�27
7
0�07
00�
144
0�23
0
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0042
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
12
4�1
10�7
16�9
24�2
44�2
0�40
10�
462
0�27
8
0�07
00�
145
0�23
3
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0043
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
12
4�2
10�9
17�0
24�2
43�8
0�39
60�
465
0�27
3
0�06
90�
143
0�23
1
0�03
0�06
0�09
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0044
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
12
4�6
11�2
17�2
24�2
42�9
0�38
40�
429
0�25
6
0�06
50�
134
0�21
6
0�03
0�06
0�10
0�13
0�23
0�00
180�
0042
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
12
4�9
11�5
17�3
24�1
42�3
0�37
40�
377
0�24
3
0�06
10�
125
0�20
0
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�13
0�23
0�00
190�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
030�
0007
0�00
11
5�0
11�6
17�3
23�9
42�2
0�37
10�
360
0�24
2
0�06
10�
123
0�19
5
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�13
0�23
0�00
210�
0034
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�2
11�7
17�2
23�8
42�1
0�36
90�
352
0�23
9
0�06
00�
121
0�19
2
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�13
0�23
0�00
220�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�2
11�6
17�3
23�9
42�1
0�36
90�
353
0�24
0
0�06
00�
122
0�19
2
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�13
0�23
0�00
220�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
48 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-3
. Sele
cte
d M
easu
res o
f Eq
uiv
ale
nce-A
dju
ste
d I
ncom
e D
isp
ers
ion
: 1
96
7 t
o 2
00
9—
Con
�(F
or fu
rthe
r ex
plan
atio
n of
inco
me
ineq
ualit
y m
easu
res,
see
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Rep
orts
, Ser
ies
P60
-204
, The
Cha
ngin
g S
hape
of t
he N
atio
n’s
Inco
me
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
947–
1998
� F
or in
form
atio
n on
con
fiden
tialit
y pr
otec
tion,
sam
plin
g er
ror,
nons
ampl
ing
erro
r, an
d de
finiti
ons,
see
ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/ap
sd/te
chdo
c/cp
s/cp
smar
10.p
df)
Mea
sure
s of
inco
me
disp
ersi
on
1976
12
1975
1319
7413
, 14
1973
1972
1519
7116
1970
1969
1968
1967
17
ME
AS
UR
ES
Sh
ares
of
Eq
uiv
alen
ce-A
dju
sted
I
nco
mes
of
Qu
inti
les
Low
est q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �S
econ
d qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�T
hird
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�F
ourt
h qu
intil
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �H
ighe
st q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
STA
ND
AR
D E
RR
OR
SS
har
es o
f E
qu
ival
ence
-Ad
just
ed
In
com
e o
f Q
uin
tile
sLo
wes
t qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Sec
ond
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Thi
rd q
uint
ile �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Fou
rth
quin
tile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Hig
hest
qui
ntile
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Su
mm
ary
Mea
sure
sG
ini i
ndex
of i
ncom
e in
equa
lity
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Mea
n lo
garit
hmic
dev
iatio
n of
inco
me
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
The
il � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Atk
inso
n:
e=0�
25 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
e=
0�50
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
e=0�
75 �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
5�3
11�7
17�4
23�9
41�8
0�
365
0�
352
0�
235
0�
059
0�
120
0�
190
0�
03
0�07
0�
10
0�14
0�
23
0�
0018
0�
0036
0�
0001
0�
0004
0�
0007
0�
0011
5�3
11�7
17�3
23�8
42�0
0�36
70�
352
0�23
8
0�05
90�
121
0�19
1
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�23
0�00
180�
0039
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�4
11�9
17�4
23�8
41�6
0�36
10�
337
0�23
1
0�05
80�
117
0�18
5
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�23
0�00
180�
0037
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�3
11�8
17�2
23�6
42�0
0�36
70�
339
0�23
9
0�05
90�
120
0�18
9
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�2
11�7
17�2
23�6
42�3
0�37
00�
360
0�24
5
0�06
10�
124
0�19
6
0�03
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0039
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
12
5�2
11�8
17�2
23�6
42�1
0�36
70�
362
0�24
2
0�06
00�
122
0�19
4
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0039
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
12
5�3
11�9
17�3
23�6
41�9
0�36
50�
358
0�24
0
0�06
00�
122
0�19
3
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0038
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0008
0�00
12
5�4
12�0
17�4
23�6
41�6
0�36
10�
339
0�23
6
0�05
80�
118
0�18
7
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0008
0�00
12
5�4
12�1
17�4
23�5
41�5
0�35
90�
338
0�23
1
0�05
80�
117
0�18
5
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�24
0�00
180�
0035
0�00
01
0�00
040�
0007
0�00
11
5�2
11�9
17�1
23�3
42�5
0�37
00�
357
0�24
9
0�06
20�
124
0�19
6
0�04
0�07
0�10
0�14
0�25
0�00
180�
0036
0�00
01
0�00
050�
0008
0�00
12
S
ee fo
otno
tes
on n
ext p
age�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 49
lic
ace�
eren
t inc
ome
amou
nts
on s
elec
ted
ity in
com
e an
d pu
b s
uppl
emen
tal s
ecur
le s
ourc
es o
f inc
ome�
vise
d ed
iting
of r
espo
nses
on
r
or th
e co
ding
of d
iff
�
w f
pola
tion
vise
d to
allo
ity li
mits
incr
ease
d to
$49
,999
;�
y lim
its d
ecre
ased
to $
49,9
99
ed u
sing
line
ar in
ter
In a
dditi
on, t
he 1
994
AS
EC
w
w th
e re
cord
ing
of u
p to
27
poss
ible
val
ues
from
a li
st o
f 51
poss
ib
�po
latio
n
Ful
l im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
980
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn�
, 7,0
00 h
ouse
hold
sam
ple
redu
ctio
n, a
nd r
e
as r
e s
ocia
l sec
ur
ed u
sing
line
ar in
ter
ning
s lim
its in
crea
sed
to $
999,
999; iv
iv�ei
ghtin
g co
ntro
ls a
nd in
trod
uctio
n of
198
0 ce
nsus
-bas
ed s
ampl
e de
sign er
e de
rer
e de
r �
�
t and
alim
on
�
, all
med
ians
wea
r lishe
d da
ta, w
hich
w
Ful
l im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
990
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn a
nd m
etro
polit
an d
efini
tions w
ing
vie
�
Dat
a co
llect
ion
met
hod
chan
ged
from
pap
er a
nd p
enci
l to
com
pute
r-as
sist
ed in
ter
ear chi
ld s
uppo
r
ore
this
y
ies: er
from
pub
Bef
win
g ca
tego
r �
pola
tion xp
ande
d to
ask
11
inco
me
ques
tions
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
�
ben
efits
lim
its in
crea
sed
to $
99,9
99;
xpan
ded
to a
llo� y di
ff
ual S
ocia
l and
Eco
nom
ic S
uppl
emen
ts
�
vise
d to
refl
ect a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
Lim
its e
ither
incr
ease
d or
dec
reas
ed in
the
follo
�� pola
tion
and
ma
Que
stio
nnai
re e
xpan
sion
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
Cen
sus
2000
-bas
ed p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls
Que
stio
nnai
re e
� ��
, 196
8 to
201
0 A
nnye� v
e be
en r
ev
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
a 2
8,00
0 ho
useh
old
sam
ple
e
�
2 3 4 Intr
oduc
tion
of 1
990
cens
us s
ampl
e de
sign
5
ques
tionn
aire
item
s�
6 Impl
emen
tatio
n of
199
0 ce
nsus
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
�
ning
s fr
om lo
nges
t job
incr
ease
d to
$29
9,99
9
aret
o an
d lin
ear
inte
r
ans’
w C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em
opul
atio
n S
ur
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
a n
e
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
198
0 ce
nsus
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
aret
o in
ter
eter
ed u
sing
bot
h P
ived
usi
ng P
v
w C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em
assi
stan
ce li
mits
incr
ease
d to
$24
,999
;
iv ere
der
ere
der
w C
PS
AS
EC
pro
cess
ing
syst
em
ear
med
ians
w
Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
P
Rec
ordi
ng o
f am
ount
s fo
r ea
r Im
plem
enta
tion
of H
ispa
nic
popu
latio
n w
�S�
Dat
a ha
Firs
t y S
ome
of th
ese
estim
ates
w Im
plem
enta
tion
of a
ne
Ful
l im
plem
enta
tion
of 1
970
cens
us-b
ased
sam
ple
desi
gn In
trod
uctio
n of
197
0 ce
nsus
sam
ple
desi
gn a
nd p
opul
atio
n co
ntro
ls Im
plem
enta
tion
of a
ne
U
1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sou
rce:
50 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table A-4.Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2009(People 15 years old and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years old and older as of the following year for previous years� Before 1989 earnings are for civilian workers only� Earnings in 2009 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
(NA) Not available�1 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals� Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more�
Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000�” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used�2 The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC�3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion�4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls�5 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race�6 Introduction of 1990 census sample design�7 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing� In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected
questionnaire items� Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999�
8 Implementation of 1990 census population controls�9 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system�10 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999� Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design�11 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design�12 Implementation of 1980 census population controls� Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income�13 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation� Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation�14 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation�15 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system� Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions�16 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design�17 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls�18 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system�19 Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions�20 Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only�21 Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls�22 Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design� Implementation of first hotdeck procedure to impute missing income entries�Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 51
Table
A-5
.N
um
ber
of
Work
ers
Wit
h E
arn
ings a
nd
Med
ian
Earn
ings b
y W
ork
Exp
eri
en
ce, Sex,
an
d S
ele
cte
d C
hara
cte
risti
cs: 2
00
2
to 2
00
9
(Ear
ning
s in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
For
info
rmat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
g er
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
apsd
/tech
doc/
cps/
cpsm
ar10
.pdf
� Com
para
ble
data
for
occu
patio
n ca
tego
ries
not a
vaila
ble
prio
r to
200
2 du
e to
cha
nge
in o
ccup
atio
n de
sign
atio
ns a
nd d
efini
tions
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Num
ber
with
ear
ning
s
(tho
usan
ds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(in
200
9 do
llars
)
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
Est
i-m
ate
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
r
TOTA
L W
OR
K E
XP
ER
IEN
CE
Mal
es
Ag
e
To
tal,
15 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� U
nder
65
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
15
to 2
4 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
25 to
44
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
45
to 6
4 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
65
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Ed
uca
tio
nal
Att
ain
men
t
To
tal,
25 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� Le
ss th
an 9
th g
rade
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� 9t
h to
12t
h, n
ongr
adua
te �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Hig
h sc
hool
gra
duat
e (in
clud
ing
GE
D)
� � �
� S
ome
colle
ge, n
o de
gree
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
A
ssoc
iate
’s d
egre
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Bac
helo
r’s d
egre
e or
mor
e �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Occ
up
atio
n o
f L
on
ges
t Jo
b
To
tal,
15 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� M
anag
emen
t, bu
sine
ss, a
nd fi
nanc
ial
ope
ratio
ns �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Pro
fess
iona
l and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ervi
ce �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Sal
es a
nd r
elat
ed � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Offi
ce a
nd a
dmin
istr
ativ
e su
ppor
t � �
� � �
� � �
Fa
rmin
g, fi
shin
g, a
nd fo
rest
ry �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Con
stru
ctio
n an
d ex
trac
tion
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Inst
alla
tion,
mai
nten
ance
, and
rep
air �
� � �
� �
Pro
duct
ion
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Tran
spor
tatio
n an
d m
ater
ial-m
ovin
g �
� � �
� �
Arm
ed F
orce
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Cla
ss o
f Wo
rker
of
Lo
ng
est
Job
Tota
l � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Priv
ate
wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
G
over
nmen
t wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
elf-
empl
oyed
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
U
npai
d fa
mily
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
80,5
0077
,315
12,3
4737
,851
27,1
183,
184
68,1
533,
074
5,15
920
,558
12,1
885,
405
21,7
70
80,5
00
12,1
0112
,493
10,9
368,
972
5,19
793
18,
916
5,06
87,
357
7,85
767
1
80,5
0060
,977
9,74
59,
770 8
80,5
0877
,192
12,2
8137
,356
27,5
553,
316
68,2
273,
091
4,80
220
,680
11,8
465,
721
22,0
88
80,5
08
11,9
0312
,763
11,0
658,
865
5,28
697
98,
798
5,06
97,
171
7,89
271
8
80,5
0860
,658
9,92
89,
915 8
81,4
4877
,944
12,1
2837
,441
28,3
753,
504
69,3
203,
251
4,87
121
,551
11,6
745,
869
22,1
05
81,4
48
11,6
3912
,971
11,2
788,
847
5,23
698
99,
461
5,21
57,
215
7,92
767
1
81,4
4860
,974
10,0
9810
,368 8
82,9
3479
,386
12,3
0437
,664
29,4
173,
549
70,6
303,
277
4,94
421
,717
11,9
136,
088
22,6
91
82,9
34
12,4
2212
,959
11,5
208,
832
5,30
995
89,
999
5,23
96,
973
8,04
867
6
82,9
3462
,321
10,0
9310
,512 8
83,9
2880
,214
12,2
7137
,823
30,1
203,
714
71,6
573,
207
5,31
121
,810
11,8
495,
990
23,4
90
83,9
28
12,4
3113
,670
11,3
519,
151
5,28
990
510
,385
5,11
97,
074
7,96
758
6
83,9
2863
,345
9,96
810
,599 16
84,4
8280
,546
12,2
6637
,389
30,8
913,
936
72,2
163,
013
4,87
221
,701
12,4
146,
294
23,9
21
84,4
82
12,6
2113
,680
11,8
018,
983
5,26
11,
013
9,81
65,
213
6,95
38,
450
692
84,4
8263
,517
10,3
6610
,574 25
84,0
3979
,860
11,7
4337
,195
30,9
234,
179
72,2
972,
989
4,82
621
,712
12,4
456,
325
23,9
99
84,0
39
10,1
5913
,651
11,7
538,
847
5,16
795
09,
314
5,37
06,
744
8,53
975
2
84,0
3963
,635
10,1
6810
,230 6
81,9
3477
,753
10,9
3936
,028
30,7
864,
181
70,9
952,
779
4,52
421
,761
11,7
366,
197
23,9
97
81,9
34
12,7
3713
,890
11,9
158,
397
5,22
296
28,
784
5,18
06,
319
7,74
178
9
81,9
3461
,185
10,5
8610
,148 15
37,
732
38,
049
11,
762
41,
702
48,
984
23,
460
43,
380
22,
215
26,
314
36,
349
43,
708
47,
758
67,
656
37,
732
63,
243
60,
766
19,
973
40,
109
30,
719
19,
345
31,
839
38,
621
33,
557
28,
971
42,
006
37,
732
36,
348
47,
745
39,
416
(X)
98
99
210
2
56
186
7
92
122
3
36
234
1
41
238
5
63
395
98
1,0
68
259
2
12
818
3
80
547
2
40
420
5
17
500
1
,022
98
116
3
74
1,2
81
(X)
37,
375
37,
668
12,
145
41,
110
49,
408
24,
104
43,
487
21,
820
25,
886
36,
633
43,
019
47,
179
66,
619
37,
375
64,
672
60,
270
19,
815
38,
328
30,
019
18,
876
31,
376
39,
535
35,
395
29,
412
41,
032
37,
375
35,
885
48,
645
42,
332
(X)
92
92
152
1
61
181
4
90
129
3
83
265
1
35
260
2
95
380
92
539
2
67
194
8
34
360
6
32
246
1
,169
2
02
334
2
,078
92
106
2
45
402
(X
)
36,
886
37,
926
11,
931
41,
017
47,
964
23,
379
42,
758
22,
789
25,
270
35,
910
43,
386
46,
414
66,
160
36,
886
65,
319
58,
163
19,
780
40,
038
30,
125
18,
916
30,
806
39,
901
34,
941
30,
243
42,
469
36,
886
35,
510
48,
210
39,
149
(X)
183
3
18
160
1
42
167
5
28
261
2
99
224
1
29
588
2
96
979
183
1,1
33
248
2
21
369
3
38
554
2
59
445
2
13
328
1
,929
183
1
08
417
1
,574
(X
)
37,
740
38,
553
11,
969
39,
869
49,
452
23,
752
43,
292
22,
570
26,
580
35,
252
43,
014
46,
566
66,
464
37,
740
67,
054
57,
983
21,
028
38,
280
29,
042
15,
965
30,
043
39,
593
34,
332
29,
352
41,
012
37,
740
34,
966
46,
863
40,
663
(X)
309
1
27
167
1
36
444
6
35
287
2
30
471
1
34
671
4
92
230
309
322
7
54
327
6
47
319
7
67
256
3
27
242
2
60
858
309
1
05
530
3
79
(X)
38,
169
38,
503
12,
136
39,
838
49,
418
25,
511
43,
444
22,
424
25,
630
35,
185
42,
764
45,
172
65,
434
38,
169
65,
119
59,
746
21,
944
39,
143
28,
534
17,
709
31,
902
39,
369
33,
502
28,
429
41,
556
38,
169
34,
924
48,
065
43,
351
(X)
114
1
15
140
2
17
239
1
,078
94
190
4
79
444
2
05
811
2
03
114
281
3
63
201
3
52
446
5
71
370
3
57
197
2
72
1,2
81
114
3
15
438
2
69
(X)
37,
898
38,
163
12,
244
41,
078
48,
594
28,
401
42,
971
21,
377
25,
939
35,
971
41,
467
46,
758
65,
455
37,
898
67,
262
58,
666
21,
612
38,
606
30,
682
17,
042
31,
251
38,
127
33,
544
29,
352
43,
219
37,
898
35,
734
48,
389
42,
644
(X)
110
1
11
163
3
31
216
9
53
95
240
3
49
362
2
90
489
9
88
110
1,0
36
359
1
57
497
5
03
437
1
74
324
3
44
576
6
83
110
3
46
313
2
83
(X)
36,
429
36,
729
11,
044
39,
409
46,
792
25,
273
41,
241
20,
889
23,
741
33,
807
40,
104
44,
906
65,
702
36,
429
65,
030
59,
895
20,
267
36,
520
27,
890
19,
346
30,
663
37,
633
31,
957
27,
497
45,
213
36,
429
34,
960
46,
881
37,
648
(X)
107
1
07
146
3
80
234
9
06
95
195
3
97
418
1
99
624
3
45
107
647
4
39
170
3
46
575
7
52
176
6
91
201
4
22
1,3
91
107
1
41
327
8
11
(X)
36,
331
36,
576
10,
414
37,
936
46,
815
27,
937
41,
089
19,
386
22,
222
32,
272
40,
387
44,
757
62,
394
36,
331
61,
495
57,
496
20,
564
36,
017
29,
009
17,
044
27,
577
38,
445
31,
381
27,
128
42,
355
36,
331
34,
353
47,
409
36,
081
(X)
118
1
19
158
3
40
239
1
,123
99
399
2
47
126
2
05
760
4
25
118
262
7
19
180
4
32
754
6
06
559
8
01
212
2
75
1,9
57
118
3
35
416
3
78
(X)
52 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-5
.N
um
ber
of
Work
ers
Wit
h E
arn
ings a
nd
Med
ian
Earn
ings b
y W
ork
Exp
eri
en
ce, Sex,
an
d S
ele
cte
d C
hara
cte
risti
cs: 2
00
2
to 2
00
9—
Con
�
(Ear
ning
s in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
For
info
rmat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
g er
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
apsd
/tech
doc/
cps/
cpsm
ar10
.pdf
� Com
para
ble
data
for
occu
patio
n ca
tego
ries
not a
vaila
ble
prio
r to
200
2 du
e to
cha
nge
in o
ccup
atio
n de
sign
atio
ns a
nd d
efini
tions
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Num
ber
with
ear
ning
s
(tho
usan
ds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(in
200
9 do
llars
)
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
Est
i-m
ate
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
r
TOTA
L W
OR
K E
XP
ER
IEN
CE
—C
on�
Fem
ales
Ag
e
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Und
er 6
5 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
15 to
24
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
25
to 4
4 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
45 to
64
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
65 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Ed
uca
tio
nal
Att
ain
men
t
Tot
al, 2
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Less
than
9th
gra
de �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
9th
to 1
2th,
non
grad
uate
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
H
igh
scho
ol g
radu
ate
(incl
udin
g G
ED
) � �
� �
Som
e co
llege
, no
degr
ee �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Ass
ocia
te’s
deg
ree
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� B
ache
lor’s
deg
ree
or m
ore
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Occ
up
atio
n o
f L
on
ges
t Jo
b
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Man
agem
ent,
busi
ness
, and
fina
ncia
l o
pera
tions
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� P
rofe
ssio
nal a
nd r
elat
ed �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Ser
vice
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� S
ales
and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
O
ffice
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
supp
ort
� � �
� � �
� �
Farm
ing,
fish
ing,
and
fore
stry
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
C
onst
ruct
ion
and
extr
actio
n � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
In
stal
latio
n, m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd r
epai
r � �
� � �
� P
rodu
ctio
n � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
mat
eria
l-mov
ing
� � �
� � �
A
rmed
For
ces
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Cla
ss o
f Wo
rker
of
Lo
ng
est
Job
T
otal
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Priv
ate
wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
G
over
nmen
t wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
elf-
empl
oyed
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
U
npai
d fa
mily
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
71,4
1168
,915
11,4
0932
,685
24,8
212,
496
60,0
021,
628
3,31
618
,457
11,3
116,
529
18,7
60
71,4
11
9,05
316
,556
14,6
659,
113
16,2
69 307
243
256
3,42
61,
454 68
71,4
1153
,941
12,5
284,
928 14
71,3
7268
,614
11,2
8432
,015
25,3
142,
758
60,0
881,
551
3,23
317
,990
11,4
416,
706
19,1
67
71,3
72
9,03
317
,071
14,5
108,
792
16,2
52 321
249
246
3,26
11,
545 92
71,3
7253
,885
12,3
335,
145 10
71,9
3069
,077
11,3
7631
,782
25,9
182,
853
60,5
541,
623
3,20
017
,646
11,4
256,
952
19,7
09
71,9
30
9,00
617
,129
14,9
449,
182
15,9
80 315
319
233
3,27
21,
483 67
71,9
3054
,095
12,5
815,
247 8
72,4
7669
,707
11,1
9131
,640
26,8
762,
768
61,2
851,
593
3,18
617
,537
11,7
387,
066
20,1
65
72,4
76
9,12
617
,234
15,3
749,
315
15,8
39 281
279
230
3,25
61,
448 92
72,4
7654
,783
12,4
535,
227 13
73,6
8370
,646
11,2
7231
,812
27,5
633,
037
62,4
121,
596
3,21
917
,751
11,5
577,
071
21,2
19
73,6
83
9,65
417
,796
15,5
009,
295
15,7
37 270
274
208
3,30
41,
583 62
73,6
8355
,432
12,8
995,
328 24
74,2
9570
,995
10,9
9131
,913
28,0
913,
300
63,3
031,
449
2,98
217
,423
11,8
667,
265
22,3
18
74,2
95
9,79
318
,393
15,4
829,
245
15,9
51 262
270
244
3,13
61,
454 64
74,2
9555
,710
13,2
925,
287 6
74,5
3871
,105
10,9
3931
,487
28,6
783,
432
63,5
981,
578
2,97
217
,382
11,5
247,
569
22,5
74
74,5
38
9,95
118
,868
16,1
789,
028
15,3
44 275
236
222
2,76
21,
600 74
74,5
3855
,976
13,2
685,
288 6
72,9
7269
,515
10,2
2530
,620
28,6
703,
457
62,7
471,
493
2,78
716
,784
11,2
207,
630
22,8
32
72,9
72
9,38
019
,051
16,1
289,
039
14,6
03 349
249
202
2,42
41,
447 98
72,9
7254
,305
13,4
385,
220 8
25,
549
25,
859
8,6
88
28,
977
31,
403
13,
451
29,
663
14,
566
17,
052
24,
148
27,
990
31,
564
44,
482
25,
549
43,
949
37,
904
14,
168
16,
769
26,
627
11,
873
21,
722
36,
031
22,
668
19,
010
(X
)
25,
549
24,
617
35,
547
19,
390
(X)
89
91
131
2
30
157
3
84
169
2
81
362
1
31
317
2
60
204
89
296
1
72
123
4
08
138
7
37
2,2
36
1,6
64
418
4
61
(X
)
89
97
413
4
22
(X)
25,
662
25,
991
8,4
54
29,
288
31,
432
13,
896
29,
738
15,
135
15,
972
24,
210
28,
011
31,
339
44,
129
25,
662
44,
622
37,
680
13,
465
16,
274
27,
642
9,3
31
18,
722
39,
032
21,
653
17,
856
36,
673
25,
662
24,
639
35,
443
18,
996
(X)
94
96
122
1
46
156
3
32
104
4
87
365
1
49
322
2
53
409
94
580
1
77
113
3
79
224
6
82
2,2
02
2,0
13
421
4
39
1,2
04
94
101
2
11
435
(X
)
25,
273
25,
746
8,4
41
29,
099
30,
974
13,
410
29,
346
14,
251
15,
865
23,
792
27,
982
31,
107
44,
781
25,
273
45,
201
39,
316
13,
634
16,
322
26,
768
10,
138
21,
809
35,
277
22,
187
17,
429
(X
)
25,
273
24,
240
34,
997
20,
583
(X)
90
162
1
23
131
1
56
301
100
3
88
361
1
28
308
3
28
438
90
430
4
84
116
3
96
192
1
,059
1
,861
7
98
456
5
20
(X
)
90
100
2
02
1,0
30
(X)
25,3
52
25,9
39
8,73
8 28
,880
30
,997
13
,910
29,1
23
13,7
69
16,5
61
23,2
01
27,6
71
32,4
23
44,4
79
25,3
52
45,5
79
39,0
26
13,9
07
17,2
48
26,8
90
11,3
32
23,1
89
36,2
68
21,2
90
17,7
22
34,0
04
25,3
52
24,0
84
34,7
59
18,7
48
(X)
157
159
172
140
326
488
103
326
286
127
182
502
158
157
244
207
187
249
213
1,01
9 1,
603
2,03
4 37
4 37
5 1,
950
157 96
190
333
(X)
26,0
28
26,6
28
8,77
6 28
,699
32
,060
16
,015
29,0
82
15,3
78
16,1
30
22,9
88
27,9
46
30,9
48
44,4
22
26,0
28
48,4
37
38,4
47
14,2
70
17,1
27
27,2
55
12,0
04
20,4
27
40,0
83
21,6
53
17,5
40
(X)
26,0
28
23,9
81
35,0
41
21,8
04
(X)
163
121
194
134
136
430 96
467
260
112
170
496
157
163
329
204
202
228
135
544
1,43
5 2,
178
215
398
(X)
163
146
471
283
(X)
26,7
70
27,1
34
9,26
9 29
,814
32
,181
16
,256
30,5
54
14,9
73
15,9
03
23,1
28
28,1
10
31,6
04
43,8
30
26,7
70
46,9
59
39,5
69
15,3
92
17,3
43
27,2
42
11,1
30
25,2
71
37,4
24
21,8
11
18,9
58
(X)
26,7
70
25,4
50
35,9
80
21,5
14
(X)
94
95
189
266
128
453
194
439
233
120
176
201
160 94
292
467
206
208
127
1,55
7 1,
808
1,61
9 28
2 65
6 (X
)
94
176
369
253
(X)
25,5
53
25,9
31
8,76
0 28
,773
30
,701
14
,758
29,1
62
13,5
36
14,6
51
22,2
13
26,3
43
30,7
48
44,1
98
25,5
53
45,9
14
38,8
89
14,2
68
16,0
98
26,1
70
10,2
11
18,8
32
29,3
85
20,9
66
17,7
29
(X)
25,5
53
24,2
28
35,4
21
20,0
07
(X)
97
98
170
274
127
477
191
420
352
126
175
204
528 97
327
446
197
198
140
994
2,01
8 2,
174
293
491
(X)
97
161
213
530
(X)
26,0
30
26,2
90
8,95
0 29
,046
31
,164
17
,379
29,8
67
13,9
57
15,6
75
22,4
68
26,8
33
30,5
98
44,4
90
26,0
30
45,5
97
39,8
90
14,2
98
16,3
28
27,3
07
10,5
99
20,2
85
34,1
03
20,9
00
17,0
18
33,2
77
26,0
30
24,7
22
35,5
81
20,1
66
(X)
93
94
173
271
135
604
176
371
219
165
202
213
512 93
334
318
193
220
136
867
1,81
8 1,
461
207
319
3,11
6 93
178
215
456
(X)
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 53
Table
A-5
.N
um
ber
of
Work
ers
Wit
h E
arn
ings a
nd
Med
ian
Earn
ings b
y W
ork
Exp
eri
en
ce, Sex,
an
d S
ele
cte
d C
hara
cte
risti
cs: 2
00
2
to 2
00
9—
Con
�
(Ear
ning
s in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
For
info
rmat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
g er
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
apsd
/tech
doc/
cps/
cpsm
ar10
.pdf
� Com
para
ble
data
for
occu
patio
n ca
tego
ries
not a
vaila
ble
prio
r to
200
2 du
e to
cha
nge
in o
ccup
atio
n de
sign
atio
ns a
nd d
efini
tions
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Num
ber
with
ear
ning
s
(tho
usan
ds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(in
200
9 do
llars
)
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
Est
i-m
ate
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
r
FU
LL
-TIM
E, Y
EA
R-R
OU
ND
WO
RK
ER
SM
ales
Ag
e
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Und
er 6
5 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
15 to
24
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
25
to 4
4 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
45 to
64
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
65 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Ed
uca
tio
nal
Att
ain
men
t
Tot
al, 2
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Less
than
9th
gra
de �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
9th
to 1
2th,
non
grad
uate
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
H
igh
scho
ol g
radu
ate
(incl
udin
g G
ED
) � �
� �
Som
e co
llege
, no
degr
ee �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Ass
ocia
te’s
deg
ree
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� B
ache
lor’s
deg
ree
or m
ore
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Occ
up
atio
n o
f L
on
ges
t Jo
b
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Man
agem
ent,
busi
ness
, and
fina
ncia
l o
pera
tions
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Pro
fess
iona
l and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ervi
ce �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ales
and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
O
ffice
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
supp
ort
� � �
� � �
� �
Farm
ing,
fish
ing,
and
fore
stry
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
C
onst
ruct
ion
and
extr
actio
n � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
In
stal
latio
n, m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd r
epai
r � �
� � �
�
Pro
duct
ion
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Tran
spor
tatio
n an
d m
ater
ial-m
ovin
g �
� � �
� �
Arm
ed F
orce
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Cla
ss o
f Wo
rker
of
Lo
ng
est
Job
T
otal
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Priv
ate
wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
G
over
nmen
t wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
elf-
empl
oyed
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
U
npai
d fa
mily
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ee fo
otno
tes
at e
nd o
f tab
le�
58,7
6157
,325
4,65
930
,708
21,9
571,
436
54,1
022,
154
3,67
716
,002
9,60
34,
399
18,2
67
58,7
61
10,4
029,
848
6,30
36,
591
3,56
450
05,
972
4,08
75,
694
5,20
060
0
58,7
6143
,544
7,81
07,
405 2
58,7
7257
,275
4,52
830
,186
22,5
601,
498
54,2
452,
029
3,36
616
,283
9,33
74,
696
18,3
54
58,7
72
10,2
5310
,023
6,49
06,
493
3,52
950
35,
792
4,12
25,
677
5,25
463
6
58,7
7243
,406
8,06
87,
294 5
60,0
8858
,550
4,63
730
,644
23,2
701,
538
55,4
512,
427
3,46
417
,052
9,25
54,
906
18,3
47
60,0
88
10,0
7810
,070
6,69
56,
601
3,52
556
26,
407
4,34
15,
798
5,42
658
5
60,0
8844
,313
8,11
97,
653 3
61,5
0059
,867
4,79
530
,894
24,1
791,
632
56,7
172,
425
3,65
117
,258
9,53
25,
020
18,8
20
61,5
00
10,7
3610
,112
7,02
16,
526
3,61
349
46,
958
4,29
75,
635
5,51
759
1
61,5
0045
,720
8,07
47,
703 3
63,0
5561
,225
4,94
631
,315
24,9
631,
830
58,1
092,
361
3,87
217
,369
9,49
35,
110
19,9
03
63,0
55
10,8
2610
,952
7,04
16,
833
3,66
650
67,
231
4,33
65,
640
5,49
652
8
63,0
5547
,089
8,08
77,
868 11
62,9
8460
,976
4,83
730
,657
25,4
822,
008
58,1
472,
142
3,45
117
,224
9,86
75,
244
20,2
18
62,9
84
11,0
2310
,833
7,27
06,
668
3,71
055
66,
517
4,29
15,
605
5,85
266
0
62,9
8446
,795
8,47
27,
696 21
59,8
6157
,840
4,20
629
,001
24,6
332,
021
55,6
551,
982
3,11
816
,195
9,51
55,
020
19,8
25
59,8
61
11,0
9710
,609
6,74
06,
279
3,45
650
85,
643
4,26
55,
092
5,47
569
6
59,8
6144
,662
8,10
57,
092 2
56,0
5353
,989
3,60
926
,651
23,7
292,
064
52,4
451,
561
2,79
515
,258
8,60
94,
828
19,3
95
56,0
53
10,6
3310
,574
6,66
05,
792
3,47
944
24,
571
3,97
44,
474
4,75
170
3
56,0
5341
,007
8,29
76,
742 7
47,
010
47,
074
25,
215
45,
667
55,
083
44,
070
49,
065
24,
941
30,
884
39,
591
48,
706
51,
096
73,
564
47,
010
71,
198
67,
290
31,
124
49,
452
38,
471
26,
786
37,
570
43,
234
37,
480
36,
696
43,
479
47,
010
44,
654
51,
598
48,
774
(X
)
291
2
92
196
3
74
296
1
,300
119
2
54
247
3
71
232
8
02
240
291
1,2
40
429
3
11
453
3
65
749
2
73
333
2
07
249
9
05
291
1
96
693
4
15
(X
)
47,
428
47,
409
24,
824
46,
177
55,
954
48,
117
48,
911
24,
744
30,
868
41,
299
48,
221
49,
998
72,
394
47,
428
70,
495
68,
653
30,
843
48,
620
37,
862
25,
729
37,
215
43,
583
37,
582
36,
819
42,
365
47,
428
45,
122
53,
977
49,
468
(X
)
105
1
07
175
3
94
533
5
97
105
2
65
327
1
96
212
8
39
218
105
300
1
,078
3
31
280
7
77
725
2
13
449
1
94
245
9
33
105
3
45
308
1
,075
(
X)
46,
326
46,
379
24,
529
45,
835
54,
029
42,
547
47,
788
24,
580
29,
842
40,
568
47,
586
50,
412
71,
178
46,
326
70,
338
65,
548
29,
785
47,
970
39,
623
25,
417
36,
537
43,
028
37,
946
36,
705
46,
343
46,
326
44,
578
53,
840
47,
323
(X
)
102
1
04
179
1
29
396
1
,163
101
2
18
265
1
68
199
1
,071
8
48
102
345
7
06
261
3
52
906
5
03
223
7
05
723
2
43
701
102
3
29
435
2
98
(X
)
45,
471
45,
474
23,
772
44,
504
55,
208
45,
382
47,
593
24,
534
29,
873
39,
885
46,
605
51,
837
72,
697
45,
471
72,
259
67,
049
29,
342
46,
331
38,
331
24,
457
35,
247
43,
959
38,
735
36,
363
45,
133
45,
471
44,
230
52,
954
49,
776
(X
)
99
100
1
57
133
1
55
596
403
2
42
260
1
55
355
4
03
391
99
557
2
61
240
2
86
627
7
32
188
4
88
256
8
33
1,2
35
99
119
5
15
1,2
40
(X
)
44,
959
44,
956
23,
627
44,
229
54,
127
45,
037
48,
680
24,
157
29,
418
39,
395
46,
632
50,
077
71,
205
44,
959
69,
976
65,
904
31,
332
48,
662
37,
759
22,
816
37,
502
42,
988
37,
437
34,
368
43,
295
44,
959
43,
819
52,
852
51,
932
(X
)
94
95
160
1
27
134
1
,424
143
4
23
610
1
74
864
4
15
368
94
490
2
43
565
4
10
343
4
14
332
3
01
387
1
89
711
94
111
5
03
1,4
64
(X
)
46,
669
46,
662
23,
973
44,
447
53,
198
46,
903
48,
625
24,
181
30,
328
39,
160
46,
447
50,
733
72,
829
46,
669
72,
422
64,
579
30,
680
47,
809
38,
052
24,
401
36,
751
42,
616
37,
812
36,
669
43,
514
46,
669
43,
420
52,
953
52,
110
(X
)
155
1
61
359
4
86
144
2
,023
134
5
63
610
4
20
605
8
29
249
155
908
6
03
498
3
87
388
1
,102
2
73
302
2
46
268
1
,390
155
1
11
218
2
48
(X
)
46,
191
46,
126
25,
369
45,
014
51,
735
49,
830
48,
814
24,
163
29,
565
38,
861
45,
647
49,
957
71,
941
46,
191
70,
655
66,
850
30,
544
47,
162
36,
103
23,
877
37,
462
42,
052
36,
603
35,
891
46,
392
46,
191
44,
387
51,
736
50,
028
(X
)
144
1
46
203
1
88
131
1
,502
338
6
29
456
3
97
275
3
43
235
144
321
4
00
214
6
28
330
1
,345
6
14
277
2
56
280
7
64
144
4
59
185
2
01
(X
)
47,
127
47,
115
25,
108
45,
687
52,
237
47,
555
49,
994
23,
945
29,
023
39,
478
47,
097
50,
303
71,
466
47,
127
70,
183
66,
369
30,
953
47,
312
37,
448
26,
589
39,
675
43,
535
36,
772
36,
566
47,
589
47,
127
45,
753
52,
156
47,
873
(X
)
147
1
49
297
1
88
133
1
,223
201
3
94
542
3
79
347
2
38
239
147
726
4
34
219
7
30
670
7
50
567
7
61
273
3
38
2,0
33
147
1
70
197
1
,009
(
X)
54 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table
A-5
.N
um
ber
of
Work
ers
Wit
h E
arn
ings a
nd
Med
ian
Earn
ings b
y W
ork
Exp
eri
en
ce, Sex,
an
d S
ele
cte
d C
hara
cte
risti
cs: 2
00
2
to 2
00
9—
Con
�
(Ear
ning
s in
200
9 C
PI-
U-R
S a
djus
ted
dolla
rs�
For
info
rmat
ion
on c
onfid
entia
lity
prot
ectio
n, s
ampl
ing
erro
r, no
nsam
plin
g er
ror,
and
defin
ition
s, s
ee w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
apsd
/tech
doc/
cps/
cpsm
ar10
.pdf
� Com
para
ble
data
for
occu
patio
n ca
tego
ries
not a
vaila
ble
prio
r to
200
2 du
e to
cha
nge
in o
ccup
atio
n de
sign
atio
ns a
nd d
efini
tions
)
Cha
ract
eris
tic
Num
ber
with
ear
ning
s
(tho
usan
ds)
Med
ian
earn
ings
(in
200
9 do
llars
)
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
2002
2003
2004
120
0520
0620
0720
0820
092
Est
i-m
ate
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
rE
sti-
mat
e
Sta
n-da
rd
erro
r
FU
LL
-TIM
E, Y
EA
R-R
OU
ND
W
OR
KE
RS
—C
on�
Fem
ales
Ag
e
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Und
er 6
5 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
15 to
24
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
25
to 4
4 ye
ars
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
45 to
64
year
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
65 y
ears
and
old
er �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Ed
uca
tio
nal
Att
ain
men
t
Tot
al, 2
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Less
than
9th
gra
de �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
9th
to 1
2th,
non
grad
uate
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
H
igh
scho
ol g
radu
ate
(incl
udin
g G
ED
) � �
� �
Som
e co
llege
, no
degr
ee �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Ass
ocia
te’s
deg
ree
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� B
ache
lor’s
deg
ree
or m
ore
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Occ
up
atio
n o
f L
on
ges
t Jo
b
Tot
al, 1
5 ye
ars
and
olde
r �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Man
agem
ent,
busi
ness
, and
fina
ncia
l o
pera
tions
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Pro
fess
iona
l and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ervi
ce �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
S
ales
and
rel
ated
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
O
ffice
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
supp
ort
� � �
� � �
� �
Farm
ing,
fish
ing,
and
fore
stry
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
C
onst
ruct
ion
and
extr
actio
n � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
In
stal
latio
n, m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd r
epai
r � �
� � �
�
Pro
duct
ion
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
Tran
spor
tatio
n an
d m
ater
ial-m
ovin
g �
� � �
� �
Arm
ed F
orce
s �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Cla
ss o
f Wo
rker
of
Lo
ng
est
Job
T
otal
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
�
Priv
ate
wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
G
over
nmen
t wag
e an
d sa
lary
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
S
elf-
empl
oyed
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� �
U
npai
d fa
mily
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
� � �
41,8
7641
,021
3,39
021
,023
16,6
08 855
38,4
86 857
1,84
011
,673
7,35
34,
281
12,4
82
41,8
76
6,89
610
,106
6,57
54,
396
10,4
40 113
115
183
2,27
771
6 58
41,8
7631
,315
8,04
32,
514 4
41,9
0840
,960
3,23
720
,606
17,1
16 948
38,6
71 876
1,73
811
,586
7,34
04,
397
12,7
33
41,9
08
6,97
110
,370
6,38
64,
211
10,5
61 96 115
172
2,18
975
5 81
41,9
0831
,275
8,02
82,
603 2
42,3
8041
,407
3,27
320
,481
17,6
52 973
39,1
06 916
1,79
711
,395
7,34
14,
492
13,1
66
42,3
80
7,10
510
,438
6,76
14,
421
10,2
72 100
162
175
2,18
370
9 54
42,3
8031
,550
8,07
32,
757 –
43,3
5142
,325
3,34
720
,700
18,2
781,
027
40,0
05 900
1,73
611
,412
7,45
14,
751
13,7
55
43,3
51
7,14
210
,800
7,06
64,
684
10,2
83 90 144
163
2,16
574
1 73
43,3
5132
,404
8,28
22,
659 6
44,6
6343
,485
3,35
221
,166
18,9
681,
177
41,3
11 934
1,80
211
,652
7,61
34,
760
14,5
49
44,6
63
7,70
711
,173
7,17
14,
683
10,4
39 105
160
156
2,26
775
2 48
44,6
6333
,421
8,50
02,
729 13
45,6
1344
,350
3,41
821
,413
19,5
201,
263
42,1
96 823
1,64
911
,447
7,91
64,
891
15,4
69
45,6
13
7,68
311
,962
7,35
64,
616
10,5
89 96 160
187
2,16
375
3 49
45,6
1333
,952
8,91
42,
744 3
44,1
5642
,881
3,17
720
,434
19,2
701,
275
40,9
79 814
1,56
810
,851
7,45
64,
955
15,3
35
44,1
56
7,78
711
,944
7,24
74,
336
9,92
2 95 109
185
1,71
576
7 49
44,1
5632
,837
8,74
22,
575 3
43,2
1741
,863
2,84
019
,776
19,2
471,
354
40,3
76 776
1,51
910
,467
7,16
44,
924
15,5
26
43,2
17
7,34
712
,037
7,17
94,
334
9,66
814
011
814
01,
494
698 62
43,2
1731
,716
8,97
92,
519 3
36,
973
36,
046
22,
674
36,
281
37,
976
32,
423
36,
973
19,
685
23,
019
30,
024
35,
053
37,
706
51,
560
36,
010
49,
212
47,
787
23,
855
30,
460
32,
612
19,
832
29,
998
38,
744
25,
946
26,
814
(X
)
36,
010
33,
993
42,
734
29,
997
(X
)
99
97
321
1
34
149
1
,301
99
354
4
29
144
3
56
252
6
77
95
254
2
59
213
3
06
136
8
10
1,6
31
2,3
45
217
7
01
(X
)
95
223
2
62
645
(
X)
36,
812
35,
938
23,
374
36,
312
37,
798
30,
446
36,
812
19,
718
22,
086
30,
408
35,
153
37,
615
52,
616
35,
831
49,
056
46,
997
23,
290
30,
480
33,
164
19,
503
32,
586
43,
651
26,
082
26,
540
37,
550
35,
831
34,
626
42,
099
29,
804
(X
)
99
98
252
1
29
205
4
34
99
299
3
81
138
2
05
281
3
39
97
281
1
96
217
3
62
240
1
,082
2
,489
1
,941
2
94
745
2
,704
97
213
2
19
469
(
X)
35,
474
35,
547
22,
962
35,
828
37,
879
30,
255
36,
347
19,
321
21,
765
29,
575
35,
000
38,
028
52,
164
35,
474
48,
111
47,
002
22,
854
30,
517
32,
550
19,
064
33,
321
38,
673
26,
589
25,
538
(X
)
35,
474
34,
456
41,
836
30,
462
(X
)
90
90
232
1
19
444
5
96
91
276
3
58
132
1
52
556
2
59
90
354
1
81
164
2
91
294
6
81
7,2
43
2,2
78
456
7
22
(X
)
90
104
2
23
414
(
X)
35,
003
35,
080
22,
754
35,
443
38,
647
29,
366
36,
340
17,
735
22,
112
28,
884
34,
498
37,
289
51,
582
35,
003
51,
414
46,
159
22,
780
29,
286
32,
992
20,
532
33,
739
40,
496
25,
828
23,
867
(X
)
35,
003
33,
937
41,
283
30,
191
(X
)
89
90
169
1
22
176
7
95
266
2
75
301
1
47
181
5
46
255
89
355
1
94
135
2
85
179
1
,244
1
,226
2
,643
4
47
424
(
X)
89
103
3
30
1,2
80
(X
)
34,
590
34,
901
22,
185
35,
469
38,
602
28,
984
38,
197
19,
290
21,
415
28,
444
33,
994
37,
403
52,
735
34,
590
53,
487
45,
750
22,
555
28,
955
32,
781
20,
611
26,
693
43,
827
24,
570
25,
414
(X
)
34,
590
33,
423
42,
854
32,
772
(X
)
197
2
94
223
3
84
173
8
05
120
4
34
287
1
45
176
4
00
469
197
253
6
02
133
3
55
120
1
,626
1
,719
1
,288
5
02
1,1
71
(X
)
197
1
00
190
4
18
(X
)
36,
312
36,
367
22,
836
36,
497
38,
489
32,
604
37,
330
18,
891
21,
101
28,
179
33,
969
37,
586
52,
136
36,
312
52,
038
47,
423
22,
782
29,
671
32,
492
24,
928
41,
663
43,
317
26,
632
28,
070
(X
)
36,
312
33,
569
42,
704
31,
200
(X
)
106
1
06
204
1
46
163
5
05
109
4
77
302
1
38
429
2
93
163
106
231
2
36
133
6
02
121
2
,417
3
,691
2
,349
2
73
796
(
X)
106
1
40
188
7
57
(X
)
35,
609
35,
642
22,
080
35,
752
37,
938
33,
403
36,
558
18,
563
20,
328
28,
274
32,
502
36,
620
51,
214
35,
609
50,
879
46,
584
22,
858
28,
668
31,
870
22,
396
33,
533
34,
202
25,
885
23,
933
(X
)
35,
609
33,
241
41,
846
30,
827
(X
)
106
1
06
175
1
44
371
1
,181
109
4
92
294
2
82
354
2
42
144
106
234
2
22
242
5
87
124
2
,264
2
,182
2
,096
3
31
943
(
X)
106
2
99
187
3
81
(X
)
36,
278
36,
266
22,
090
36,
364
39,
425
36,
583
37,
264
18,
480
21,
226
29,
150
34,
087
37,
267
51,
878
36,
278
51,
014
48,
856
23,
302
29,
823
32,
467
21,
134
30,
833
40,
004
25,
244
25,
546
(X
)
36,
278
34,
908
42,
249
31,
099
(X
)
105
1
07
179
1
45
368
5
19
107
4
51
301
2
73
483
3
10
169
105
247
3
92
265
5
74
190
7
30
2,6
91
2,0
43
393
7
33
(X
)
105
2
35
193
3
90
(X
)
– R
epre
sent
s or
rou
nds
to z
ero�
(X)
Not
app
licab
le�
(B)
Bas
ed r
ound
s to
75,
000
or le
ss�
1 D
ata
have
bee
n re
vise
d to
refl
ect a
cor
rect
ion
to th
e w
eigh
ts in
the
2005
AS
EC
�2
Med
ians
are
cal
cula
ted
usin
g $2
,500
inco
me
inte
rval
s� B
egin
ning
with
200
9 in
com
e da
ta, t
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u ex
pand
ed th
e up
per
inco
me
inte
rval
s us
ed to
cal
cula
te m
edia
ns to
$25
0,00
0 or
mor
e� M
edia
ns fa
lling
in th
e up
per
open
-end
ed in
terv
al a
re
plug
ged
with
“$2
50,0
00�”
Bef
ore
2009
, the
upp
er o
pen-
ende
d in
tera
l was
$10
0,00
0 an
d a
plug
of “
$100
,000
” was
use
d�
Sou
rce:
U�S
� Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Sur
vey,
200
3 th
roug
h 20
10 A
nnua
l Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Sup
plem
ents
�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 55
APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF POVERTY
How Poverty Is Calculated
Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).
If a family’s total money income is less Mother $10,000 than the applicable threshold, then Father 7,000 that family and every individual in it Great-aunt 10,000 are considered in poverty. The official First child 0 poverty thresholds are updated annu- Second child 0 ally for inflation using the Consumer Total: $27,000Price Index (CPI-U). Since the aver- Since their total family income, age annual CPI-U for 2009 was lower $27,000, was higher than their than the average annual CPI-U for threshold ($26,245), Family A would 2008, poverty thresholds for 2009 not be considered “in poverty.” are slightly lower than the corre-sponding thresholds for 2008. The While the thresholds, in some sense,
official poverty definition uses money represent the needs of families, they
income before taxes and tax credits should be interpreted as a statistical
and excludes capital gains and non- yardstick rather than as a complete
cash benefits (such as Supplemental description of what people and fami-
Nutrition Assistance Program benefits lies need to live. Many government
and housing assistance). The thresh- assistance programs use different
olds do not vary geographically. income eligibility cutoffs. While official poverty rates and the number
Example: Suppose Family A consists of people or families in poverty are of five people: two children, their important, other poverty indicators mother, their father, and their great- are considered in the section, “Depth aunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in of Poverty Measures,” and other 2009 was $26,245. Each member of approaches to setting thresholds Family A had the following income in and defining resources are discussed 2009: in the section, “Alternative Poverty
Measures.”
For a history of the official poverty measure, see “The Development of
the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds and Their Subsequent History as the Official U.S. Poverty Measure” by Gordon M. Fisher, available at <www.census.gov/hhes/www /povmeas/papers/orshansky.html>.
Weighted average thresholds: Since some data users want a summary of the 48 thresholds to get a general sense of the “poverty line,” the follow-ing table provides the weighted aver-age thresholds for 2009. The aver-ages are based on the relative number of families of each size and composi-tion and are not used in computing poverty estimates.
Poverty Thresholds for 2009 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years(Dollars)
Size of family unit
Related children under 18 years
None One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight or
more
One person (unrelated individual): Under 65 years � � � � � � � � � � � � � 65 years and older � � � � � � � � � � �
Two people:
� � � � � � � �
11,161 10,289
Householder under 65 years � � � � � � � 14,366 14,787 Householder 65 years and older � � � � 12,968 14,731
Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2009 by Size of Family(Dollars)
One person 10,956 Two people 13,991 Three people 17,098 Four people 21,954 Five people 25,991 Six people 29,405 Seven people 33,372 Eight people 37,252 Nine people or more 44,366
Source: U�S� Census Bureau�
56 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 57
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
58 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 59
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
60 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 61
Table B-1.Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All people People in families Unrelated individuals
Below poverty All familiesFamilies with female
householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Below poverty Below poverty
Number PercentTotal Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent
1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC�2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion�3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls�4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls�5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file�6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income
and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No� 166�7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race� White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category� The use of this single-
race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000�
8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group� The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander�
9 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race�10Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race�
Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families� Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
62 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 63
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
64 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 65
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
66 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 67
Table B-2.Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www�census�gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10�pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older
All people Related children in families
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC�2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion�3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls�4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls�5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file�6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income
and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No� 166�7 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race� White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category� The use of this
single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000�
8 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group� The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander�
9 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race�10 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race�
Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families� Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded from people in families�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
68 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-3.Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� Families as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
All families Married-couple familiesMale householder,
no wife presentFemale householder, no husband present
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Total
Below poverty
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC�2 Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion�3 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls�4 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls�5 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file�6 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report
Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No� 166�
Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families� Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 69
APPENDIX C. ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
Quality of Health Insurance Reporting of coverage through 2.8 million Medicaid enrollees. A key Coverage Estimates major federal health insurance finding indicating survey response
programs� The CPS ASEC data under- error in the CPS ASEC was that 16.9 National surveys and health insur-report Medicare and Medicaid cover- percent of people with an MSIS record ance coverage. Health insurance cov-age compared with enrollment and indicating Medicaid coverage reported erage is likely to be underreported on participation data from the Centers in the CPS ASEC that they were the Current Population Survey (CPS). for Medicare and Medicaid Services uninsured.2 The report found that While underreporting affects most, (CMS)1. Because the CPS is largely Medicaid subscribers with longer and if not all, surveys, underreporting of a labor force survey, interviewers more recent enrollment were more health insurance coverage appears receive less training on health insur- likely to report coverage. Respondents to be a larger problem in the Annual ance concepts than labor concepts. for children enrolled in Medicaid Social and Economic Supplement Additionally, many people may not be were more apt to report coverage for (ASEC) than in other national sur-aware that a health insurance pro- those children than for enrolled adults veys that ask about insurance. Some gram covers them or their children if within the household. Families with reasons for the disparity may include they have not used covered services lower incomes tended to report cover-the fact that income, not health insur-recently. CMS data, on the other hand, age more frequently. Individuals who ance, is the main focus of the ASEC represent the actual number of people received Medicaid services during questionnaire. In addition, the ASEC who have enrolled or participated in the reporting cycle tended to report collects health insurance information these programs. coverage more often than individu-in February through April but asks
als who had not received services. about the previous year’s coverage. The State Health Access Data Reporting differences were also appar-Asking annual retrospective ques- Assistance Center (SHADAC) of the ent among states. tions appears to cause few problems University of Minnesota has worked when collecting income data (possibly with the U.S. Census Bureau, CMS, Phase 3 of the research project is because the interview period is close and the Office of the Assistant further broken down into three steps to when people pay their taxes), but Secretary for Planning and Evaluation that attempt to account for discrep-it may be less than ideal when asking (ASPE) on a research project to evalu- ancies found in Phase 2 between the about health insurance coverage. ate why CPS ASEC estimates of the MSIS records and the CPS ASEC files. Compared with other national sur- number of people with Medicaid are These steps focus on determining veys, the CPS estimate of the number lower than counts of the number of the number of enrollees who were of people without health insurance people enrolled in the program from out-of-scope for the 2001 March CPS more closely approximates the num- CMS. Reports from all four phases of interview (people living in institu-ber of people who are uninsured at a the research project are available from tions and other group quarters are not specific point in time during the year the Census Bureau’s Web site at eligible for CPS ASEC interview; MSIS than the number of people uninsured <www.census.gov/did/www/snacc/>. counts all people, regardless of their for the entire year. For a comparison living situation). Phase 3 narrowed the of health insurance coverage rates During Phase 2, files from the gap between CPS ASEC estimates and from the major federal surveys, see Medicaid Statistical Information MSIS files by 1.0 million, to 1.8 million How Many People Lack Insurance and System (MSIS) were linked with the Medicaid enrollees. for How Long? (Congressional Budget CPS ASEC files and the individual
Office, May 2003). records were compared. The report Phase 4 consisted of repeating the from Phase 2 showed a gap between Phase 2 process using the National CPS ASEC estimates and MSIS files of
2 For consistency purposes across the MSIS and the CPS, SHADAC removed all MSIS enrollees who received only partial coverage, those who had died before the CPS reporting cycle, and
1 CMS is the federal agency primarily respon- all duplicate person records. Also, all Children’s sible for administering the Medicare and Medic- Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrollees were aid programs at the national level. removed from the MSIS count.
70 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data 3adjusting the CPS ASEC data. This is to compare and contrast CPS ASEC
instead of CPS data. The purpose of an experimental imputation, and was underreporting rates with other sur-this was two-fold: to provide expla- produced for interested parties to use veys. This, in turn, will allow Census nations for the differences found in their research. The Census Bureau Bureau analysts to better understand between NHIS data and MSIS files has not evaluated the methodology, the nature and impact of CPS ASEC and to examine how differing survey and users should be aware that this is health coverage underreporting. designs and methodologies affect the not an official data product.
After consulting with health insurance survey data and estimates. The report There are several ongoing projects experts, the Census Bureau modified found that the NHIS Medicaid under-aimed at improving the quality of the definition of the population with-count was 27.3 percent in 2001 and health coverage data from the CPS out health insurance in the supple-21.7 percent in 2002, but noted that ASEC. This research includes: 1) ment to the March 1998 CPS, which the NHIS added questions in 2004 and cognitive research and field testing collected data about coverage in these results may not apply to more to improve the wording of the CPS 1997. Previously, people with no cov-recent data. The report found higher ASEC health coverage questions; erage other than access to the Indian false-negative reporting for enrollees 2) editing and imputation research, Health Service were counted as part who were older, had higher incomes including additional research on the of the insured population. Subsequently, and also had private insurance. False-use of models that attempt to account the Census Bureau has counted these negative reporting was lower for very for Medicaid underreporting; and 3) people as uninsured. In 2009, a modi-low-income enrollees, those on other expanding the number of studies that fication to uninsured foster children benefits programs, and those who match administrative Medicaid data to was made. Health insurance experts had recently used Medicaid services. current survey data to include other informed the Census Bureau that The report found that the dynamics of surveys, such as the National Health all foster children were eligible for false-negative reporting was similar in Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Medicaid. The effect of these changes NHIS and CPS.American Community Survey (ACS). on the overall estimates of health
In November of 2008, SHADAC This research will make it possible insurance coverage was negligible.released a new imputation adjust-ment for public use CPS ASEC micro-
data through their website to help 3 See <www.shadac.org/publications
/medicaid-under-reporting-in-cps-and-one researchers interested in partially -approach-partial-correction> for more
information.
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 71
Table C-1Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Year
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
(NA) Not available� Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Economic and Economic (ASEC) Supplement�
1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military�
2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007� See <www�census�gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/index�html>� 3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion� 4 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls� 5 Beginning with the 1998 CPS ASEC, people with no coverage other than access to Indian Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are considered to be
uninsured� The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible; however, the decrease in the number of people covered by Medicaid may be partially due to this change�
6 The data for 1996 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates� To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www�census�gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231�pdf>�
7 Health insurance questions were redesigned� Increases in estimates of employment-based and military health care coverage may be partially due to questionnaire changes� Overall coverage estimates were not affected�
8 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing� 9 Implementation of 1990 census population controls�10 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1988 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
72 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 73
Table C-2.Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
74 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 75
Table C-2.Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military�
2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007� See <www�census�gov/hhes/www/hlthinsdata/usernote/index�html>�3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion� 4 The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races� White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category� The use of this single-
race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data� The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches� Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder� About 2�6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000�
5 The 2001 CPS and earlier years asked respondents to report only one race� The reference groups for these years are White, White not Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander�
6 Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race� 7 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race�
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question� The data for 1999 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates� To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www�census�gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231�pdf>�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�
76 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2009(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Age
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 77
Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Age
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
78 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Age
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
U.S. Census Bureau Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 79
Table C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2009—Con�(Numbers in thousands� People as of March of the following year� For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/apsd/techdoc/cps/cpsmar10.pdf)
Age
Total people
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Not coveredTotal
Private health insurance Government health insurance
1 Military health care includes Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military�
2 The 2004 and 2005 data were revised in March 2007� See <www�census�gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/usernote/index�html>�3 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion� 4 Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls�
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question� The data for 1999 through 2003 were revised using an approximation method for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates� To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www�census�gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231�pdf>�
Source: U�S� Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2000 to 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements�