No. 17-55208 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JENNY LISETTE FLORES, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees-Appellees, v. JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, et al., Defendants-Appellants. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544-DMG-AGR BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE YOUTH ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS IN SUPPORT OF JENNY LISETTE FLORES, ET AL., PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES JACK W. LONDEN (CA BAR NO. 85776) [email protected]JAMES R. SIGEL (CA BAR NO. 288478) [email protected]MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP 425 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105-2482 Telephone: 415.268.7000 MARTHA MATTHEWS (CA BAR NO. 130088) Martha Matthews [email protected]PUBLIC COUNSEL Directing Attorney Children’s Rights Project 610 S. Ardmore Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90005 Telephone: (213) 385-2977 x113 Counsel for Amici Curiae Case: 17-55208, 03/10/2017, ID: 10352719, DktEntry: 17, Page 1 of 32
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH … Amicus... · D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544-DMG-AGR BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE YOUTH ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS IN SUPPORT OF JENNY LISETTE
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No. 17-55208
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JENNY LISETTE FLORES, et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellees-Appellees,
v.
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, et al.,
Defendants-Appellants.
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of California D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544-DMG-AGR
BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE YOUTH ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS IN SUPPORT OF JENNY LISETTE
FLORES, ET AL., PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES
JACK W. LONDEN (CA BAR NO. 85776) [email protected] JAMES R. SIGEL (CA BAR NO. 288478) [email protected] MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP 425 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105-2482 Telephone: 415.268.7000
MARTHA MATTHEWS (CA BAR NO. 130088) Martha Matthews [email protected] PUBLIC COUNSEL Directing Attorney Children’s Rights Project 610 S. Ardmore Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90005 Telephone: (213) 385-2977 x113
CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT .......................................................... i
STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................................ 1
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 10
II. DETENTION OF CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONAL SETTINGS IS INHERENTLY HARMFUL. ........................................................................ 11
A. Child welfare and health professional have long recognized the harm to children resulting from institutional confinement. ................ 11
B. Federal and state governments have recognized this likelihood of harm................................................................................................. 12
C. Immigrant children in particular suffer harm in detention. ................. 15
III. CHILDREN ARE ENTITLED TO BASIC DUE PROCESS PROTECTIONS REGARDING DETENTION. ........................................... 18
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ 24
American Bar Association, Standards for the Custody, Placement and Care; Legal Representation; and Adjudication of Unaccompanied Migrant Children in the United States (2004), http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/Immigration/PublicDocuments/Immigrant_Standards.authcheckdam.pdf .......................... 16
Barry Holman & Jason Ziedenberg, The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities (Justice Policy Institute ed., 2006), http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/06-11_rep_dangersofdetention_jj.pdf ...................................................................... 13
Child Welfare League of America, Position Statement on Residential Services (2005), https://ncfy.acf.hhs.gov/library/2005/position-statement-residential-services ............................................................................. 12
Elizabeth Calvin, Legal Strategies to Reduce Unnecessary Detention of Children (National Juvenile Defense Center 2004), http://njdc.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Legal-Strategise-to-Reduce-the-Unnecessary-Detention-of-Children.pdf ......................................... 20
Elizabeth S. Bernert et al., How Does Incarcerating Young People Affect Their Adult Health Outcomes, 139 Pediatrics 2 (Feb. 2017), http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/2/e2016262 ........................... 14
Institute of Judicial Administration & American Bar Association, Juvenile Justice Standards Annotated: A Balanced Approach (1996), www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/166773.pdf ........................................... 20
Karen de Sa, Horduran Boy, 14, Wins U.S. Asylum But Remains In Jail, San Francisco Chronicle, Mar. 5, 2017, http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Honduran-boy-14-wins-U-S-asylum-but-remains-in-10977616.php ............................................... 17
Letter from American Academy of Pediatrics to Jeh Johnson (July 24, 2015), https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/federal-advocacy/Documents/AAP%20Letter%20to%20Secretary%20Johnson%20Family%20Detention%20Final.pdf ..................................................... 17
Mary Dozier et al., Consensus Statement on Group Care for Children and Adolescents: A Statement of Policy of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Am. J. Orthopsychiatry Vol. 84, No. 3, 219-225 (2014), https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/ort-0000005.pdf ........................................................................................................ 11
Micah Bump & Elzbieta Gozdziak, The Care of Unaccompanied Undocumented Children in Federal Custody: Issues and Options, 22 Protecting Children 2:77-78 (American Humane 2007), https://issuu.com/georgetownsfs/docs/gozdziak_federal_custody ..................... 16
National Center for Juvenile Justice and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2014 National Report (Melissa Sickmund & Charles Puzzanchera eds., 2014), https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2014/downloads/NR2014.pdf ...................... 19
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, Resource Guidelines: Improving Court Practice in Child Abuse & Neglect Cases (1995), www.ncjfcj.org/sites/default/files/resguide_0.pdf ...................... 21
Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention, The Number of Juveniles in Residential Placement Continued to Decline in 2013 (2015), http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/snapshots/DataSnapshot_CJRP2013.pdf; ..................................................................................................................... 14
Pew Charitable Trusts, Re-Examining Juvenile Incarceration: High Cost, Poor Outcomes Spark Shift To Alternatives (2015), http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/04/reexamining-juvenile-incarceration ........................................... 14
Randy Hertz et al., Trial Manual for Defense Attorneys in Juvenile Cases (National Juvenile Defense Center 2016), http://njdc.info/trial-manual-for-defense-attorneys-in-juvenile-delinquency-cases-by-randy-hertz-martin-guggenheim-anthony-g-amsterdam/ .......................................................................................................... 19
Richard P. Barth, Foster Homes: The Empirical Base For the Second Century of Debate (Jordan Institute for Families, School of Social Work 2002), http://assembly.ca.gov/sites/assembly.ca.gov/files/BarthInstitutionsvFosterHomes.pdf ............................................................................................... 11
Richard A. Mandel, No Place for Kids: The Case For Reducing Juvenile Incarceration (Annie E. Casey Foundation 2011), http://www.aecf.org/resources/no-place-for-kids-full-report/ ............................ 14
S. Gatowski et al., Enhanced Resource Guidelines: Improving Court Practice In Child Abuse and Neglect Cases (National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 2016), http://www.ncjfcj.org/EnhancedResourceGuidelines ........................................ 20
Tyche Hendricks, Hundreds of Migrant Teens Are Being Held Indefinitely in Locked Detention, KQED California Report, Apr. 11, 2016, https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/11/hundreds-of-migrant-teens-are-being-held-indefinitely-in-locked-detention/ ........................ 17
U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, A National Look at the Use of Congregate Care in Child Welfare (2015), www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cbcongregatecare_brief.pdf .................. 13
briefs/2015/04/reexamining-juvenile-incarceration (highlighting several states that
enacted laws limiting youth incarceration and decreasing lengths of stay).
C. Immigrant children in particular suffer harm in detention.
This basic principle of child welfare and juvenile justice applies to
immigrant children with special force. Such children are particularly likely to have
suffered serious trauma, both in their country of origin and during or after their
journey to the United States and their apprehension by immigration authorities.
Because children who have been previously traumatized are especially vulnerable
to the negative effects of institutional care, The American Academy of Pediatrics
has expressed grave concern about the detention of immigrant children:
Children and mothers from Central America who have crossed the border to enter the United States have high rates of exposure to trauma in the form of threat of death, physical and sexual abuse, and exploitation that leave serious physical and psychological scars. The act of detention or incarceration itself is associated with poorer health outcomes, higher rates of psychological distress, and suicidality making the situation for already vulnerable women and children even worse. For children, exposure to early adverse experiences, often referred to as toxic stress, has long-term consequences … [including] measurable effects in his or her developmental trajectory, with lifelong consequences for educational achievement, economic productivity, health status, and longevity.
Form 8. Certificate of Compliance Pursuant to 9th Circuit Rules 28-1.1(f), 29-2(c)(2) and (3), 32-1, 32-2 or 32-4 for Case Number
Note: This form must be signed by the attorney or unrepresented litigant and attached to the end of the brief.I certify that (check appropriate option):
This brief complies with the length limits permitted by Ninth Circuit Rule 28-1.1. The brief is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable. The brief's type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
This brief complies with the length limits permitted by Ninth Circuit Rule 32-1. The brief is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable. The brief's type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
This brief complies with the length limits permitted by Ninth Circuit Rule 32-2(b). The brief is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable, and is filed by (1) separately represented parties; (2) a party or parties filing a single brief in response to multiple briefs; or (3) a party or parties filing a single brief in response to a longer joint brief filed under Rule 32-2(b). The brief's type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
This brief complies with the longer length limit authorized by court order dated The brief's type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6). The brief is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable.
This brief is accompanied by a motion for leave to file a longer brief pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 32-2(a) and is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable. The brief’s type size and type face comply with Fed. R .App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
This brief is accompanied by a motion for leave to file a longer brief pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 29-2(c)(2) or (3) and is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable. The brief's type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
This brief complies with the length limits set forth at Ninth Circuit Rule 32-4. The brief is words or pages, excluding the portions exempted by Fed. R. App. P. 32(f), if applicable. The brief’s type size and type face comply with Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(5) and (6).
Signature of Attorney or Unrepresented Litigant
("s/" plus typed name is acceptable for electronically-filed documents)
I certify that on March 10, 2017, I electronically filed the foregoing with the
Clerk of the Court for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by
using the appellate CM/ECF system. I certify that all participants in the case are
registered CM/ECF users and that service will be accomplished by the appellate
CM/ECF system.
/s/ Jack W. Londen __ Jack W. Londen
JACK W. LONDEN JAMES R. SIGEL MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP 425 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105 Telephone: 415.268.7000 Attorneys for Amici Curiae