In-Situ 1,4 Dioxane Remediation in HVOC Sites Andrew Brolowski William B. Kerfoot Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. IUVA/IOA North American Conference May 4-5,

In-Situ 1,4 Dioxane Remediation in HVOC Sites

Andrew BrolowskiWilliam B. Kerfoot

Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.

IUVA/IOA North American ConferenceMay 4-5, 2009

Cambridge, Massachusetts

1,4 DIOXANE - CHARACTERISTICS

O

OC4H8O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 88.20

DENSITY: 1.033

BOILING POINT: 101°C

MELTING POINT: 10°C

VAPOR PRESSURE: 30mmHg (20°C)

SOLUBILITY: COMPLETELY MISCIBLE

Ozone Chemical Oxidation

•Microbubble ozone-peroxide

•Nanobubble ozone

Organic Compounds Found on Site

•1,4 Dioxane

•ChlorinatedChloroethenes – TCE, cis 1,2 DCE,

1,1DCEChloroethanes – 1,1 DCA

•Freon•PCBs

“Competitive Contaminant Destruction During Ozone-Peroxide Chemical Oxidation: Implications for In-situ Remediation of 1,4 Dioxane,” Lowell Kessel, Paris Hajali, Bruce Nielsen, Kevin Olivo, AEHS, 2004.

Site ConditionsLithology 0-30 ft. alluvial deposits – sand and silt 30-50 ft. weathered granitic bedrock 50-90 ft. competent granite

Sieve Analysis 25 ft. sample: gravel .07%, sand 93.6%, silt & clay 6.3% 60 ft. sample: gravel 2.4%, sand 87.7%, silt & clay 7.9%

GW Elevation Varies 8 to 15 ft. bgs

Horizontal K (alluvium) = 18 ft./day; vertical 0.7 ft./day

Horizontal K (weathered granite) = 21 ft./day; vertical 0.4 ft./day

Equipment

Nano to

Microbubble

Production

University of Twente, Netherlands Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 204502

1μm

NANOBUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS

•Low rise rate <.001 m/minute

•Enhanced reactivity >10-8m-1s-1

•Negative charge Molecular arrangement

•Long half-life >20 hours

•Low surface tension <.02 g/cm

•High surface/volume ratio >5.0

•Hydrophobic attack Preference for attacking hydrophobic molecules

Nanobubble Structure5μm

CHART #1: 1,4 DIOXANE BENCH SCALE TEST AQUEOUS MASS REDUCTION CHART

1,000

10,000

0 100 200 300 400 500

Minutes Since Test Began

Con

cent

ratio

n in

PP

B (u

g/L)

TEST 1: OZONE @ 1,400 ppmV

TEST 2: OZONE @ 1,400 ppmV & PEROXIDE @ 5%

CHART #2: 1,4 DIOXANE BENCH SCALE TEST RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS AQUEOUS MASS REDUCTION CHART

0.10

1.00

0 100 200 300 400 500

Minutes Since Test Began

CT/

CO

TEST 1: OZONE @ 1,400 ppmV

TEST 2: OZONE @ 1,400 ppmV & PEROXIDE @ 5%

Conclusions

•Perozone® effectively treats 1,4 dioxane and chloroethenes in field applications

•Sites have moved from pilot testing to full application

•Laboratory testing indicates both Perozone® and nanobubble ozone are efficient oxidizers of 1,4 dioxane

•With Nanozox™, TCE is removed at 5 times the rate of air stripping (air sparging)

•The gas phase can be suspended as a reactive emulsion in water, having a negatively charged nanobubbles