In Salah CO2 Storage Project: Monitoring Experience workshop_june 2012... · RGB 250, 166, 26 13, 145, 193 128, 195, 66 Secondary Colours RGB 247, 218, 0 184, 47, 38 114, 15, 16 ...

In Salah CO2 Storage Project:

Monitoring Experience

Allan Mathieson JIP Programme Manager

CGS Conference – Ankara, Turkey, 14 June 2012

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 2

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 3

Krechba

Teg

Reg

Garet elBefinat Hassi Moumene

In Salah

Gour Mahmoud

Proposed ISG Pipeline

REB

Hassi BirRekaiz

Hassi Messaoud

Hassi R’Mel

Tiguentourine (BP)

02151093

Algiers

Tangiers

Lisbon

Cordoba

Cartagena

M O R O C C O

A L G E R I A

S P A I N

L I B Y A

MAURITANIAM A L I

SkikdaTunis

N I G E R

In Salah Gas

Project

• Industrial Scale Demonstration of CO2 Geological Storage (Conventional Capture) • Storage Formation is common in Europe, USA & China • Started Storage in August 2004 at 1mmtpa. 3.86 mmt CO2 stored at end 2011 • $100mm Incremental Cost for Storage. No commercial benefit • Test-bed for CO2 Monitoring Technologies: $30mm Research Project

Project Summary

In Salah CCS Project: Overview

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 4

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 5

Risk-Management Process (EU CCS Directive)

( Ref: CO2QUALSTORE, DNV 2009 )

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 6

CO2 Storage: Generic Risk Profile

We

Are

Here

Maximum Risk (Developer)

Maximum Risk (Nation)

Risk Profile of a CGS Project

Time

Ris

k

Site

Selection

and

Develop-

ment

Operation

(Injection)

Closure Post-Closure

M&V

QRA

Nation/

Landowner

Nation/

Landowner Operator Stewardship

Project

Phase

Monitoring

Baseline

Data

Acquisition

and Initial

QRA

M&V

QRA

M&V

QRA

Screen,

Assess,

Select,

Design Construct Operate Close

Maximum Risk:

National Stewardship

Maximum Risk:

Developer Stewardship

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 7

Risk Management: Project Design

KB5

KB4

KB8 KB2

KB8 Legacy Wells

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 8

Site Selection and Operation

Quantified Risk Assessments (QRA) should be used to manage seepage risk

– During site selection, project design and updated periodically during operation

– Several methodologies are available

Monitoring should be in the Field Development Plan (FDP) and Field Operations

– Designed around an early assessment of seepage risks

Initial appraisal and development of a CO2 storage project should collect a

comprehensive set of baseline data – To adequately characterise the Storage Complex / Area of Review

At In Salah:

Baseline data acquisition should have begun earlier & been more-comprehensive

Top Three risks were: Integrity of wells and caprock, plus CO2 migration direction

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 9

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 10

Project Boundaries and Accounting

Natural

Gas

(10% CO2)

& Water

Power-

GenPower-

Gen

Compression DehydrationPipeline

Transportation

Injection

Well-head

Dry Gas

for Sale

(<0.3% CO2)

Natural

Gas

Processing

Plant

CO2

Stream

Fuel Gas

Electric

PowerElectric

PowerOverburden

Stored CO2

CO2 Storage

Complex

CO2 Storage Project Boundary

Glycol

Dehy

Glycol

Dehy

$100mm

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 11

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 12

Benefit

Cost Low High

Low

High

Satellite

Imaging

Geochemistry

Micro-

seismic

Flowmeters

Wellhead

monitoring

4D gravity Tracers

Dynamic

Modelling

Wellbore

sampling

Annulus

Sampling 4D VSP

Cement

CO2 work

4D

Seismic

Tiltmeters

Cross-well

EM

Geomechanics

Logging

Surface EM

Aquifer

studies

Microbiology

Surface flux Observation

Wells

Airborne

Flux

Park

Focussed

Application Just Do It

Consider Key

To be tested

Water

Chemistry

Monitoring Technologies: Evaluation

Soil Gas

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons

Monitoring Technologies Deployed at Krechba

Monitoring technology Risk to Monitor Action/Status

Repeat 3D seismic Plume migration

Subsurface characterisation

Initial survey in 1997

High resolution repeat 3D survey acquired in

2009

Initial interpretation complete.

May show some time lapse (4D) effects

Microseismic Caprock integrity

500m test well drilled and recording

information above KB502 – encouraging

results to date

Need to replace surface recording equipment

InSAR monitoring Plume migration

Caprock integrity

Pressure Development

Images captured using X-band (8 days) and C-

band

(32 days)

Used to develop time lapse deformation images

Input to geomechanical modelling activities

Tiltmeters/GPS Plume migration

Caprock integrity

Pressure Development

Currently collecting data – 18 month collection

period to end 2011

Use to calibrate satellite data

Shallow aquifer wells Caprock Integrity

Potable aquifer contamination

5 wells drilled to 350m – one beside each

injector, one remote and one between KB5 and

KB502.

Two sampling programmes to date

No anomalies noted to date

Wellhead/annulus samples

Wellbore integrity

Plume migration

2 monthly sampling since 2005

No anomalies noted to date

Tracers Plume migration

Different perflourocarbon tracers into each

injector

Implemented 2006

Only tracer recorded in KB5 from KB502 (see

section 4 for detailed discussion)

Surface Flux/Soil Gas Surface seepage Initial survey pre-injection

Two surveys in 2009 around key risk wells

No anomalies to date

Microbiology Surface seepage First samples collected in late 2009/early 2010

CO2 microfaunal assemblages recorded – may

be of value for long term monitoring

Wireline Logging/sampling

Subsurface characterization Overburden samples and logs in new wells

Geomechanical and geochemical modeling

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 14

Monitoring: Low-cost Options

Low-cost technologies can be very effective CO2 monitoring tools

At In Salah: these included: – Wellhead (pressure & flowrate) annulus monitoring (including tracers)

– Soil-gas surveys, permanent soil-gas detectors, microbiological sampling

– Gas surface flux (using laser surveys),

– Shallow aquifer sampling

CPF

BdV

Bar-A

Bar-BKb-502Kb-602

Kb-601Kb-5

Kb-503

Airstrip

Kb-4

Kb-501

Kb-7

CPF

BdV

Bar-A

Bar-BKb-502Kb-602

Kb-601Kb-5

Kb-503

Airstrip

Kb-4

Kb-501

Kb-7

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 15

Monitoring: Seismic

Acquisition of a high-quality, pre-injection 3D seismic baseline is a vital

– for characterising the overburden and the injection horizon

The value of subsequent (time-lapse) 3D surveys will depend on rock quality and the

density difference between in-situ fluids and the injected CO2

A comprehensive understanding of the interaction of rock-physics, fluids and

fractures is required to adequately model Seismic responses to CO2 injection

At In Salah:

– 4D may never be a good option for CO2 monitoring (due to poor rock quality and

insufficient density contrast between fluids)

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 16

Monitoring: Satellite Imagery - Generic

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

(InSAR)

Technology developing rapidly due to:

Publicly available data

Better data resolution (satellite)

Improved processing capabilities

Competition between providers

Provides accurate information on ground

surface deformations over time

Surrogate for pressure (not CO2)

Not Specific to CO2 Monitoring

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 17

Monitoring: Satellite Imagery - At In Salah

InSAR (combined with geo-mechanical modelling), has been key to understanding the

subsurface distribution of pressure fronts and CO2 plumes

– Benchmarked by CO2 observation at KB5

– Significantly influenced the 2009 seismic survey and Quantified Risk Assessment

– Data is available since 2003 (pre-injection), C-Band (Envisat and Radarsat2)

– Use of new X-Band data allows observation every 8 days.

– Inversion using diversity of research partners and techniques

– Used as an observation constraint for geo-mechanical modelling

2005 2007 2009

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 18

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

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128, 195, 66

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 19

Risk Assessment

Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA) is an invaluable tool to understand, manage and communicate the performance of a CO2 storage operation

– Should be periodically repeated over the life of a CO2 storage project

Several methodologies are available

At In Salah:

– Pre-injection risk assessment highlighted the key risks and informed the baseline data acquisition programme and early monitoring

– Evaluated QRA methodologies: CCPCF, URS, FEP, Oxand

– The QRA is updated regularly and used to inform injection and monitoring strategies

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 20

In Salah Quantified Risk Assessment

In Salah Containment Risk

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

Pe

rme

ab

le z

on

es

in s

ea

l

Lea

kag

e -

Un

de

tecte

d f

ault

Lea

kag

e -

We

lls

Re

gio

na

l-sca

le

overp

ressu

rizatio

n

Loca

l-sca

le

overp

ressu

rizatio

n

Exce

ed

ing

sp

illp

oin

t

Ea

rth

qu

ake

indu

ced

fra

ctu

res

Mig

ratio

n d

ire

ction

Tota

l C

onta

inm

en

t

Ris

k

Ev

en

t R

isk Q

uo

tie

nt

Pessimistic(CL95%)

Planning(CL80%)

Optimistic(CL50%)

AcceptableProjectContainmentRisk (RQ)

AcceptableSingle EventContainmentRisk (RQ)

1

2

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 21

Key Risk #1: Migration Direction Risk

Expected

N S

Fractured zone

in seal

Fracture permeability

Incorrectly identified

saddle point

Flow barrier

10 July 2010

(MDA & Pinnacle)

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 22

Key Risk #2: Legacy Wells

KB5

KB4

KB8 KB2

KB8 Legacy Wells

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 23

Legacy Well: KB-5

• Drilled in 1980 and temporarily suspended (no integrity to gas)

•1.5 km NW of KB502 CO2 injector (expected CO2 migration direction)

• 0.1 tonne CO2 seeped in 2007 (valve leak – not pressure on gauge)

• Caused by lack of well & wellhead integrity (physics not chemistry)

• KB5 now fully decommissioned with CO2 resistant cement

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128, 195, 66

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 24

Agenda

In Salah CCS: Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1 Lessons:

1. Site Selection

2. Project Boundaries and Accounting

3. Monitoring

4. Risk Assessment

5. Informing Regulation

Summary & Discussion

Primary colours

RGB

250, 166, 26

13, 145, 193

128, 195, 66

Secondary

Colours RGB

247, 218, 0

184, 47, 38

114, 15, 16

60, 26, 22

174, 197, 231

ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 25

CO2 Storage: Generic Risk Profile

We

Are

Here

Maximum Risk (Developer)

Maximum Risk (Nation)

Risk Profile of a CGS Project

Time

Ris

k

Site

Selection

and

Develop-

ment

Operation

(Injection)

Closure Post-Closure

M&V

QRA

Nation/

Landowner

Nation/

Landowner Operator Stewardship

Project

Phase

Monitoring

Baseline

Data

Acquisition

and Initial

QRA

M&V

QRA

M&V

QRA

Screen,

Assess,

Select,

Design Construct Operate Close

Maximum Risk:

National Stewardship

Maximum Risk:

Developer Stewardship

Primary colours

RGB

250, 166, 26

13, 145, 193

128, 195, 66

Secondary

Colours RGB

247, 218, 0

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 26

In Salah and EU Directive

Colour Key

Compliant

Compliance possible

Non or difficult compliance

Section Category Activities Directive Assessment Characterisation Development Operation Closure

MPCP Appraise Select/Define Execute Operate Decommission

2.1

Life Cycle Risk

Management Periodic Risk Assessment and Management

Model and performance Uncertainty assessment

3.3 Life Cycle Phases

Characterisation Characterisation/assessment of storage complex

Detailed Risk Assessment

Develop injection, monitoring, corrective measures plans

Development Detailed engineering design of the storage scheme

Baseline pre-injection monitoring

Operations

Reporting of monitoring results to Competent

Authority (CA)

Development of Corrective measures plan

New data used to update models and risk

assessment

Monitoring plans to be updated and verified

Notify CA of any leakage or significant irregularities

Closure Develop monitoring plan with targets and methods

Conduct post closure monitoring

Updated site characterisation and risk assessment

Inspections by CA post closure

Pre-Transfer to CA Prove long term containment of CO2

Monitor and assess for 20 years

Site sealed and facilities removed

6

Risk Management for

Geological Storage

Use CO2Qualstore risk assessment methodology

(DNV 2010a)Dialogue on Risk management with CA

In Salah CO2 Storage vs. EU CCS Guidelines

Storage Project Stages

GD1 Life Cycle Risk Management

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 27

In Salah and Kyoto Protocol: CDM

Natural

Gas

(10% CO2)

& Water

Power-

GenPower-

Gen

Compression DehydrationPipeline

Transportation

Injection

Well-head

Dry Gas

for Sale

(<0.3% CO2)

Natural

Gas

Processing

Plant

CO2

Stream

Fuel Gas

Electric

PowerElectric

PowerOverburden

Stored CO2

CO2 Storage

Complex

CO2 Storage Project Boundary

Glycol

Dehy

Glycol

Dehy

New Methodology for CCS was submitted in 2009

Publicly available at: www.insalahco2.com

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128, 195, 66

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Colours RGB

247, 218, 0

184, 47, 38

114, 15, 16

60, 26, 22

174, 197, 231

ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 28

Agenda

Context & Overview

In Salah JIP Phase 1: Key Learnings –CO2 Storage: Planning and Operation

–Monitoring

– Data Acquisition

– Integration

– Quantified Risk Assessment

– Informing Regulation

JIP2 Plan

Summary & Discussion

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ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 29

Top Ten Lessons Learned

1. Monitoring should be part of the Field Development Plan (FDP) and routine field operations.

2. QRAs should be carried out prior to injection and periodically throughout the operation Several methodologies are available, but there is no regulatory agreement on acceptable levels of risk

3. The main leakage risks are driven by: – Legacy well-bore integrity

– Cap-rock integrity

– CO2 plume migration direction

4. Monitoring should be in service of risk assessment: designed to address site-specific risks

5. Acquisition, modelling and integration of a full suite of initial baseline data (specifically caprock cores and geo-mechanical logs) is essential for evaluating long-term integrity.

6. Compared to hydrocarbon developments, CO2 storage projects require the integration of a wider-scope of datasets (InSAR, soil gas, seismic) over a greater aerial/vertical extent (overburden and area of possible migration).

7. A diverse suite of different technologies should be deployed and integrated.

8. Injection strategies, rates and pressures need to be linked to geomechanical modelling of the reservoir and the overburden and continuously monitored and managed.

9. CO2 plume development is not homogeneous and requires high-resolution data for reservoir characterization and modelling.

Effects that require advanced, coupled modelling are: fluid-dynamics, rock mechanics and temperature

10. The regulation of CO2 storage projects is immature, but In Salah could retrospectively comply with the EU CCS Directive and the requirements of the Clean Development Mechanism.

In Salah can inform emerging CCS regulatory frameworks around the world.

Primary colours

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250, 166, 26

13, 145, 193

128, 195, 66

Secondary

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247, 218, 0

184, 47, 38

114, 15, 16

60, 26, 22

174, 197, 231

ISG CO2 JIP Phase 1 Lessons 30

Questions?

www.insalahco2.com