PROFILE · In 2011, GSO is celebrating its 50th anniversary with . myriad events and activities planned for the scientific community, alumni, Friends of Oceanography, and public.

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THE NARRAGANSETT BAY CAMPUS

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

PUBLIC SERVICE AND OUTREACH

For more information: gso.uri.edu

Dean’s Office: 401.874.6222

email: [email protected]

PROFILE

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Research Education Outreach


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INTRODUCTION

For five decades, studies of the ocean and marine environments have

been a central focus of research and teaching at the University of

Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO). Located on the

water’s edge at the University’s Narragansett Bay Campus, GSO is an

internationally respected oceanographic institution with a longstanding

seagoing tradition. Founded in 1936 as the URI Narragansett Marine

Laboratory, and reorganized as the Graduate School of Oceanography

in 1961, GSO is the state’s center for marine studies and cutting-

edge research and outreach. GSO was founded as an institution

without rigid boundaries between oceanographic sub-disciplines of

biological, chemical, geological, and physical oceanography as well as

archaeological oceanography and atmospheric chemistry. The result is

a collegial school—an ideal setting for students, faculty, and staff

to collaboratively address the science questions and challenges of

today.

GSO played a major role in creating the National Sea Grant

Program and pioneered the integration of research, policy

development, and stakeholder involvement in coastal

management programs for implementation at local, state, national,

and international scales. GSO also carries on a tradition of active

public service and outreach programming.

INTRODUCTION

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URI Narragansett Marine Laboratory, circa 1940, exterior ▲ and interior ▼

GSO’s first research vessel, RV Trident, early 1960s

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Acoustical Oceanography

Air-Sea Interaction

Biofouling

Biophysical Oceanography

Coastal Erosion

Coastal and Estuarine Health

Coastal, Ocean, and Air Pollution

Dynamics of Estuarine/ Coastal Circulation and Mixing

Early Development in Fishes

Ecology of Suboxic Habitats

Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemical Cycling

Fish Ecology

Fish Population Dynamics

Global Carbon Cycling

Global Climate Change

Harmful Algal Blooms

High Temperature and Solid Earth Geochemistry

Mantle Dynamics

Marine Zooplankton Ecology

Molecular Ecology

Ocean Acidification

Ocean Circulation Dynamics

Ocean Influence on Hurricane Intensity

Oceanographic Imaging and Mapping

Offshore Renewable Energy

Ocean Instrumentation

Paleoceanography

Pollutant Cycling and Bioaccumulation

Regional Earth Systems

Remote Sensing

Subsurface Life

Tectonics Volcanism

Marine Science Research Areas at GSOComplementing its broad-based research agenda, GSO has a strong academic program with nearly 850 conferred graduate degrees that are distributed equally between the master’s and doctoral levels. Graduates are employed in academia, government and non-governmental organi-zations, and the private sector and are distributed inter-nationally across six continents and nearly three dozen countries.

GSO benefits from strong, long-term support from the state, the University of Rhode Island, and diverse external funders. With an excellent seagoing capability and an attractive and practical waterfront campus as the home base for its Research Vessel Endeavor, GSO has close links among its research, academic, and public service and outreach programs.

In 2011, GSO is celebrating its 50th anniversary with myriad events and activities planned for the scientific community, alumni, Friends of Oceanography, and public.

Research

At the Bay Campus, more than 200 research projects and outreach programs are conducted, with a combined budget of approximately $30 million in federal, state, and private funds. GSO serves a community of scientists who are conducting research in all areas of marine science.

Research


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comm unications and information strategies to support in-ternational networks of researchers. The Coastal Resources Center contributes its coastal management expertise for better governance and stewardship of coastal ecosystems around the U.S. and in many developing nations, from Tanzania to Indonesia. The Coastal Institute partners with local, state, federal, and international agencies to increase understanding of the relationships between human activ-ity and the condition of the coastal environment and its resources. As a founding Sea Grant institution, for more than four decades Rhode Island Sea Grant has funded coastal and ocean research as well as carrying out outreach and education programs addressing the needs of resource managers and uses of marine resources.

Active annual giving programs of the GSO Alumni Association and Friends of Oceanography, as well as the activities of the GSO Dean’s Advisory Council, offer additional opportunities for innovative outreach to wide-ranging audiences, from alumni to friends to the scientific and business communities, as well as educators and the public.

Education

GSO is one of the largest and most widely known graduate schools of oceanography in the U.S. More than 80 students are currently enrolled—two-thirds in doctoral programs and one-third in master’s programs. GSO students can earn Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in the classical areas of oceanography—biological, chemi-cal, geological, and physical—as well as in interdisciplin-ary and related areas such as archaeological oceanogra-phy and atmospheric chemistry. A non-thesis Master of Oceanography and a “Blue MBA” in conjunction with URI’s College of Business Administration are also offered.

GSO has graduated more than 800 students since its inception 50 years ago. They are working in academia, industry, government, and environmental organizations in the U.S. and abroad; and engaged in research, teach-ing, and policy-making. GSO graduates live all over the world—in 42 states and 30 countries.

Outreach

GSO is unique in its longstanding commitment to a broad-based array of externally-supported outreach programs. The Office of Marine Programs is renowned for its outreach and education directed towards school-children and teachers, for its training of the media and scientists in science reporting skills, for its coordination of national education initiatives, and for engaging in science

Education Outreach

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THE NARRAGANSETT BAY CAMPUSInstitutes, Centers, and Offices RV Endeavor Institutional Partners Affiliates, Partners, and Memberships

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

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The GSO Dean serves as chief operating officer of the University’s Narragansett Bay Campus, comprising more than 200 acres of prime real estate overlooking the West Passage of Narragansett Bay. The campus, which was a U.S. Army coastal defense site during the Spanish-American War as well as World Wars I and II, has been the home of the Graduate School of Oceanography since its founding in 1961.



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The campus consists of approximately 20 URI buildings that contain a mix of offices, research labs, classrooms, and meeting spaces. There is a total of roughly 300,000 square feet of built space, about half of which is contained in six major buildings: Horn Laboratory, South Labora-tory, Watkins Laboratory, Center for Atmospheric Chem-istry Studies, Coastal Institute, and Ocean Science and Exploration Center which houses offices of the Dean and administrative staff, as well as the Claiborne Pell Marine Science Library, National Sea Grant Library, and the Inner Space Center. Other notable features of the Narragansett Bay Campus include a facility that provides continuous running seawater to the Ann Gall Durbin Marine Research Aquarium, Ark Annex to the Aquarium, and Luther Blount Aquaculture Laboratory; the Equipment Development Lab, which provides design, fabrication, and test capabili-ties for scientists; a large geological samples storage facil-ity; a dock for the RV Endeavor and a small boat facility; and numerous specialized research facilities for physical and numerical modeling of large-scale ocean circulation or earth mantle behavior.

In addition, the URI Department of Ocean Engineering is located on the campus, with federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration (NOAA) laboratories bordering on the north. The Narragansett Bay Campus also serves as

homeport for GSO’s research vessel, RV Endeavor, with a pier located along the campus waterfront. The pier allows for efficient staging of cruises and easy access to the open ocean, only a few miles south of the campus.

In total, the GSO Dean and Associate Deans (Research and Administration, Academics, and Development) and nearly 300 faculty, marine research scientists, graduate students, and administrative, professional, technical, and support staff comprise the GSO community at the Narragansett Bay Campus.

Current GSO Employees and Students

32 Faculty 17 Marine Research Scientists 166 Professional, Technical, and Support Staff 80+ Graduate Students


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Institutes, Centers, and Offices

A number of institutes, centers, and offices are based at the Narragansett Bay Campus, their work contributing to GSO’s research, education, and outreach missions.

Facilities and centers supporting GSO’s research and edu-cation missions include:


Center of Excellence in Undersea Technology

Center of Excellence for Research on Offshore Renewable Energy

Center for Marine Life Sciences

Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence National Office

Coastal Institute

Coastal Resources Center

GEMSNET

Inner Space Center

Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting

National Sea Grant Library

Office of Marine Programs

Claiborne Pell Marine Science Library

Rhode Island NSF EPSCoR Program

Rhode Island Sea Grant

URI Foundation Boat Donation and Sales Program

The Claiborne Pell Marine Science Library opened on the Narragansett Bay Campus in 1968. The Pell Library pro-vides resources and services that support the instructional and research programs at the Bay Campus. The collection emphasizes oceanography, marine biology, fisheries, at-mospheric chemistry, and coastal and estuarine habitats. Special collections at the Pell Library include the scientific reports of major oceanographic and polar expeditions since 1873. Collectively, the University Libraries hold over 1.1 million books and receive 8,000 current periodicals. Holdings of government documents, audio/visual ma-terials, manuscripts, archives, maps, nautical charts, and microforms total nearly 2.3 million additional items.

The National Sea Grant Library, housed in the Pell Library, is a cooperative venture of URI and NOAA. Founded in 1971, NSGL is the digital library and official archive for NOAA Sea Grant documents. It is the only comprehensive collection of Sea Grant-funded documents from more than 30 programs and projects across the country. This collection encompasses a wide variety of subjects, includ-ing oceanography, marine education, aquaculture, fisher-ies, aquatic nuisance species, coastal hazards, seafood safety, limnology, coastal management, marine recreation, and law. The NGSL provides global access to over 15,000 full-text digital documents through its 40,000-record, searchable publications database.



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GSO is also home to the National Office of the Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE). This national Network links over 250 ocean sciences research, higher education, and informal and formal learning insti-tutions across the U.S.

As a national technological hub for ocean exploration and research, education, and marine telecommunications, the Inner Space Center serves as the primary conduit for tele-presence: live audio, video, and data feeds from remote platforms, such as ocean-going research vessels, fed into GSO, other oceanographic institutions and colleges, and elementary and secondary schools. In 2010, the Inner Space Center opened with fully integrated technical capa-bilities for handling live streams of video, audio, and data from remote ships of exploration in real time.

The Center of Excellence in Undersea Technology is a consortium-based organization supported by funding from the federal government and private industry. Its vision aims at becoming the pre-eminent national center focused on the education and training of the next genera-tion of technologists and on the research, development, testing, and evaluation of undersea technologies and as-sociated products for national defense and security.

The Center of Excellence for Research on Offshore Renew-able Energy coordinates and expands research in this area conducted at the GSO and URI’s Colleges of the Environ-

ment and Life Sciences, Engineering, and Arts and Sci-ences. The vision of this Center is to advance research and development in the areas of offshore wind, current, wave, and thermal energy to position the state of Rhode Island as the national leader in ocean energy.

The Center for Marine Life Sciences consists of the Ann Gall Durbin Marine Aquarium, Blount Aquaculture Re-search Laboratory, Marine Ecology Research Laboratory, Ark Annex, and associated mesocosms, intake pipes, and seawater pump house. Organisms are cultured from around the globe at the Center. Walk-in environmental chambers make research on polar organisms possible, and specialized labs allow for studies of pathogens and for transgenic animals. The seawater facilities at URI’s Bay Campus offer a remarkable array of possibilities for research on marine life. The facilities have undergone major renovations and updates in the last several years to accommodate the ever-widening scope of research topics in ocean life sciences—from molecular ecology of zoo-plankton, to physiology and behavior of transgenic fish, to effects of ocean acidification on food webs.


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RV Endeavor

GSO prides itself on a 50-year ship-operating tradition. Its 185-foot Research Vessel Endeavor is owned by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and operated by URI/GSO through a multi-year cooperative agreement. RV Endeavor is one of 21 oceanographic research ships coor-dinated by the University-National Oceanographic Labo-ratory System, a group of 61 academic institutions and national laboratories involved in oceanographic research and joined for the purpose of coordinating oceanographic ships’ schedules and research facilities.

RV Endeavor was built in 1976 at Peterson Builders, Inc., in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and underwent a major refit in 1993. The ship carries a crew of 12, a marine technician, and berthing for up to 17 scientists. Its onboard facili-ties include four science laboratories, three permanently installed oceanographic winches, and two permanently installed hydraulic frames to facilitate equipment deploy-ment into the sea. RV Endeavor is engaged in govern-ment-sponsored oceanographic scientific research

supported by NSF, ONR (Office of Naval Research), NOAA, and the state of Rhode Island. Over the past five years RV Endeavor has averaged more than 180 operational days at sea, transiting over 150,000 nautical miles, translating into approximately $3 million in annual funding for ship operations alone.

RV Endeavor has conducted research operations in most of the oceans around the world. One month after the disastrous earthquake in Haiti, the ship was deployed to conduct geophysical surveys offshore Port Au Prince to determine the location of the fault line. Also, in June 2010, the ship was given a week’s notice to mobilize for research at the Deepwater Horizon Spill site to engage in critical studies to determine the fate of oil in the water column.

At the state level, Rhode Island has a long tradition of valuing the sea, an integral part of the state’s economy and culture. The state-supported Rhode Island Endeavor Program provides Rhode Islanders with direct access to RV Endeavor’s scientific research and educational capabilities.

RV Endeavor

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Institutional Partners

GSO is strengthened by institutional cooperation at multiple organizational levels. At the University level, our closest synergies are with the College of Engineering through the Department of Ocean Engineering (OE), which is co-located on the Narragansett Bay Campus and supported in part by GSO; and individual programs in the College of the Environ-ment and Life Sciences (CELS), which rely on many GSO-based facilities, including the Blount Aquaculture Facility. These synergies are expressed through a variety of inter-college, agency, and industrial partnerships.

Ocean Engineering

URI offers Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees in the Department of Ocean Engineering. This program specializes in the application of engineering principles and technology to solve problems in the ocean and coastal waters. One of only eight accredited ocean engineering programs in the U.S., the department has an enrollment of nearly 200 students. Specializations include ocean renewable energy from wind, waves, and tides; marine spatial planning, ocean robotics, ocean instrumentation and data analysis, underwater and sub-bottom acoustics, acoustic tomog-raphy, marine geomechanics and soil mechanics, marine hydrodynamics, coastal engineering and near-shore processes, marine environmental modeling, ocean drill-ing, ROVs and AUVs (remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles), and coastal and offshore structures. Ocean engineering courses are supplemented by offer-ings in mathematics, computer science, other engineering departments (Chemical, Civil and Environmental, Electrical

and Computer, Mechanical and Applied Mechanics), and GSO. Graduate enrollment is open to students with under-graduate degrees in engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, or other technical disciplines.

Institutional Partners


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College of the Environment and Life Sciences

The college, with 97 faculty and over 1,600 students, has undergraduate and graduate programs in biological sci-ences, geosciences, resource economics, and marine and coastal policy and management. With specific teaching and research programs—for example, in marine biology, fisheries, aquaculture, ecology, sedimentation, and geology —faculty and students from GSO and CELS participate in a broad range of interdisciplinary activities including

research projects, coursework, and seminar programs. Graduate and undergraduate students participate in courses taught by faculty from both GSO and CELS, with opportunities for even greater interdisciplinary programs in the future. As the two largest research groups on campus, GSO and CELS collaborate to provide the major research infrastructure and intellectual capacity for the marine, envi-ronmental, and life sciences at URI.

Affiliates, Partners, and Memberships

GSO hosts a satellite office for NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration, which manages the activities of NOAA’s dedicated ocean exploration vessel, the Okeanos Explorer, home ported at Quonset Point, R.I. The National Park Service’s North Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystems Unit, The Nature Conservancy Global Marine Initiative, and the Narragansett Bay Estuary Program also have bases of operations at GSO. The University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) is a consortium of 61 aca-demic institutions and national laboratories involved in oceanographic research. From their offices at GSO, UNOLS coordinates facilities including a fleet of 21 research ves-sels (RV Endeavor is a UNOLS vessel), deep submergence vehicles, and aircraft operated by the Naval Postgraduate School. The Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center’s small,

2-megawatt research reactor is also situated on the cam-pus, as is the Atlantic Ecology Division of the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency and the Narragansett Labora-tory of NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Other oceanographically relevant nearby facilities include the Naval Undersea Warfare Center and the Naval War College at Newport, R.I. and a number of science and environmen-tal consulting firms.

GSO is a member of the Consortium for Ocean Leadership and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans, the Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Ob-serving Systems, and UNAVCO, an organization facilitating geoscience research and education using geodesy.

Affiliates, Partners, and Memberships

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Research Support

GSO faculty, marine research scientists, and professional staff collectively generate more than $30 million each year in external funding, which accounts for nearly 1/3 of the University’s total. Support is generated primarily from federal agencies, as well as state and private sources. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds most of GSO’s investigator-driven research, with significant support from the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Departments of Commerce, Energy, and Defense (DOC, DOE, DOD), and the U.S. Agency for International Devel-opment (USAID).

In addition to government and private support for re-search and outreach programs, GSO receives approxi-mately $7 million in state support allocated primarily to salaries. GSO’s share of indirect costs generated by grants is roughly $1.6 million, or approximately 34% of the total, and endowment principal totaling about $2.4 million produces interest income to support a range of program-matic endeavors.

Research Awards GSO Sponsored Programs Awards by Fiscal Year

$15

$17

$19

$21

$23

$25

$27

$29

$31

$33

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Research Dollars in Millions

Sources of Research and Outreach Support (FY 2010)% contribution to total GSO research by agency.

32%

23%

16%

6%

6%

4%

4% 3%

2% 2%

1% 1% NSF

DOC

USAID

U.S. Navy

DOE

State of R.I.

URI Foundation

Nonprofits

Other Federal Agencies

U.S. Air Force

EPA

Other

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

Research Support

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Research Strengths

GSO is well positioned to play a leading role in the next stage of ocean science and exploration with our strengths in observation-based research, modeling, and instrument development. GSO faculty and scientists are internation-ally recognized through their leadership in scientific programs, the impact of their research, their positions of leadership for scientific journals and societies, and their scientific awards and fellowships. Unique research strengths occur in all oceanographic disciplines.

Modern hurricane forecasting models rely on GSO re-search to accurately predict the magnitude and trajectory of hurricanes. GSO’s hurricane research group is involved in the study and numerical modeling of atmosphere-ocean interactions in tropical cyclones. Over the last 10 years more than 30 papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals. In collaboration with NOAA’s scientists, the group has made a successful conversion of coupled hurricane-ocean research models to fully automated real-time prediction systems that are currently used by the National Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for issuing official tropical cyclone warnings in all ocean basins. The hurricane group continues to be re-sponsible for maintaining and improving these operation-al forecast systems. It also closely collaborates with GSO’s air-sea interaction research group that studies surface waves, near surface atmospheric/oceanic turbulence,

sprays, bubbles, and air-sea exchange of momentum, heat, and gases.

GSO’s physical oceanographers are leaders of national and international programs studying physical processes cover-ing a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. These studies are conducted using a variety of instruments on platforms ranging from satellites to ships of opportunity to UNOLS research vessels. The RAFOS float group (SOund Fixing And Ranging—SOFAR—spelled backwards) has played a major role in the development and application of Lagrangian techniques. It maintains the world’s premier float ballasting facility and has also been the major sup-plier of RAFOS sound sources for many institutions both in the U.S. and abroad during the last decade.

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GSO scientists are leaders in moored technology, apply-ing current meters, inverted echo sounders, and bottom pressure recorders, combined with shipboard surveys to study the physics of time-varying ocean current systems in various ocean basins. URI has been the lead-institution in multi-institutional programs, including the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio western boundary currents and the Antarc-tic Circumpolar Current, and our physical oceanographers have run major programs within several marginal seas (e.g., Gulf of Mexico, Sea of Japan, South China Sea). The techniques and instrumentation developed at GSO have been adopted by numerous European, U.S., and Asian institutions for dynamical studies.

The remote sensing group at GSO has developed, and maintains, an archive and processing facility for high-resolution (1 km) sea surface temperature fields obtained from satellite-borne infrared radiometers in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The group also has developed edge detection algorithms for sea surface temperature fields that are used to explore the characteristics of ocean fronts and the relationship between surface fronts and the ocean below.

GSO’s ongoing studies of Narragansett Bay have greatly increased understanding of coastal and estuarine health. In the course of these studies, GSO scientists maintain some of the world’s longest continuous records of marine

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populations, environmental and nutrient data, ocean currents, coastal erosion, and estuarine chemistry. Coastal and estuarine physical oceanography studies incorpo-rate high frequency radar, moored instrumentation, and towed vehicle observational methodologies to obtain measurements of currents, hydrographic parameters, and turbulent mixing, which are analyzed in concert with integrated numerical simulations. Recent projects have included investigations of mid-shelf fronts in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, a study of hypoxia in Narragansett Bay, and another focused on the circulation pathways and strati-fication in nearby Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. A ferry-based sampling program in eastern Long Island Sound facilitates unique investigations of coastal-estuarine exchange and ties in with developing regional-scale Coastal Ocean Observation Systems.

Biological oceanographic research spans estuarine ecol-ogy and deep-sea biology. Deep-sea zooplankton have been studied in the oxygen minimum zones of the East-ern Tropical Pacific (ETP Project) and Arabian Sea (JGOFS)

with primary emphasis on distributions relative to envi-ronmental gradients; biodiversity; trophic webs; role in the biological pump; and potential ecosystem responses to global change. Other research focuses on primary production, nutrient cycling, plankton ecology, and fish population dynamics, combining laboratory experiments with model simulations and cruises to decipher planktic food webs. The ultimate goal of food web work is to link the ecology of plankton to its global ramifications in terms of biogeochemical cycles, effects on oceanic productivity, and anticipated responses to climate change effects. Ad-ditional areas of specialized research include the exami-nation of factors that influence phytoplankton dynamics within their environmental context, including physical dispersal (using a global drifter database), physiological response to the environment (using lab experiments and gene expression studies), natural selection (using popula-tion genetics), and finally predation (through the develop-ment of novel genetic methods to peer into zooplankton gut contents).

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The Marine Geology and Geophysics group’s research in-terests are diverse and interdisciplinary. Major focus areas include subseafloor biosphere; ocean exploration; volca-nology and geochemistry; marine spatial planning and habitat mapping; geophysics, plate tectonics, and geo-dynamics; and paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

GSO scientists lead the world in exploration and analysis of life deep beneath the seafloor, and have played an internationally leading role in scientific ocean drilling. Research includes studies of microbial life and biologi-cal controls on the chemical evolution of the ocean and atmosphere, global rates of subseafloor respiration, and biological controls on estuarine acidification. Multiple expeditions have been led, including the only two scien-tific expeditions focused primarily on the study of subsea-floor life. The Geobiology Laboratory, located at GSO and funded by NSF and URI, is fully outfitted for microbiologi-cal and biogeochemical sampling and analysis of diverse subsurface and aquatic environments, including on-site analyses of biologically significant transient properties and of biological, chemical, and physical properties used

to guide sampling strategies for study of microbial life. GSO scientists are deeply interested in the influence of major biological events (extinctions and radiations) on ecosystem structure and the relevance of metabolic strategies for major evolutionary radiations and survival of major extinctions.

Volcano research at GSO includes both geochemistry and potential hazards of these dynamic systems. Geo-chemical studies include the analyses of erupted basalts from the western Pacific subduction system to provide important constraints on the composition, interaction, and evolution of volcanic systems at convergent margins and back-arc spreading centers. Research on submarine explosive volcanism and its associated hazards include work at Santorini and Kolumbo volcanoes in Greece and Kick’em Jenny volcano in the Lesser Antilles Arc. These studies include exploration of in situ submarine deposits using remotely operated vehicles, geochemical analysis of eruption products using electron microprobe, grain size analysis by laser granulometry, and theoretical modeling of eruption processes.

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The complex interaction of Earth’s lithosphere and asthe-nosphere are studied by GSO scientists with a diverse suite of methods ranging from geophysical surveys and seismic tomography to laboratory and numerical models. Recent and active research includes tomographic studies of ridge-plume interactions near Iceland, geodynamical studies of potential plume-trench interactions at the Samoa-Tonga and the Yellowstone-Cascade hotspot-subduction zone systems, and near-bottom surveys of young ocean rifts.

GSO scientists helped to develop the field of paleocean-ography and remain active today in studies of the Arctic, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans as well as paleoclimatic stud-ies of marine, lake, and estuarine sediments on time-scales of annual to tens of millions of years. Current major projects include studies of annually laminated sediments, studies of nutrient cycling on glacial-interglacial time-scales, and major climate changes during the last one million years.

The Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) represents the University’s significant entry into, and national leadership role in, marine spatial planning

as an innovative tool for identifying offshore renewable energy resources—an increasingly important aspect of adaptive management of ocean-based resources. Since 2008, through a team effort supported by nearly 50 University researchers and outreach specialists, as well as dozens of public and private stakeholders, the nearly $10 million Ocean SAMP project, with URI providing over $1 million of the total through staff and resources such as the RV Endeavor, has enabled Rhode Island to employ a proactive approach in managing, protecting, and enhanc-ing the economic, social, and environmental resources of state ocean waters. Today, the SAMP team is helping other coastal states and countries around the world to learn the lessons of the Ocean SAMP and take part in planning the future of their own ocean resources. The Ocean SAMP is a GSO-led project managed by the URI Coastal Resources Center/Rhode Island Sea Grant, in partnership with the URI Departments of Ocean Engineering and Natural Re-sources Science.

GSO scientists are heavily involved in the effort to develop a national approach to habitat mapping. The effort is cen-

MASSACHUSSETTS

BAY

Montauk

Westerly

Block Is

Pt Judith

New Bedford

Sakonnet Pt.

NARRAGANSETT

Watch Hill Pt

RHODE ISLAND SOUND

B U Z Z A R D S B A Y

B L O C K ISLAND S O U N D

V I N E Y A R D S O U N D

70°50'W71°0'W71°10'W71°20'W71°30'W71°40'W71°50'W

41°3

0'N

41°2

0'N

41°1

0'N

41°0

'N

Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan (SAMP)

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

NEWYORK

NEW HAMPSHIREVERMONT

RHODEISLAND

ATLANTIC OCEAN

MASSACHUSETTSBAY

Map Key

OceanSAMP Study Area

State/Federal Waters Separation

Surface RoughnessLowest Quartile

Highest Quartile

For Project Background Information:http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/oceansamp

For Project Map and Data Products:http://www.narrbay.org/d_projects/oceansamp

Projection: RI StateplaneUnits: FeetFIPS Zone: 3800Datum: NAD83

Coordinate System:

Note: Surface roughness is one measure used to assess the complexity of ecological habitat, with the relationship between roughness and diversity being well documented. For this work, roughnesss is measured as the standard deviation of the slope within a 1000 meter radius. This measure was chosen to enhance transition zones or areas where the benthic topography changes rapidly across small areas and may indicate complex habitat structure. These data are only one of the needed pieces of information to develop an accurate classification of benthic communities.

Benthic Surface Roughness

0 5

Miles

"0 5 10

Kilometers

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tered on developing a common language for classification by using the NOAA Coastal and Marine Ecological Classifi-cation Standard (CMECS) to characterize the physical and biological components of the ecosystem. Current major mapping projects include mapping the Narragansett Bay system and Rhode Island offshore waters. URI has a 42’ research vessel for offshore mapping and a 28’ research vessel for coastal and estuarine mapping, which are outfit-ted with interferometric and sub-bottom sonar systems for 3-D characterization of the seabed.

Other current research by GSO chemical oceanographers includes the sources, transport, and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in Narragansett Bay, the Great Lakes, and the global ocean. Novel passive samplers in the water and atmosphere are used for sampling. The analysis is con-ducted using isolation and characterization of molecules and their characteristic signatures in the laboratory using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The aim is to establish a global aquatic passive sampling program (AQUA-GAPS) to measure and reduce the pres-ence of organic contaminants in the waters of the world. Another focus is on tracing the fluxes of black carbon from

the atmosphere to sediments in the ocean. Black carbon particles are the second most important factor in climate change, but little is known about their fate and effect once they enter the oceans. The goal is to use shipboard sampling of air, water, and sediment to better understand the cycling of these particles in the ocean. With the forth-coming hire of another chemical oceanographer, GSO will have a new faculty member with expertise in ocean acidification, climate change, and/or biogeochemistry.

GSO leads the world in the area of ocean exploration. The recently completed Inner Space Center (ISC) is a key research tool at GSO utilizing telepresence technolo-gies, video production and broadcast equipment, and real-time data processing and visualization systems to enable remote, shore-based ocean exploration opera-tions and research. Using this technology, ISC researchers communicate with teams of scientists, engineers, and educators onboard research vessels to support live ship-board deep submergence vehicle dives, data processing and analysis, and educational outreach activities. Two primary ships of exploration are supported by the ISC: the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, and the privately operated

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EV Nautilus. The mission control facility within the ISC is equipped for round-the-clock operations during which teams of researchers stand watch to support the ship-board scientific investigations. Immediately adjacent to the mission control space is a video production studio and control room to support the creation and delivery of live training and educational broadcasts.

URI received a $20 million award for 2010–2015 from the National Science Foundation for the Rhode Island NSF EPSCoR Program (Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research). The Office of Rhode Island NSF EPSCoR is based at the Narragansett Bay Campus. The mission is to provide a platform to promote collaboration and cooperation among nine of the state’s institutions of higher education and to align investments in infra-structure and human capital with the need of the state to increase research competitiveness. A primary goal is to advance science and design research on the impacts of climate change on marine organisms in Narragansett

Bay and in the ocean. Research questions concern adapta-tions of populations, physiological changes in organisms, structure and dynamics of the food web, and propagation of diseases. The approach is creative in that it includes the Rhode Island School of Design and GSO’s Metcalf Insti-tute for Marine and Environmental Reporting in an effort to assist with making science accessible to children and adults of all ages. The solid intention for RI EPSCoR is to bring more research funding into the state, to help Rhode Island develop a knowledge-based economy, to influence strategic hires in marine life science, and to help society understand the impact of climate change.

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Future Research Directions

Oceanographers will confront many scientific opportunities and challenges in the coming years. Despite tremendous effort and ingenuity, measuring currents accurately continues to be a major challenge, one that has enormous implications for quantifying the ocean’s role in the global heat engine. The wide spectrum (in both space and time) of dynamically active scales poses fundamental problems on how to quantify fluxes of mass, heat, salt, and other properties. Greater attention will turn to ocean processes on scales less than 50 km where much energy gets transformed between different states and scales. Furthermore, new techniques afforded by rapid technological advances allow simultaneous measurement of physical, chemical, and biological structures and processes on these same time and space scales, thus opening the door for dramatic breakthroughs in interdisciplinary oceanography. Because GSO is an institution without rigid boundaries between oceanographic sub-disciplines, it is well positioned to play a leading role in many future transformative initiatives.

To maintain its research capabilities and international research standing, GSO must maintain its balanced program of research across the broad range of oceanographic studies. Toward that end, GSO must retain and strengthen its collegial community-based research culture, with strong institutional support for inventive investigator-driven

interdisciplinary research. GSO’s leading research programs have generally been driven by the interests of individual scientists or the coalescence of like-minded scientists around themes of strongly shared interest. Continued success will be best served by hiring the brightest scientists and giving them resources and latitude to shape the strongest possible programs in their areas of interest.

To significantly build research capabilities and further its standing in the research community, GSO must build on its strengths to strategically position itself as an active contributor in rapidly developing areas of oceanographic study. The GSO researchers envision a future research agenda built around five themes. A January 2011 retreat titled “Oceanography 2030” held at the University’s W. Alton Jones Campus is designed to solidify understanding of the technologies likely to be important in oceanography over the next 20 years, and the impacts these technologies will have on future oceanographic research. This retreat paves the way for in-depth thought about the relevance of the five themes:

RESEARCH THEMES

n Human Interaction with Earth’s Climate Systemn Ocean Exploration n Ecosystem Dynamics n Natural Hazardsn Ocean Processes of Unexplored Scales

Research program-building efforts are not limited to these themes. Other areas of program development will move forward as the research interests of GSO faculty and marine research scientists evolve.



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Human Interactions with Earth’s Climate System

The ocean, marine ecosystems, and climate are chang-ing on scales not seen in millions of years. To understand these changes and their consequences, humanity must address these changes through adaptation, mitigation, or both. Consequently, GSO is proposed as the leading national center for study of coastal and estuarine impacts of human-caused global change (e.g., ocean acidifica-tion, global warming, and sea-level change). This research theme builds on significant existing strengths of GSO, including its location on Narragansett Bay, seawater experimental facilities, and existing research strengths in coastal ecology and coastal environmental studies. Topics of special interest include:

n productivity and health of marine systems n impact of climate change on marine life and

ecosystems n human impacts on marine environments and

ecosystems n marine spatial planning using ecosystem-based

science n large marine predators

Ocean Exploration

GSO scientists explore myriad aspects of the ocean on a daily basis. These aspects include the history of Earth, the structure of marine ecosystems, the composition of ma-rine communities, the crust-mantle system, the subsea-floor ocean, and the maritime history of humanity. GSO researchers employ a broad range of tools for this explora-tion, including deep coring systems. Exploration platforms include space-based satellites, ships, remotely operated vehicles, autonomous undersea vehicles, fixed ocean observing stations, and Lagrangian floats. In combination with these platforms, the GSO Inner Space Center pro-vides an unprecedented opportunity to remotely explore much of the ocean from shore in real time. GSO will build on existing strengths in the following areas:

n exploration of marine biodiversity (in both the water column and the subseafloor ocean)

n development of new technology to explore the marine environment

n exchanges at boundaries



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Ecosystem Dynamics

Public and societal interest about the oceans derives largely from the ecosystem services provided by the marine environment (e.g. minerals, fisheries, tourism). The ecosystem components that provide these services are not static features; they are sustained by physical and biological processes, including the ocean circulation that provide nutrients to support primary production, the dis-persal of plankton, and the active movements of nekton. While understanding of oceanic ecosystems has been one of the traditional goals of oceanographic research, these studies have taken on a new urgency because of rapid climate change and the potential impacts of ocean acidi-fication. Expanded and proposed new uses of the marine environment will increase the stresses already caused by pollution, overfishing, and habitat modification. The need for coastal and marine spatial planning to coordinate the

competing uses of marine environments requires the collection of spatially resolved data and better under-standing of ocean ecosystem processes and population changes of large marine fauna. Thus there are increased needs and opportunities for research on marine ecosys-tem dynamics which GSO scientists are poised to tackle including:

n marine microbial ecology and food-web dynamicsn phytoplankton ecology and physiology n marine zooplankton ecology and deep-sea

biologyn estuarine, coastal, and salt-marsh ecosystems n fish endocrinology, ecology, and population

dynamics



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Natural Hazards

As the world’s population increases and large numbers of people take up residence in coastal areas, the potential impact of natural disasters is becoming an acute problem. Effects on society have been highlighted by the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia, Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and the Haitian earthquake of 2010. A recent report by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology titled “Charting the Course of Ocean Science in the United States: Research Priorities for the Next Decade” has identified increasing resilience to natural hazards as one of six key themes where research should be focused. Multidisciplinary natural disaster re-search and educational programs at GSO have contribut-ed to an improvement in hazard risk assessments as they relate to human populations around the ocean’s margins. GSO will build on existing strengths in the following areas:

n hurricane modeling and forecasting

n assessment of coastal storm severity and frequency

n tsunami generation and deposit recognition

n earthquake mechanisms

n impacts of large-scale volcanic eruptions on human populations and climate

n asteroid impacts

n coastal hazards

n marine science education and public outreach

n marine and environmental reporting



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Ocean Processes of Unexplored Scales

Ocean processes on horizontal scales of 50 km to 10 m are energetic and largely uncharted, and they have particular societal relevance. Across such scales, stirring and mix-ing regulate ocean thermocline structure and chemical distributions, and they influence biological processes directly. The coastal ocean couples landward and seaward via these processes, which can organize to connect global, basin, and regional signals, as well as ultimately dissipate energy. Despite these linkages, oceanographic research has concentrated on mesoscale and global circulation for the past few decades. The next advances in the field will almost certainly be in the submesoscale (kilometers and smaller), given their importance to ocean processes and relevance to ocean acoustics. The circulation cells at fronts and edges of eddies are a particular focus for many researchers even though what causes eddies to be sites of enhanced productivity remains poorly understood. Processes responsible for the transport of material across

the continental shelf need to be understood to address topics such as biological productivity in the coastal ocean and dispersal of contaminants introduced at the coasts. Estuarine processes are important for determining the quantity and quality of terrestrial material that reaches the open shelves. The effectiveness of cross-shelf transport is influenced by topography, estuarine discharge, and wind, as well as the offshore oceanic setting, including eddies, filaments, and boundary currents. The physics of cross-shelf exchange is likely controlled by processes acting at one or more of the frontal boundaries existing on conti-nental margins. URI scientists anticipate playing a leader-ship role in this area by building on existing strengths in the following areas:

n remote sensing n instrument development n numerical methodsn theoretical expertise


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Additionally, GSO faculty provide instruction in a dozen or more undergraduate courses each year. These courses primarily reside within GSO, but they also include courses in the departments of Biological Sciences and Ocean Engineering, and in the Honors Program. GSO faculty deliver courses that span the undergraduate classroom experience from general education to upper-level sci-ence. An undergraduate minor in oceanography is avail-able. Research opportunities for undergraduate students span a broad range of oceanographic topics through the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship in Oceanography (SURFO) program, which is nationally competed and one of the leading programs in the nation, and the Coastal Fellows Program for URI undergraduates. In recent years, GSO faculty have taken the lead on two URI Honors Colloquia; most recently, in 2008, nearly 1000 people participated every week in the semester-long GSO-led colloquium on People and Planet—Global Envi-ronmental Change. GSO is also co-planning the 2011 URI Honors Colloquium titled, “Are You Ready for the Future?”

ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

GSO offers instruction and mentorship leading to the Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Oceanography (M.O.), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees.

Graduate students conduct research in core areas of oceanography (biological, chemical, geological, and physical) as well as in interdisciplinary and related areas such as atmospheric chemistry and archaeological ocean-ography. A joint degree program combining a Ph.D. in oceanography and a master’s in marine affairs is available for students pursuing careers at the interface between science and policy. A joint master’s degree in oceanog-raphy and business administration (M.B.A.-M.O.) called the Blue M.B.A. is one of only a few such programs in the U.S. The interest and student applications that it attracts are steadily increasingly in quality and number, including students from the U.S. Naval Academy Graduate Studies Program and the U.S. Coast Guard.

Each year, GSO receives more than 100 applications, and incoming classes range from 15-20 students. The number of matriculating graduate students has remained rela-tively steady between 80 and 90 over the last ten years. GSO’s graduates are highly sought by employers and often assume leadership roles in industry, academia, and government agencies.

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Undergraduate (100 to 300 level)URI 101: Traditions and TransformationsThe Ocean Planet Ocean ExplorationOceans, Atmospheres, and Global

Change Volcanoes and the Environment Weather for Everyday LivingSailing the Blue Planet (Grand Challenge)Hot Topics in Science (Grand Challenge)Life in the Universe (Honors Program)Ocean and Atmosphere (Honors

Program)Climate Through Earth History (Honors

Program)

Undergraduate and Graduate (400 and 500 level)

General Oceanography Deep-Sea Biology Oceanographic Science Introduction to Marine Pollution Laboratory and Research Problems in

PhysicsOcean Studies Special Problems and Independent

Study in Oceanography Physical Oceanography Marine Analytical Chemistry Numerical Models and Data Analysis in

Ocean Sciences Oceanography for Educators Global Environmental Change Education

Chemistry of the EarthFoundations of Earth System Dynamics Chemical Oceanography Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters Atmospheric Pollution and the Upper

Ocean Synoptic and Dynamic Meteorology Graduate Writing in Marine and

Environmental Sciences Climate, Radiation, Gases, and AerosolsGeological Oceanography Volcaniclastic Sedimentation Marine Geophysics Modern Oceanographic Imaging and

Mapping TechniquesBiological Oceanography Oceanographic Processes Marine Microbial Ecology Introduction to Marine Pollution Principles of Ocean CirculationOcean Waves and Storm Surge ModelingAdvances in Genome Biology Data Analysis and Communication Master’s Thesis ResearchEndocrinology I&II (Biology)Animal Behavior (Biology)

Graduate (600 level)Geophysical Fluid Dynamics I & IIWaves Tides Chemical Distributions Physical Chemistry of Seawater High-Temperature Geochemistry Seminar in Marine and Atmospheric

ChemistrySubduction Zones Petrology of the Oceanic CrustMarine Stratigraphy Marine Bio-optics and Remote SensingMarine Fish Ecology and Production Fish Population Dynamics Fisheries OceanographyCoastal Marine Ecosystems Individual StudiesSpecial StudiesMarine Organic ChemistryMarine PlanktonMarine Molecular EcologyBiological Controls on Ocean ChemistryPaleoceanographyLagrangian OceanographyEcology of Narragansett BaySeminar in OceanographyDoctoral Dissertation ResearchWorkshop in Oceanography Topics for

Teachers

GSO’s Graduate and Undergraduate Courses

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Coastal Institute Coastal Resources Center Office of Marine Programs Rhode Island Sea Grant GSO Alumni Association Friends of Oceanography GSO Dean’s Advisory Council





GSO is unique in the breadth, success, and national and international reputation of its public service and outreach programs. Four groups at the Narragansett Bay Campus are actively engaged in concerted public service and outreach efforts. They include the Coastal Institute (CI), Coastal Resources Center (CRC), Office of Marine Programs (OMP), and Rhode Island Sea Grant (RISG). GSO also sup-ports robust Alumni Association and Friends of Oceanog-raphy programs, and benefits from the advice and counsel of the Dean’s Advisory Council.

Coastal Institute

The Coastal Institute (CI) works to increase understand-ing of the relationships between human activity and the condition of the coastal environment and its resources. The CI works in partnership with local, state, federal, and international agencies to use this understanding to con-tribute to the solution of the complex problems of human use and development in coastal environments. Working across and beyond traditional structures to encourage new approaches to problem solving, the CI is a neutral setting where knowledge is advanced, issues discussed, information synthesized, and solutions developed for the sustainable use and management of coastal ecosystems. Examples of activities in which the CI is engaged as a lead or partner include Chair of the R.I. Bays, Rivers, and Water-

sheds Coordination Team’s Environmental Monitoring Col-laborative; Scientific Support of Emergency Environmen-tal Response (SSEER) working with the R.I. Department of Environmental Management to provide scientific data gathering, analysis, environmental damage assessment, etc.; partnering with the North Atlantic Coast Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (NAC-CESU) to provide high-quality science, usable knowledge for resource managers, responsive technical assistance, continuing education, and cost-effective research programs; working with the R.I. Emergency Management Agency (RIEMA) and the Fed-eral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide R.I. cities and towns with process instruction on applying for federal grant support in emergencies; and hosting and serving on the executive committee and the management council of the Narragansett Bay Estuary Program (NBEP), which is part of the National Estuary Program (NEP), a national network of 28 programs working for collabora-tive solutions for estuaries designated by Congress as of critical importance.

Coastal Resources Center

The Coastal Resources Center (CRC) is recognized interna-tionally as a leading source of conceptual frameworks and tools for governance and stewardship of coastal ecosys-tems. CRC was created at GSO in 1972 to apply the best



Coastal InstituteCoastal Resource Center

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available science to problems posed by intensification of human activities and conflicts in Rhode Island’s coastal zone, serving as the principal source of issue analysis and policy development for the state’s Coastal Resources Man-agement Council. Work has included drafting one of the first federally approved U.S. state coastal zone manage-ment programs, one of the first special area management plans, and pioneering the design, planning, and decision-making process for siting a wind farm off the state’s coast.

CRC is known for its pragmatic, issue-driven, learning-based approach to complex issues posed by coastal change. In 1985, CRC was selected by the U.S. Agency for International Development to lead the first international application of coastal management principles in low-income nations. Since then, CRC has maintained long-term partnerships in developing countries throughout the world. CRC recently developed the first certification programs for professionals working in marine protected areas and in the practices of coastal ecosystem governance. CRC’s Summer Institute in Coastal Management attracts young to mid-career profes-sionals from throughout the world for an intense month-long training program at GSO on principles and practices of integrated coastal management. Each year, CRC offers a variety of popular overseas training courses in coastal management, adaptation to climate change, and other priority topics. CRC internships for URI students contribute to international projects. CRC is funded by a wide range of state, federal, and international organizations.


For more than twenty years, the Office of Marine Programs (OMP) has served as the primary public education and outreach arm of GSO. OMP efforts reach multiple audiences in Rhode Island, around the country, and throughout the world, including the scientific community and decision makers, teachers and students, journalists and media representatives, and the general public.

OMP is home to the the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting and the Grantham Prize for Excellence in Reporting on the Environment, the larg-est prize in journalism. The Executive Director and staff for the National Office of the Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE) are based at OMP as ithe international education and outreach team for the Census of Marine Life.

OMP’s Narragansett Bay Classroom offers a variety of teacher training opportunities, field trips, interpretive programs, special events, lectures, tours, family programs, and summer camps. OMP scientists and educators over-see a suite of award winning educational websites, includ-ing Hurricanes: Science and Society funded by NSF and Discovery of Sound in the Sea funded by ONR. With NOAA funding, OMP and GSO’s Inner Space Center are develop-ing new telepresence technology and programming to bring live ocean sciences research to the public. OMP suc-cessfully garners diverse federal, state, and private funds to support its projects and activities.



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Rhode Island Sea Grant

Rhode Island Sea Grant is an award-winning organization that works in the state, the region, and beyond to discover answers to issues affecting coastal resources and the people who depend on them. Rhode Island Sea Grant has a 40-year history of funding coastal and ocean research as well as running high-quality outreach and education programs that address the needs of resource managers and users. The program has two focus areas: sustainable coastal communi-ties and ecosystems; and sustainable fisheries and seafood.

Based at GSO, Rhode Island Sea Grant funds research at URI and other institutions throughout the state. It is also home to one of only four Sea Grant Legal Programs in the coun-try, and the only one in the Northeast, located at Roger Williams University School of Law. Rhode Island Sea Grant is one of over 30 programs that make up the National Sea Grant College Program, a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Friends of Oceanography

Founded in 1986 on the occasion of GSO’s 25th anniver-sary, Friends of Oceanography is a community-based organization to support GSO’s educational and research activities and build strong ties between GSO and its neighbors and associates. Its mission is to raise funds for student fellowships while offering public activities to increase awareness of the ocean environment.

GSO Alumni Association

The GSO Alumni Association is an active entity, with more than 30% of its living members contributing annually to its fund drive to raise support for the GSO Alumni Award program which supports student research and makes it possible for GSO students to meet colleagues, network with potential employers, and present their research findings. A well-attended annual reunion and receptions at national scientific meetings further build the alumni community.

Dean’s Advisory Council

Also launched in 1986, the GSO Dean’s Advisory Council has served over the years as a sounding board, an impor-tant connection with outside constituencies, and source of wise counsel for the Dean. Meeting twice each year, current membership reflects a rich tradition of ties within the state of Rhode Island and the larger world of ocean science and industry. Its members are individuals with backgrounds in business and investment, politics, ocean science, environmental law, the armed services, and local community leadership. Council members have recently taken roles in building up GSO’s fundraising capacities and its outreach to members of the wider Rhode Island and oceanographic communities. Most recently, the Council has initiated a forum to assist in supporting the monetization of intellectual work associated with research undertaken by GSO researchers.

Rhode Island Sea Grant GSO Alumni Association Friends of Oceanography GSO Dean’s Advisory Council

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PROFILE · In 2011, GSO is celebrating its 50th anniversary with . myriad events and activities planned for the scientific community, alumni, Friends of Oceanography, and public.

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