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IMUNOSTIMULAN ??? Noor Wijayahadi
47

imunostimulan

Jan 12, 2016

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Page 1: imunostimulan

IMUNOSTIMULAN ???

Noor Wijayahadi

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“OVERVIEW”of IMMUNE SYSTEM

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SISTEM IMUN

Innate/ Natural Immunity

Specific/ Acquired Immunity

Humoral (antibody-mediated)

Cellular (cell-mediated)

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Body Defense BarriersSkin &

Mucous membrane Tissue Lymphatic

Lymph node

Blood circulation

First line of defence

Second line of defence

Specific immune response

Spread to organs

Afferent Efferent

Physical & physiological barriers

Inflammatory response & phagocytosis

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SEL Imun

AntigenAntibodi

KomplemenHLA

RESPONS IMUN

Bermanfaat Merugikan

Penyembuhan penyakit

Imunitas

Surveilans sistem imun

Regulasi sistem imun (mengatur autoimunitas)

Reaksi Hipersensitivitas

Penyakit Autoimun

Penolakan transplant

Immunodeficiency

Reaksi

Ag-Ab

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IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Primary

Secondary

• intrinsic defect of cell

- genetic defect

- congenital manifestation

- uncommon

• following disease /treatment

- acquired

- more common

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IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Non-specific immunity

Specific immunity• Phagocyte

• Complement system

• B lymphocyte

• T lymphocyte

• B and T lymphocytes

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Definisi immunostimulant? Chemical compounds that activate the immune systems and render them more resistant to infections by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

good indications, but no proof kecuali IMMUNISASI

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2 kategori imunostimulator:

Specific immunostimulators menghasilkan antigenic specificity vaksin, toxoid, antigen apapun

Non-specific immunostimulators Adjuvants dan non-specific

immunostimulators (hormon wanita? SLE)

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IMUNISASI

• Active Immunity

• Pasive Immunity

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Agents for Active Immunity

Vaccines and toxoidsVaccines suspensi mikroorganisme atau antigennya yang telah dibunuh atau dilemahkan mempunyai efek lamaToxoids toxins bakteri yang telah dirusak toksisitasnya tetapi masih mempunyai antigenisitas

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Indikasi

1. Immunisasi rutin pada anak diphtheria, Haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, mumps, pertussis, pneumococcal infection, poliomyelitis, rubella (German measles), rubeola (red measles) and varicella

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2. Immunisasi pada dewasa diphtheria and tetanus

3. Immunisasi wanita prepubertal dan wanita hamil tetanus, rubela

4. Immunisasi pada gol. resiko tinggi saat ada wabah

Indikasi

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Contraindications

Febrile illnessesIf receiving immunosuppressive therapyIn immunodeficiency statesLeukemiaLymphoma In pregnancyIf generalized malignancy is present

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Agents for Passive Immunity

Immune serums Hanya berkhasiat sementaraTujuan untuk mencegah keparahan penyakit yang sedang berjalan

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Agents for Passive Immunity

CytomegalovirusHepatitis BRabiesRubellaTetanusVaricella zosterRespiratory syncytial virus infections

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Storage of Vaccines

Most products require refrigeration at 2 to 8 degrees celsius (35.6 to 46.4 degrees Fahrenheit)Protect from light

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JENIS-JENIS VAKSINDibagi menjadi 2 jenis :

1. Live Attenuated (bakteri atau virus yang dilemahkan)2. Inactivated (bakteri, virus atau kompnen yang dibuat tidak aktif)

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Macam-macam vaksin yang tersedia1. BCG2. DPT3. DT4. Polio5. Campak

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1. Vaksin BCGUntuk mencegah penyakit TBC paru, mengandung kuman hidup dalam bentuk freeze dried (kristal)Diberikan Intracutan pada incertio musculus deltoideus lengan kanan atasDosis :bayi doabawah 1 tahun : 0,05 ccAnak umur atas 1 tahun : 0,1 ccVaksin untuk bayi harus dilarutkan 2 kali sehingga konsentrasi nya menjadi ¼ konsentrasi vaksin anakRevaksinasiumur 5 – 7 tahun :0,1 ccumur 12 – 15 tahun : 0.1 cc

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Reaksi yang timbul : 1 s/d 3 mgg timbul benjolan kecil, kemerah2an ditempat bekas suntikan- jarinagn parut setelah mendapat vaksinnasi- Kadang-kadang pembesaran kelanjar getah bening- pernanahan dari kelenjar getah bening- demanSyarat2 vaksin BCG

- jangan menggunakan vaksin yang telah kadarluarsa- vaksin digunakan paling lama 3 jam setelah dilarutkan

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- harus dilindungi dari sinar matahari dan sumber panas lainnya- suntikan harus betul2 intrakutan- Dosis yang diberikan harus sesuai dengan usia.

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2. VAKSIN DPT DAN DTBerguna untuk mencegah penyakit dipteria, tetanus dan pertusis pada bayi dan anakMengandung :- 40 lf toxoid murni dipteria- 32 milyard bacil pertusis- 15 lf toxoid murni tetanus- 0,1 mg merthiolat (pengawet)Cara imuniasasi/vaksin DPT-Diberikan 3 kali berturut2 sebanyak 0,5 cc dengan interval waktu 4 s/d 6 mg-Pemberian vaksin secara im dan subcutan

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Vaksin ulangan vaksin yang diberikan setelah vaksin DT 1 tahun setelah imunisasi dasar sebanyak 0,5 cc Setelah masuk SD : 0,5 cc Pembereian secara IM

Untuk TT dpt diberiakn tiap 10 tahun sekaliReaksi yang timbul- pembengkakan yang kemerahan dan sakit- Demam tinggiSyarat- syarat vaksin :- lindungi dari panas matahari- Jangan memakai vaksin yang kadaluarsa- Kocok vaksin sblm dipakai- Pembemberian secara im atau subcutan

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3. VAKSIN POLIOBERGUNA UNTUK MELINDUNGI PENYAKIT POLIOMYLITIS,Dua macam vaksin polio :- Polio Salk yaitu vaksin mengandung virus polio yang telah dimatikan, diberikan berupa suntikan- Polio Sabin yaitu vaksin yang mengandung virus polio hidup yang dilemahkan, diberikan secara peroralCara pemberian/vaksinasi-diberikan 3 kali bersamaan dengan DPT dosis umur 3 bulan : 2 tetes dosis umur 4 bulan : 2 tetes dosis umur 5 bulan : 2 tetes

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Revaksinasi untuk polio salk setiap 1-2 tahun untuk polio sabin 2 tahun setelah imunisasi dasar terakhir

Syarat-syarat vaksin : jernih dan berwarna orange, warna berubah menjadi merah jambu keruh vaksin harus dibuang

Kontra indikasi : Sedang mendapat pengobatan corticosteroidMenderita leukemiaMenderita infeksi ususDemam dan penyakit menahun

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4. CAMPAKMengandung virus yang dilemahkan mengandung peroral 0,5 cc/1000 TCIDDiberikan secara subcutanReaksi yang ditimbulkan:Demam yang tidak tinggiPersyaratan vaksin :- disimpan dalam lemari es pada suhu 2-8 derajat celcius- Begitu dilarutkan segera dpakai- diberikan usia 9 bulan- Lindungi dari cahaya sinar matahari

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HAL-HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN

Pernah mengalami kejdian ikutan pasca imunisasi yang berat pada imunisasi sebelumnyaAlergi terhadap bahan yang juga terdapat dalam vaksinSedang mendapat pengobatan steroid,radioterapi atau kemoterapiMenderita sakit yang menurunkan imunitas (leukemia,kanker,HIV/AIDS)Tinggal serumah dengan orang lain yang imunitasnya menurun

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KEJADIAN IKUTAN PASCA IMUNISASI

Penyebab kejadian pasca imunisasi menjadi 4 bagian :1. Kesalahan program/teknik pelaksananaan imunisasi2. Induksi vaksin3. Faktor kebetulan4. Penyabab tidak atau belum diketahui

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1. Kesalahan program/tehnik pelaksanaan imunisasi

Dosis antigen terlalu banyakLokasi dan cara penyuntikanSterilisasi spuit dan jarum suntikJarum bekas pakaiTindakan a da antiseptikKontaminasi vaksin dan peralatan suntikanPenyimpanan vaksinPemakaian sisa vaksinJenis dan jumlah pelarut vaksinTidak memperhatikan petunjuk produsen

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Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressants

untuk menurunkan respons imun yang tidak diinginkan ataupun berlebihan RA, SLE, asthma, penolakan jaringan transplantasi

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Corticosteroids

GlucocorticoidsMengurangi respons imun dan inflamasiBerkhasiat sebagai anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antiallergic ESO infeksi, penyembuhan luka lambat, aksis HPA terhambat, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting

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Corticosteroid effects on the bodyIncrease production and decrease utilization of glucose in the bloodCatabolic—protein depletionDecrease inflammatory response by stabilizing lysosomal membranesDecrease immune response by decreasing antibody production, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and lymphoid tissue.More neutrophils leave marrow but fewer are involved in inflammatory processes

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Corticosteroids cont.

Stabilize mast cells thus the release of histamineAffect stomach mucous contributing to the development of peptic ulcersMuscle atrophyAdrenal cortex suppression

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Corticosteroids

Prednisone is the prototypeCelestone (betamethasone)Decadron (dexamethasone)Solucortef (methylprednisolone)Kenalog (triamcinolone)

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Indications for Steroids

Asthma, COPD, arthritisAdrenal insufficiencyCancer—inhibit cell reproduction and are cytotoxic to lymphocytes; excellent for tx of cerebral edema, GVHD after bone marrow transplantationChemotherapy-induced emesis

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Immunosuppressant Drugs

Used in conjunction with steroids Used in autoimmune disordersUsed to reduce the immune response when foreign tissue is transplanted into the bodyOlder drugs depressed immune system; had unfortunate SE. Infections, cancer, hypertension and metabolic bone disease.

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Immunosuppressants—Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative Agents

Damage or kill cells that are able to reproduceUsed primarily in cancerImuran (azathioprine) is an antimetabolite that interferes with the production of DNA and RNA so blocks cellular reproduction, growth and development

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Cytotoxic Agents

Rheumatrex (methotrexate) is a folate antagonist. Inhibits biosynthesis of DNA and cell reproduction of immune cells, especially T cells. Used both for cancer and for autoimmune or inflammatory disorders (psoriasis and arthritis).Also used to prevent graft-versus-host disease.

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Conventional Antirejection Agents

Sandimmune (cyclosporine) and Prograf (tacrolimus) are fungal metabolites with strong immunosuppressive effects. Action is to inhibit synthesis of a cytokine, IL-2, necessary for activation of T cells and B cells.Rapamune (sirolimus) affects T cell activation and proliferation secondary to several interleukins.

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Antirejection Agents cont.

Sandimmune is used to prevent rejection reactions and prolong graft survival after solid organ transplantation, or to treat chronic rejectionWater insoluble so prepared in etoh or olive oil for oral admin. And in castor oil or etoh for IV admin.

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Antirejection Drugs cont.

Prograf (tacrolimus) prevents rejection of transplanted organs by inhibiting growth and proliferation of T lymphocytesMultiple drug interaction as metabolized by cytochrome p450Is a macrolideShowing promise in preventing liver and intestinal transplantations

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Antibody Preparations

Prepared in lab or in animals injected with human lymphoid tissue to stimulate an immune responseMay be monoclonal or polyclonal mixtures of antibodies (eg IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM)Designed to suppress the specific components of the immune system that are causing the damage

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Antibody Preparations

Monoclonal antibodiesRemicade (infliximab) humanized IgG monoclonal antibody used to treat RA and Crohn’s. Inhibits cytokine, TNF-alfa, from binding to its receptors. Can cause hypersensitivity reactionsCan cause infections and hypersensitivity reactions

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Miscellaneous Immunosuppressants

Enbrel (etanercept) is a manufactured TNF receptor binder that prevents it from binding with normal receptors.TNF is a cytokine that enhances leukocyte migration into areas of tissue injury and induces the production of other cytokines. Used to treat RA

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Misc. Immunosuppressants cont.

Arava (leflunomide) has both antiproliferative and antiinflammatory activitiesInhibits the synthesis of pyrimidines, essential for RNA and DNA synthesis. Used to treat RA.

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Immunosuppressants cont.Imuran—be aware of bone marrow depressionWith Sandimmune—closely monitor for s/s of renal or hepatic compromise, hypertension, anaphylaxis or CNS toxicity (seizures, tremors)Methotrexate—bone marrow depression, hepatotoxicity and GI disordersRemicade—infusion reactions, GI upset and resp. s/s