Improving Responses to Public Health Threats: Lessons from Influenza and Ebola RADM Stephen C. Redd, MD Director, Influenza Coordination Unit October 16, 2014
Dec 18, 2015
Improving Responses toPublic Health Threats:
Lessons from Influenza and Ebola
RADM Stephen C. Redd, MDDirector, Influenza Coordination Unit
October 16, 2014
Agenda
2
Avian influenza, 2005–2009 Response Exercises and After-Action Reviews
H1N1, 2009–2010 Response After Action Review
Ebola, 2014 Situation update Response
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
BIRD FLU
2005–2009 Response
3
National Strategy Pandemic Plans
National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza
National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza: Implementation Plan
HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan
HHS Implementation Plan
7
CDC Influenza Pandemic Operations Plan Training and Exercise Plan
Influenza Pandemic OPLAN
Senior Leader OPLAN Seminar
28 Sep
DEOC Working Level Workshop
4 Oct
Advanced Tabletop: Preparation for Full Exercise
8 Dec (Half Day)
Internal Degraded Operations Exercise
May 07 (Full Day)
Basic Functional Level Drills (6 Functional Areas)
27 Oct – 1 Dec
2-4 Hours Each
Full Scale Exercise – Internal/External
April 07 (72 Hrs)
Training/Exercise Methods Include:Briefings/Seminars
Tabletop Discussion (informal walk-thru and discussion)
Workshops and Functional Drills (step-by-step rehearsal by phases/stages)
Full Scale Exercises
Final AAR & Report
Division Director, CIO OPLAN Seminar
17 Oct
AAR
AAR
AAR
AAR
AAR
AAR
AAR
AAR
Functional Exercise – Internal, Full Staff
31 Jan-1 Feb 07
8
After Action Review
Morning meeting after exercise Review from each functional area:
What worked well (to sustain) What needs improvement
Written report produced Overview of exercise Task list
Tracking of improvement
9
Real-life Practice
• May 2006: H5N1 cluster, Indonesia
• March 2007: US traveler, New York
• Dec 2007: Pakistani traveler, New York
10
Surveillance plans Diagnostic test development / deployment Vaccine development / deployment Antiviral stockpiling / guidance
development Community mitigation measures
School closure guidance Planning for airport screening
Infection control guidance Communication planning and training
Capabilities Developed to Prepare for an Influenza Pandemic
11
Pre-H1N1 Exercise Highlights
Organization of leadership team Span of control Established daily rhythm Communication with state health
departments Structured decision making Fusion meeting Communication on countermeasure
development and delivery
12
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
H1N1
2009–2010 Response
13
Detection of Novel Swine Influenza
First case—April 15,2009 10 year old boy Identified as part of a clinical trial
of a prototype diagnostic device Second case—April 17, 2009
9 year old girl Identified as part of CDC border
flu surveillance MMWR Dispatch—April 21,
2009 Texas cases—April 22 Mexico cases—April 23
1 2
Southern California, US
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Per
cent
Po
sitiv
e
Num
ber
of P
osi
tive
Spe
cim
ens
Week NumberB A(Subtyping not performed) A(H1)A(H3) A(Unable to Subtype) A(2009 H1N1)Percent Positive
199,887specimens
tested
2008 2009
> 700,000 specimens tested
Virology 2008-10 Influenza Seasons
15
10/3
10/10
10/17
10/24
10/31
11/7
11/14
11/21
11/28
12/5
12/12
12/19
12/26
1/2 1/9 1/16
1/23
1/30
2/6 2/13
2/20
2/27
3/6 3/13
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Week
Es
tim
ate
d C
as
es
Estimated H1N1 cases by week, 2009-10
16
Characteristics of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in the US
April 15, 2009–April 10, 2010
0-4
5-24
25-4
9
50-6
4
≥65
Cases61,000,000 (43M – 89M)
Hospitalizations274,000 (195K – 403K)
Deaths12,470 (8.9K – 19.3K)
App
roxi
mat
e ra
te p
er 1
00,0
00 p
opul
atio
n
Age groups
17
10/3
10/10
10/17
10/24
10/31
11/7
11/14
11/21
11/28
12/5
12/12
12/19
12/26
1/2 1/9 1/16
1/23
1/30
2/6 2/13
2/20
2/27
3/6 3/13
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
Estimated H1N1 Cases and Vaccine Doses Distributed
Week
Ca
se
s a
nd
Do
se
s D
istr
ibu
ted
cases
vaccine doses
18
2009 H1N1 Achievements
Rapidly identified novel influenza virus Developed and distributed diagnostic
reagents within weeks of detection Vaccinated approx 80m US residents Increased use of antiviral drugs for severely
ill
19
Learning from the 2009 Pandemic
Preparation paid dividends Vaccine production inadequate
Time to sufficient quantities Understanding what was available Communicating the uncertainty
Everyday systems work best Importance of communications
20
Communications Within government With partners With the public
Infection control Travel issues Coordination with State and Local Health
authorities (and political leadership) Potential for societal impacts
Shared Capabilities
21
AAR Policy Meeting with CDC
Director
June 28, 2010
In Progress Reviews
May, June, July (State/Local), August & November 2009
January & February (State/Local) 2010
Summary Reports from States on AAR/IP progress
November 30, 2010
Task Force & Senior Leader
AARs
March - May 2010
Response Begins
April 2009
AAR/Improvement Plan Final Draft
July 15, 2010
CDC AAR Conference -
Update on CDC Improvement Plan
Progress
November 15, 2010
PHER-required AARs due from
States
July 31, 2010
2011-2012Reports on
improvement plan activities
Final improvement plan approved by
response leadership
Sep 15, 2010
H1N1 Response After Action Reviews
23
24
Key Items for ImprovementPandemic Preparedness Continues: Plan, Exercise and
Refine PlansVaccine
ProductionModernize and increase speed of vaccine production
Laboratory Diagnostics
Communications
Antiviral Drug Distribution
Staffing
Infection Control
Modeling
Improve lab diagnostics, including next generation serologic testing and more sensitive point-of-care testing
Clearly define and express severity for seasonal and pandemic influenza
Leverage existing commercial drug distribution to efficiently distribute antivirals
Effectively manage the emergency response staffing
Improve infection control, especially respiratory protection
Integrate statistical modeling into the response
BudgetIncrease proactive budget planning to facilitate fast, efficient use of resources
2014 Ebola Outbreak Response
West Africa
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
EBOLA
2014 Ebola Outbreak
25
First discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Family of zoonotic RNA viruses Filoviridae
Historically, death rates for Ebola 50%-90%
History of Ebola
The 2014 outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak in History and the world’s first Ebola epidemichttp://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-
africa/distribution-map.html
26
Ebola Cases and Deaths
*Data based on joint Ministry of Health/WHO Situation Reports † Includes only confirmed cases‡Data based on WHO Situation Reports
SitRep Date
Cases Deaths
Total Confirmed Total HCW Total
Guinea* 11 Oct 1441 1164 75† 831
Liberia 09 Oct 4190 948 204 2400
Sierra Leone 11 Oct 3187 2792 129‡ 1173
Total 8818 4904 408 4404
27
Total Number of EVD Cases by Week Reported in Situation Reports
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 400
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia
Epidemiologic Week 2014
Num
ber o
f Cas
es
Epidemiologic weeks 13-40 correspond to 24 Mar–4 Oct
Liberia week 40 may not be complete
28
Interrupt Ebola transmission in West Africa Case identification, isolation and care Contact identification and monitoring Transmission risk factor identification and
mitigation HCW protection and infection control Funeral and burial safe practices
Prevent Ebola transmission to other countries Prevention of undiagnosed cases entering
unaffected countries Prevention of transmission from diagnosed
cases during and after repatriation
Ebola Response Priority Objectives
29
US Government Strategy
Encourage International Participation
Control the Outbreak
Build Long-term Capacity to Detect
and Respond
Mitigate Secondary Impacts
30
Challenges in West Africa
Epicenter of epidemic in remote, tri-country border area, rapid spread in urban areas
Institutions of government still being strengthened
Weak health and public health systems Lack of even basic resources Poor communications (limited cell phone,
radio coverage, internet service) Divisions within societies recovering from
war Misconceptions about disease and low
levels of literacy
31
Laboratory Testing Capacity
Sierra Leone 300 specimens per day
Liberia 350 specimens per day
Guinea 100 specimens per day
* Lab Partners in West Africa include: US CDC, NIH, China CDC, Institute Pasteur, Canada, CDC, NIH, US Navy, US Army, Russia, European Consortium, South Africa
32
Recent Developments: Texas Cases Texas case #1
First domestically-diagnosed Ebola patient confirmed 9/30/14
Visited ER, evaluated and sent home on 9/26/14 14 person CDC team provided support with contact
identification and tracing and infection control—48 contacts tracked
Texas case #2 Diagnosed 10/12/14 Isolated within 90 minutes of reporting symptoms Provided patient care to case #1, not a contact between
2 ER visits Review of infection control procedures Few contacts, but over 70 health care workers being
monitored Texas case #3
Tested positive for Ebola on 10/15/14 33
Domestic Preparedness:Airport Screenings
Entry screening of passengers arriving from affected countries JFK: New York-JFK, NY (10/12/14) IAD: Washington-Dulles, VA EWR: Newark, NJ ORD: Chicago-O’Hare, IL ATL: Atlanta, GA
Account for 94% of all passengers arriving from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea
Procedure Visual assessment Questions about symptoms Temperature measurement Questions about exposure
34
Applying Lessons Learned from Influenza Responses
Structure of response leadership Importance of communication
Potential for misinformation / distrust CDC product is information and guidance No vaccine or specific therapeutic agent Critical role for meticulous infection control Community mitigation measures
35
Preparing for Emergencies of Infectious Diseases
Global detection and response is key Plan and exercise for greatest threats
(pandemic influenza) Recognize the need for speed and scale Communication capacity
36