Improvement of Exotic and Indigenous Poplars in India Dinesh Kumar Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India [email protected]
Improvement of Exotic and Indigenous Poplars in India
Dinesh Kumar
Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
Poplar : Major Groups
Indigenous
Important more for ecological and social reasons than
commercial utility
Occur in temperate and sub-temperate areas
Exotic
Important for commercial reasons
Planted in subtropical (Populus deltoides) and temperate
(P. nigra) areas
Populus deltoides-based agroforestry plantation in Punjab
Avenue plantation of exotic poplar in Kashmir
Southern Limits of Indigenous and Exotic Poplars in India
Southern Limits of Indigenous and Exotic Poplars in India
Populus: Indigenous species
P. ciliata
P. alba
P. euphratica
P. laurifolia
P. gamblei
P. jacquemontii var. glauca
P. rotundifolia
Populus: Exotic species
P. deltoides
P. nigra
OthersP. x euramericana
P. trichocarpa
P. yunnanensis
P. tremuloides
P. maximowiczii
Populus ciliata
The most extensive indigenous poplar
Distributed at 1300-3000 m altitude
Planted on unstabilised slopes, freshly exposed soils along roads or nurse crop for Abies pindrowregeneration
Planted around orchards as wind break
Uses: Packing cases, match sticks, fuel, fodder; also suitable for plywood and hardboards
Altitude State No. of stands Uttarakhand 3 Himachal Pradesh 7
<1800 m
Arunachal Pradesh 3 Uttarakhand 21 Himachal Pradesh 28
1800-2200 m
Arunachal Pradesh 1 Uttarakhand 92 Himachal Pradesh 24
2200-2600 m
Arunachal Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand 23 Himachal Pradesh 4
2600-3000 m
Arunachal Pradesh 6 >3000 m Uttarakhand 9 Total 227
Populus ciliata Improvement: Population Survey
Population surveyTrees of river flood plain deposits and ravine / seasonal water courses have greater m.a.i. than those associated with high-level conifers (Khurana and Khosla, 1982).
Male: female ratio 3:2
Female trees prefer exposed areas while male trees occur with dominant species; females attain greater sizes (Khosla et al., 1979).
Sites of germplasm collection by Rajgopal et al., 2000
(Rajgopal et al., 2000)
Provenance trialsMaximum resistance against Melampsora rust observed in Rahla provenance
CPT selection for growth, form, resistance to Melampsora rust and stem gall
Rust (M. ciliata) infection was more in provenances at lower altitudes as compared to higher altitudes (Gupta et al., 2002)
Dysgenic selection
Hybridisationwith P. deltoides
Full compatibility of P. ciliata x P. deltoides and reciprocals (Chaturvediand Rawat, 1992, 1994)
P. deltoides x P. ciliata not compatible (Khosla and Thakur, 1991)
with P. maximowiczii
with P. x euramericana ‘I-455’
with P. yunnanensis
Hybrids with P. deltoides and P. maximowiczii grew faster in nursery than P. ciliata (Mohanty and Khurana, 2000, Khurana, 2007)Hybrids with P. deltoides planted in field trials (Jha and Kumar, 2000)
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Hybrids with P. deltoideswith different rooting patterns
Category A: for interplantingwith agricultural crop
Category C: for block planting
Category D: for planting on loose soil
(Khurana, 2007)
A xxxxxx
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B
E
xxxxxxC D
Isozyme (Handa et al., 2000, Narkhede, 1995) and RAPD markers (Rajagopal et al., 1999) for identification of interspecific hybrids and superior clones
Populus alba
Occurs in Western Himalayas (i.e. parts of Lahauland Kinnaur, Kashmir) at 2500 - 3300 m altitude
Severely lopped for fodder
Seeds are scarce
Altitude State Range No. of stands
<2400 m Himachal Pradesh
Akpa 5
Akpa 5
Pooh 3
2400-2800 m Himachal Pradesh
Yangthan 1 Pooh 1 >2800 m Himachal
Pradesh Yangthan 1 Total 16
Populus alba Improvement
Population survey
Provenance trial26 provenances from Kashmir, Leh, and Himachal Pradesh classified into category C (7) and category D (19) rooting patterns
Rooting pattern consistent within a provenance (except two provenances)
CPT selection and clonal multiplicationP-14 Raksham clone found superior
125 ppm IBA found effective for mass multiplication
Populus euphratica
Occurs in cold desert area in Western Himalayas (i.e. parts of Ladakh and Spiti) at 2400 - 4000 m altitude
Severely lopped for fodder
Altitude State Range No. of stands
3,000 m Jammu and Kashmir
Nubra 1
3,050 m Jammu and Kashmir
Nubra 1
3,100 m Jammu and Kashmir
Nubra 1
Populus euphratica Improvement
Population survey
Populus gamblei
Southernmost species of indigenous poplar in India (27o-30oN latitude)
Occurs in Eastern Himalayas (North Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) at 600 –1300 m altitude
Used for packing cases and match industries
Altitude State Locality Compart-ment no.
Stand population
Stand no.
1 100 (0.4 ha)
HP-1
1(C1) 10,000 (3 ha)
HP2
1 6,000 (2 ha)
HP3
1500 -1600 m
Arunachal Pradesh
Yachuti Range
1 12,000 (5 ha)
HP-4
Populus gamblei Improvement
Population survey
Populus deltoides
Exotic; yet most important species of this genus in IndiaTrees standing: >30 million
Average planting/replanting rate: 5.5 million plants/year i.e. 11,000 ha/year (requirement surpassed 12 million in 2008)
Major planting region:Plains of North-West India (Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh)
Low hills/plains in parts of Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir
Uses: Plywood, matchstick, paper and charcoal
Poplar-wheat agroforestry model Poplar-turmeric agroforestry model
Poplar wood being taken to market by farmers
Traditional charcoal kiln using roots of poplar and other wood waste
Planted in agroforestry plantations in north India Rotation 6-8 yearsMean annual increment: 20-25m3/ha/yrYield upto 49m3 has been recorded in few plantationsPlanting sites: Irrigated agricultural field of farmersPlanting method: Planted with agricultural crops, rather than solo plantation Spacing:
5m x 4m or 4m x 4m as block plantation3 m to 4m in linear rows as boundary plantation
Crops grown: Grain crops (except rice), vegetables, pulses, medicinal plants, fruit trees
Populus deltoides Improvement
P. deltoides introduced in early 1950s with several species of this genus
By 1969, P. deltoides and its interspecific hybrids etc. had proved their superiority in terai region (e.g. I-488, I-214, I-215)
In 1969, more clones introduced e.g. D-121, G-3, G-48, 61/183, 65/27, etc.
By 1983, clones G-3, G-48 and D-121 became most popular
1983, open-pollinated seeds of G-48 x G-3 were collected.
By 1994, G-3 became prone to leaf blight
Finding out new exotic clones for plantingWIMCO, FRI, Universities, State Forest Departments
S7C8
82-35-4
S7C15
S7C20
Development of new clones through hybridisationG-48 x G-3 (WSL-series, L-series clones)
Other hybrids
Rank Clone 1 S7C8 2 82-35-4 3 113324 4(Check clone) G-48 5 3167 6 3324 7 111828 8 73/53-2 54 (Check clone) G-3 Total clones: 108, Period: 1985-1991 (60 clones), 1989-1994 (63 clones)
(Kumar et al., 2001)
Growth Data of Select Exotic Clones of P. deltoides at State Forest Department, Haldwani in Terai Region, Uttarakhand
Rank Clone m.a.i. (m3/ha/yr)
1 L-169/84 39.84 2 L-188/85 39.19 3 L-51/85 36.67 4 L-34/82 36.56 5 L-51/84 35.74 6 L-17/85 35.70 7 L-116/84 35.53 Check clone G-3 21.74 Check clone G-48 23.85 Check clone D-121 <10.00
Trial: 1989-1997 (Burfal, 2001)
Growth Data of Select Clones of P. deltoides Produced Through Open- Pollination at Haldwani in Terai Region, Uttarakhand
P. deltoides germplasm in India till 1996
P. deltoides germplasm introduced in India during 1996
Introduction of More Germplasm
Rank Clone
Height (m)
Dbh (cm)
Clean bole ht (m)
Vol. under bark (m3)
m.a.i. (m3/ha/yr)
1 FRI-AM-58 20.53 31.32 5.26 0.519 43.252 FRI-AM-51 20.53 29.44 5.44 0.458 38.173 FRI-AM-41 20.16 29.52 7.44 0.452 37.674 FRI-AM-32 19.25 30.08 9.18 0.448 37.335 FRI-AM-54 20.25 29.30 5.90 0.447 37.256 FRI-AM-44 21.07 28.59 5.26 0.443 36.927 FRI-AM-59 20.25 28.56 8.39 0.425 35.428 FRI-AM-12 19.58 28.96 8.07 0.423 35.259 FRI-AM-48 21.25 27.26 7.27 0.406 33.8310 FRI-AM-42 20.05 27.96 8.37 0.403 33.5811 FRI-AM-106 18.33 29.09 6.54 0.399 33.2512 FRI-AM-4 19.74 27.86 6.37 0.394 32.8313 FRI-AM-89 19.16 28.27 7.44 0.394 32.8314 FRI-AM-53 18.98 28.33 8.54 0.391 32.58
Growth Data of Select Clones of P. deltoides Produced at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun from Seed Introduced from South and South-Eastern USA
Total clones: 95, Period: 2001-2007
Contd. on next slide
Rank Clone
Height (m)
Dbh (cm)
Clean bole ht (m)
Vol. under bark (m3)
m.a.i. (m3/ha/yr)
15 FRI-AM-105 20.81 26.93 8.25 0.388 32.3316 FRI-AM-40 19.89 27.51 8.63 0.387 32.2517 FRI-AM-24 19.56 27.48 6.17 0.379 31.5818 FRI-AM-33 19.72 27.36 7.45 0.379 31.5819 FRI-AM-87 20.73 26.61 7.88 0.377 31.4220 FRI-AM-20 20.37 26.59 9.82 0.370 30.8321 FRI-AM-109 19.80 26.55 6.21 0.358 29.8322 FRI-AM-7 18.33 27.56 8.83 0.357 29.7523 FRI-AM-13 19.58 26.64 6.57 0.357 29.7524 FRI-AM-45 22.26 24.99 7.77 0.357 29.7525 FRI-AM-30 20.01 26.31 6.46 0.355 29.5826 FRI-AM-93 19.82 26.33 8.86 0.353 29.4227 G-48
(Check clone) 21.47 25.01 8.50 0.345 28.75
Contd. from previous slide
Clones have been tested for fibre length at Dehradun and Ludhiana.Focus now shifting to wood quality as well.Nursery stock raised through tissue culture possessed serpentine stem and early setting of dormancy in autumn. Rooting was better but field growth declined by 67 per cent in timber vol. vis-à-vis control. Wood was found to be sub-optimal in plywood and safety match industries (Dhimanand Gandhi, 2006).
Clone Height dbh Volume (m3) WSL-22 30.2 91.0 0.700 WSL-27 30.9 91.0 0.716 WSL-32 31.9 100 0.887 WSL-39 24.5 99.0 0.667 WSL-A26 26.0 91.0 0.607 WSL-A49 27.4 96.0 0.707 G-48 (Check clone)
27.0 81.0 0.501
• No mechanism so far at national level• Eight clones registered by Produced by WIMCO are registered with International Poplar Commission
Registration of Clones
Six Outstanding Clones Produced by WIMCO and Registered with International Poplar Commission in 2002
Development of Approach for Multi-Step Selection and Concurrent Multiplication of Superior Clones
of P. deltoides
Approaches for Selection of Poplar Clones
• Full-rotation field testing + Multiplication :
Time period : 6 + 4 = 10 years
• Half-rotation field testing + Multiplication :
Time period : 3 + 4 = 7 years
• Multi-step selection + Multiplication :
Accuracy : Highest
Accuracy : ?
Ages for multi-step selection: ? Selection intensties : ?
Timing for multiplication: ?
Logistics : ?
6 4
3 4
3
??
?
???? ?? Accuracy : ?
Time period : ?
?Selection intensity: ?
Scatter plot of ranks for age 6 and younger ages for volume (D2H) of 60 clones
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
RD2H6
RD
2 H1
Correctly selected
Wrongly rejected
Wrongly selected
Correctly rejected
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Vol. 6
Vol.
1Best 5 (Accuracy 20 %)Best 10 (Accuracy 50 %)
Best 15 (Accuracy 60 %)
Best 30 (Accuracy 63.3 %)
Ranks: Age 1 vs Age 6
Per cent accuracy of early selection for stem volume
Selection age
(years)
No. of clones targeted for selection out of 60 clones in trial
5 10 15 30 Average
2 60 50 46.7 76.7 58.35
72.50
77.50
91.65
3 40 80 80.0 90.0
4 60 80 80.0 90.0
5 80 100 93.3 93.3
Average 60.00 77.5 75.0 87.5
Likely Scenarios of Relationships among Different Steps of Multi-Step Selection
(1) (2)
(3)
Selection Strategy Suggested
Selection age (years)
Proportion of clones that should
be selected
Proportion targetted
(no. of clones out of 60)
Accuracy in selecting
targeted clones
2 yrs. (1/3 of rotation age)
60% (36 out of 60) 30 86.7%
3yrs. (½ of rotation age)
33% (20 out of 60) 15 93.3%
4 yrs. (2/3 of rotation age)
13% (8 out of 60) 5 100%
5 yrs. (5/6 of rotation age)
5% (3 out of 60) 3 100%
1310
22
26
2553
40 9
5
1129
21
4
32
12
2014
7
48
15 52
27
60
38 28
43
33
51
18
19
50
35
6
36
16
Step1
Step 2Step 3Step 4
ID numbers of clones selected in four steps
2423 57
313
39
46
37
8
301747
54
42
41
34
1
5645
55
49
44
58
59
2Step 1: age 2 Step 2: age 3 Step 3: age 4 Step 4: age 5
Approach for Early Selection and Concurrent Multiplication
Select 60%, 33%, 13% and 5% clones at age 2, 3, 4 and 5 years.
Start multiplication at age 2 on basis of 2nd year stem volume.
Refine selection every year on basis of current growth data.
Stop multiplication of rejected clones at every step.
1 2 3
5
65460 1333% clones selected
Year of clonal multiplication
Advantages of This Approach
Accuracy close to selection at rotation age.
Speed faster than selection at half-rotation age.
Facilitates selection for rooting ability too during field testing and multiplication.
Captures juvenility for easy rooting.
Selection for other traits can be amicably combined with selection for stem volume in this approach.
(Kumar D. and Singh, N.B. 2001. Silvae Genetica, 50: 103-108.)
Logistics and comparison with other approaches
Age of early selection Particulars 2 years (1/3 of rotation)
3 years (½ of rotation)
4 years (2/3 of rotation)
5 years (5/6 of rotation)
Percentage of clones targeted 50% 25% 8% 5% Percentage of clones selection 60% 33% 13% 5% Percentage success achieved 86.7% 93.3% 100% 100%
% superiority over average clone 125% 148% 185% 212% % superiority over one-step selection of best 25% clones at half-rotation age
79.4% 94.1% 117.5% 134.7%
% superiority over one-step selection of best 25% clones at one-third of rotation age
86.5% 102.4% 127.9% 146.6%
No. of plants per clone at end of early selection age
20 200 2,000 20,000
No. of clones in vegetative multiplication garden
60 33 13 5
No. of plants in vegetative multiplication garden
1,200 6,600 26,000 100,000
Ratio of requirement for resources in nursery/ VMG
0.01 : 0.07 : 0.26 : 1.00