Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme By BP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht GBPIHED, Katarmal-

Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme

By

BP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht GBPIHED, Katarmal- Almora and LBSNAA, Mussoorie-India

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Water Stress/ Crisis: An Overview

Major sectors suffering :

• Drinking and domestic • Irrigation• Industrial• Hydropower• Infrastructure• Livestock• Fisheries • Tourism

The problems of water crisis are mainly in areas of availability, adequacy, potability, convenience, affordability, sustainability, equity and quality

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Factors responsible for water stress:

Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI ; Census -2011

Major factors responsible are:

• Increase in population• Changing lifestyle

• Industrialization• Urbanization• Decrease in total availability• Poor O & M • Forest fire• Land use changes• Paucity of reliable data• Weak PRIs

Year Population growth-1990- 2011

Total Population

% Rural

% Urban

1990 844,886,000 75.00 25.00

1995 922,352,621 73.65 26.35

2000 1,008,937,000 72.30 27.70

2005 1,083,168,886 71.00 29.00

2011 1,176,125,808 69.26 30.74

Result +33.124 -5.74 +5.74

Water stress is mainly due to intense competition among agriculture, industry and domestic uses

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Efforts to cope with the water crisis

Table- 2 Population growth

Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI

“For last few decades, an expenditure of over $2.0 billions per annum has been made by the GoI and States for providing potable water to more than 91% rural people in 1.5 mn habitations”, but;

Due to O & M, problems 30- 40% schemes periodically slipping back from “fully covered” to “partially covered” or “not covered” status.

(Fully covered: supply of 40 lpcd; partially covered: 10- 40 lpcd and not covered: below 10 lpcd- ARWSP)

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Sanitation and water supply coverage in HKH region

Source: Census of India, 2001

Water sources used by the people of Himalayan States-India

States Tap Hand Pump

Tube well

Well Tank, Pond, Lake

River, Canal

Springs Other sources

J& K 40.7 12.8 1.4 7.1 1.5 17.3 7.4 11.8

H. P. 82.9 4.2 0.5 5.3 0.9 0.7 1.8 3.8

U. K. 60.5 21.4 1.1 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.8 8.7

Sikkim 66.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.3 28.6 1.9

Tripura 18.1 13.9 13.0 44.8 1.8 3.6 3.1 1.8

Mizoram 19.3 1.5 3.0 1.8 4.6 18.1 47.4 4.3

Manipur 20.6 7.1 1.7 7.4 28.4 20.1 13.4 1.4

Meghalaya 24.4 2.2 2.8 31.7 6.5 5.2 25.1 2.1

Nagaland 44.3 1.6 1.7 32.6 10.6 2.4 5.6 1.4

Arunachal 63.3 7.8 2.6 4.9 1.3 9.6 7.6 2.9

Average 39.63 7.28 2.8 13.74 5.83 8.07 14.28 4.01

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Gaula Catchment- Nainital: A Case Study

LocationDischarge (x 103 l/d)

Reduction in Discharge

Extent (%) Period (yrs)

Sungarkara 7.8 50 40

Katjawa 12.4 75 15-20

Kasani 8.0 ±75 35-40

Dobra 434.9 ±33 50

Mara 22.3 25 50

Patrani Nil ±100 10-15

Paniyan 28.2 ±40 15

Lipkharak Nil ±100 20

Simalaya 5.2 33 30-35

Bharna 3.1 25-33 15-20

Koidal Nil ±100 5-6Source: Valdiya, KS and SK Bartarya, 1991

5 steams and about 2% springs have completely dried up during last 15- 20 years.

38.5% reduction in discharge of main river

&9.7 to 76% reduction in spring discharge between 1971- 81

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Gaula Catchment- Nainital: A Case Study


Source: Valdiya & Bartrya, 1991

Probable causes of reduction in discharge:

• Replacement of multi-storied forest with single story pine forests over a vast area

• Replacement of mixed-oak forests by fruit orchards

• Decrease in total rainfall, increase in rainfall intensity and decreased infiltration

• Land use changes: increased habitation, Infrastructure and road construction, etc.

• Increased water utilization in up-stream locations

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Almora Drinking Water : A case study

Still we are getting water

under uncertain

roster system. No

consideration of quality or

quantity.

360 springs at the beginning (1563); over 300 have either dried or highly polluted during last 150 years. Remaining springs are rapidly becoming seasonal with reduced flow.

• Municipal population: +75,000• Floating population: ± 15,000• Surrounding villages: 20• Normal supply capacity: 7.5 mld• Peek summer: below 6.0 mld • Leakage : 0.9 mld• Demand of City: 12 mld

Available sources (as on date)

• One gravity scheme• One pumping scheme• A few hand pumps• The most reliable- ± 30 springs

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Water Management: Community managed schemes in IHR States


Table-1: Access to the water and community management in Himalayan States

StatesCoverage (%) Managed by

Comm. (%)Habitations Population

A. Pradesh 51 75 12

Assam 50 67 08

H. P. 74 86 30

J & K 43 63 01

Manipur 48 74 01

Meghalaya 53 59 01

Mizoram 76 74 24

Nagaland 62 80 07

Sikkim 69 86 00

Tripura 29 73 08

U. K. 68 90 04

Average 57 75 09Source: RWSS Project report-2012

Panchayati Raj

provides powers to

GPs, but the comm.

management will

depends on how GPs

are empowered by

means of funds,

functions and

functionaries for

project execution,

M&E and O& M

process, under TSP.

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Water Management



1st view: “Access to adequate amount of clean water for personal & domestic uses is a fundamental human right”. Further, water is not a commodity that can be bought and sold for profit.

-UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Gen. comment No. 15)

2nd view: Water tariffs are required to improve water allocation, efficiency and encourage the resources conservation

9th five year plan promotes water as economic good and suggests rural users pay 10 percent of capital costs and 100 percent of O&M costs for drinking-water systems

Private sector participation, pricing and right to water

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TSP: A unique partnership programme



• Emphasis on information, education & communication (IEC) for demand generation

• Skill improvement of local masons, encourage local sanitary marts, local fabrication for stronger back-up system

• School sanitation and hygiene educationBeneficiaries National U.K.

Total 332,05,96 1,59,662

BPL HH 196,13,529 1,58,822

Schools 3,82,683 685

Aganwaris 1,17,64 101

Comm. complexes 10,276 23

Production centers 7,057 31

Sanitation coverage defined as access to toilets by households

Data on availability of water in toilets are not available

• Strong backup system has helped on adoption and up scaling process

• O& M has been solved up to some extant

• Water availability is still a problem

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Sanitation scenario of Almora Town


• Almora town lies between Kosi and Suyal rivers

• Kosi catering Almora while Suyal to downstream

• One main line is damaged since Sept. 2010

• Treatment plant is almost nonfunctional.

• Treated/untreated sewage is reaching to Suyal river.

• Sewage of other phases will reach to Kosi

• 1st phase (Eastern slope): A 22Km sewage disposal system, covering over 500 HH, was established in 2004-05.• Recycling/ treatment plant at Bukh (near Suyal river).• Remaining 3 phases: Waiting for administrative/ financial approval. • One treatment plant is proposed below Karnatak Khola (near Kosi)Some ground realities

The Dying city; Cultural capital of Uttarakhand

Sewage treatment plant -Almora

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Challenges of Strategic plan 2010- 2022



Challenges Possible options

Source sustainability Increase infiltration by CAP through eco-restoration

Secure sources of water Recharge measures and free from pollution

Operation and management Decentralized governance & strengthening of PRIs

Inter-sector coordination Convergence towards common objective

Professional support Skill improvement & technical backstopping to PRIs

Impact of climate change New options, rain water harvesting & adaptation

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Need of Coordination and Integration


“Under ARWSP, convergence of NRDWP and SSA is an example of such vision for ensuring adequate water to toilets and drinking water”

The ambitious National programme like mid-day meal, TSC and health & hygiene have weak coordination

• Mid-day meal in almost all the schools

• Under TSC, gender aspect has poorly been addressed in schools

• Water availability is questionable in hilly areas

• Without water, hygiene is impractical

Holistic approach on planning,

coordination among the

executing agencies and

stakeholder participation

would have to tell different

story of success.

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Conclusions:


• Achievements on “WatSan to all” will depend on sustainability of water sources and quality control.

• Withdrawal of water got priority over the conservation aspects.

• Rain water harvesting could be seen as the penultimate option.

• Percolation and infiltration measures are to be taken up on priority- “long term measures”.

• Provision of “Bulk water storage” for lean period would be the “short term measures”.

• CAP and eco-restoration are necessary to restore the aquifers

• Strengthening of PRIs for CBNRM and participation on planning, execution, O&M would be the key for success

• Necessity of integrated water resources management at all levels (National to village).

• Convergence of different programme for common objective and coordination among the agencies for execution, O& M is call of the day.

THANKS

Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme By BP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht GBPIHED, Katarmal-

Documents

total population

population growth source

water sources

water crisistable

potable water

population growth sanitation

water supply coverage

total rainfall