J. Marine. Sci. Appl. (2009) 8: 71-76 DOI: 10.1007/s11 804-009-8008 -1 Tribological effects of oxide based nanoparticles in lubricating oilsGU Cai-xiang * , ZHU Guan-jun, LI Lei, TIAN Xiao-yu and ZHU Guang-yao Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, China Abstract: In order to enhance the tribological properties of lubricating oil, suitable surfactants such as Tween-20, Tween-60, Span-20 and Sodium sodecylbenzenesulfonate were selected and lubricating oils containing CeO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared. The morphology and size of CeO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles were examined with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The tribological properties of the oils were tested using an MRS-1J four-ball tribotester. The research results show that when the proportion by weight of CeO 2 nanoparticles to TiO 2 nanoparticles is 1:3, and the total weight fraction is 0.6%, the lubricating oil has optimal anti-wear and friction reducing properties. The addition of CeO 2 nanoparticles reduces the required amount of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Keywords: nanopa rticles; surfactants; lubricating oil; tribologica l properties CLC number: TE626.3 Document code: A Article ID: 1671-9433(2009)01-0071-06 1 Introduction 1 With the rapid development of marine diesel engine to new and large models, the consumption of fuel oils has been considerably increased whereas the economic effectiveness decreased, the operation cost of ship company has been increased correspondingly. So the inferior fuel oils are used in many marine diesel engines to enhance the economic effectiveness. However the use of inferior fuel oils has inevitably put a higher demand forthe quality of lubricating oils in the process of the design and the management of marine engine. The lubricating oils are the blood of the machine’s operation, and the service life and economic effectiveness of the machine are relative to the quality, performance and reasonable use of the oils [1-2] . Nanoparticles put into lubricating oils can improve the properties of extreme pressure, anti-wearand friction reducing. Efficiency and service life of the machine were also improved [3] . In recent years, many scientific researchers have dedicated themselves to studying lubricating oil additives as an important project. These lubricating oil additives have good properties ofanti-wear, friction reduction and high load-bearing capability . In addition, they can fill in and repair the worn surfaces with environment-friendly characteristics [4] . The lubricating oils containing CaCO 3 nanoparticles were prepared. They have good properties of extreme pressure, anti-wear and friction reducing [5] . The lubricating oils containing the combination of CaCO 3 nanoparticles and Received date: 2008-03-11. Foundation item: Supported by the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(06FZ008); Shanghai Municipal Education Commission Key Disciplines(J50603). *Corresponding author Email: [email protected]rare earth nanoparticles were prepared too; they have better properties of anti-wear and friction reducing than that containing only one kind of nanoparticles [6] . These lubricating oils containing nanoparticles as mentioned above have been patented. In this research, the combination of CeO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles was put into the lubricating oils for furtherstudying the effect of the combination of different nano-materials as additives in the lubricating oils. It is oftheoretical and practical significance to expanding the application range of nanoparticles and to furtherunderstanding the mechanism of nanoparticles as additives in the lubricating oils. 2 Experimental study 2.1 Selection and measurement of nanoparticles CeO 2 is a kind of light rare earth oxide. The CeO 2 nanoparticles have good properties of wear resistance, chemical erosion resistance and good polishing effect as abrasive [7] . Some researchers discovered that CeO 2 nanoparticles could restrain the reunification among particles and strengthen the stability of nanoparticles in the organic liquid phase [8] . Shao Xin [9] et al discovered that TiO 2 nanoparticles filled to poly (phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) composite materials could remarkably improve the tribological properties. The structure, shape and diameter of nanoparticles play an important role in the lubricating oils as additives. In
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