Important Things in History, War of 1812- Civil War · Adams- Onis Treaty: Spain sold Florida to US and gave up claim to Oregon Monroe Doctrine created during Monroe’s Presidency

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Important Things in History, War of 1812- Civil War

EXPANSIONLewis and Clark’s Expedition (1804-1806)

The Louisiana Purchase Review

Jefferson authorized the purchase of Louisiana from France

Doubles the size of the US

But…. What is actually out there?

Americans had yet to explore territory west of the Mississippi

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson decides to send a military expedition to explore the

Louisiana Territory

Jefferson sends his personal secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis

Placed in charge of the expedition

Trained in botany, taxidermy, paleontology for years

Men he brought called the Corps of Discovery

Lieutenant William Clark selected by Lewis to be co-commander

Goals of the Expedition

Goals

Explore the territory

Map the territory

Find a water route to the Pacific

Make friends with Native Americans

Drive out all French and/or British Traders

The Expedition Begins Lewis, Clark, and the Corps of Discovery set out

Depart St. Louis on May 14, 1804 and

travel upriver

Spend winter of 1805 in Fort Mandan, in

Mandan (Indian) territory

Hire the French trader Toussaint

Charbonneau as interpreter and guide

Charbonneau’s wife, Sacagawea, and

infant son came alone

Sacagawea■ Charbonneau is pretty much useless

■ Sacagawea was NOT a guide, but still

helpful

No war party would travel with a

woman and young child

Her presence eases tensions

between the Corps of Discovery

and Indian tribes they encounter

The Journey West

The party reached the Pacific Ocean on Nov. 7, 1805

Vote on where to stay for the winter

First American vote including an African-American, female,

and men of many nationalities

Create Fort Clatsop and spend winter 1806 on the Pacific

Coast

The Grand Finish

■ Lewis and Clark

return in St. Louis

on September 23,

1806

■ Traveled almost

8000 miles

Significance of Lewis and Clark’s Journey

Mapping

Mapped entire distance using “line of sight” approximations

Off by only 4 miles

Reporting scientific and commercial findings

Temperatures

Native plants and animals

Native American cultures and trade potential

President James Monroe

■https://www.history.com/topics/us-

presidents/james-monroe

■Write down the 3 most important

facts you learn about James Monroe

from the video

EXPANSIONJames Monroe and

the Missouri Compromise

James Monroe President 1816-1824

“Virginia Dynasty”

Younger/newer generation

Joined army @ 16, fought in Revolution

Studied law with Jefferson

Governor, US Senator, Secretary of State and War

Last of Revolutionary War generation to serve in the White House, dress in

“old style”

Cabinet (John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, John C. Calhoun, Henry

Clay)

The Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe’s years as President, full of peace and prosperity

Sense of political unity, as Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)

dominated politics

Federalist party died out

Sense of national purpose: Nationalism sweeps the country

Marshall Court continued to uphold power of the Federal government

The New Economy

Economic Nationalism= Boosting economy to make the country better

D-Rs went against their former principles, using federal power to

protect industry

The American System, proposed by Henry Clay

To create a stronger, unified nation and self-sufficient economy

Goals

Build new roads and canals to link east and west

Protective tariffs

Reestablishing a national bank (2nd bank est. 1816, first had expired)

Growing Sectionalism North and South growing more distinct

The North

Industrialized

Roads, Factories, Transportation,

Industry

Growth of cities

The South

Agriculture and “King Cotton”

Due to cotton gin and expansion-

more land

Slavery

Plantation economy

Rural, very few cities

The Monroe Doctrine Nationalism: Monroe hoped that expansion would ease sectional

tensions that started to arise

Adams- Onis Treaty: Spain sold Florida to US and gave up claim

to Oregon

Monroe Doctrine created during Monroe’s Presidency

Said the US would not tolerate any European nation colonizing

any independent nation in North or South America

Any intervention in the western hemisphere would be considered

a hostile act

But, the US would respect existing colonies

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

Nationalism did not stop sectional disagreements

1819, debate over Missouri entering the Union

Wanted to become a state, and wanted slavery

At the time, an equal number of slave and free

states (11 each)

The North and South had equal power in the Senate

Henry Clay proposed a compromise

Lawyer, politician, US Senator, Speaker of the House, Secretary of

State

Ran for President many times

“The Great Compromiser”

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

Northern part of Massachusetts

would join as a Free state, Maine

TO SOLVE FUTURE ISSUES:

No slavery North of 36”30’ line

Temporary solution and does not fix the problem

“This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night,

awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at

once as the [death] knell of the Union” –Thomas

Jefferson

EXPANSIONJohn Quincy Adams,

Andrew Jackson, and

Indian Removal

The Election of 1824 One Party, but four Candidates

Democratic-Republicans, or “Republicans”

Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

Henry Clay

William Crawford

A Corrupt Bargain?

Jackson won more of the popular vote than Adams

Neither had a majority of the electoral vote (required to be president)

House of Representatives got to decide the winner

Rumor that Henry Clay was promised a position in the new government if he supported Adams

No solid evidence either way

Adams wins with Clay’s support, Clay appointed Secretary of State

John Quincy Adams

■ Son of John Adams

■ Secretary of State for James

Monroe

■ Supported federal spending

for internal and scientific

improvements

Jackson and the Election of 1828 Whether there was a “corrupt bargain” or not, Jackson believed he was

victim of one

Criticizes Adams’ presidency and promises to win the next election

Election of 1828

Jackson becomes first president to campaign nationally

Gets help in the North from NY’s Martin Van Buren

Jackson beat John Quincy Adams

Supporters called “Democrats”- new party

Promised to keep states strong, federal power weak

More on Jackson tomorrow……

Native American Removal

The “Five Civilized Tribes” owned land in the Southeast

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole

Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama dissolved treaties with the tribes

and took over Indian land

1832, tribes appealed to Supreme Court in Worcester vs. Georgia

Ruled that states taking Indian land was unconstitutional

Natives had treaties with the FEDERAL government

President Jackson ignored this and did not enforce the decision

“John Marshall has made his decision now come let him enforce it”

Native American Removal

The Indian Removal Act (1830) Native Americans forced to exchange land in SE for land in Indian

Territory (Oklahoma)

Trail of Tears

16,000 Cherokee forced to walk from their land to Oklahoma,

2000 miles away

Between 2 and 4,000 died of disease, exposure and hunger

Creeks and Seminoles fought until the military forced them out as well

EXPANSIONAndrew Jackson

Jacksonian Democracy

Politics became more democratic, individual had more say

All free white men now allowed to vote, not just property owners

Jackson used this change to appeal to the common man

Marketed self as a common, humble, down-to-earth man

Born in log cabin, orphan, War of 1812 hero, fought natives

In actuality, Jackson was a wealthy and successful lawyer, planter,

slave owner and merchant

President 1829-1837

New Party Structure Democrats created a new system of state and local committees

Spoils system: Faithful party members would be rewarded with

government jobs

Previous Presidents had only replaced a few officials,

Jackson replaced hundreds

Ex: Campaign manager Martin Van Buren rewarded with job

as Secretary of State

Tariff of Abomination

1828, Congress passed high tax on imports

Promotes US industry, makes Adams look

bad for approving it

Southerners HATED the tax, as they relied on

imports because the South was not

industrialized

Jackson’s VP, John C Calhoun opposed the

tariff and brought up nullification

States declaring federal laws void

Nullification Crisis When Jackson came into office, he lowered the tax,

but not enough to please the South

South Carolina nullified the law and refused to collect

the tax

Threatened to secede from the union if the

government used force on SC

Calhoun resigns as VP

Jackson’s response: “I can have within…South

Carolina fifty thousand men, and in forty days another

fifty thousand… the Union will be preserved. The

safety of the republic, the supreme law, which will be

promptly obeyed by me.”

Crisis Averted

Congressman Daniel Webster gave speech attacking nullification,

defending the union

“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable”

Congress passed “Force Bill” but also lowered tax

Gave Jackson authority to use federal troops against SC if

necessary

SC removes the nullification ordinance on the tax, but nullifies the

force act to be petty

2nd Bank of the US

“Money Power”= Democrats believed the new economy

dominated by industrialists only enriched the wealthy at the

expense of everyone else

Jackson targets the 2nd bank

Thought it only benefitted the rich, though businessmen

thought it promoted economic growth for everyone by

having a stable currency

Jackson said it was unconstitutional and dangerous to

the rights of the states and people

The Bank War 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank, and

Jackson vetoed this

Shocked the nation, only 9 vetoes in the

past 42 years

Many disliked Jackson’s decision, but he still

won reelection in 1832

Jackson destroyed Bank completely by pulling

federal money out and putting it into State

banks, called “pet banks” before the bank

even expired

Formation of the Whig Party

Supporters of the bank split away to form the Whig Party

Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Believed in

Strong federal government to manage economy

Loose interpretation of the Constitution

The American System, Protective Tariffs, the National Bank

Moral Reform

Congress having power over the Presidency

But in 1836, Jackson’s hand-picked successor Martin Van Buren (D)

Elected

Panic of 1837

As Jackson was leaving office, he signed a bill outlawing use

of paper money to buy federal land

New President Van Buren had to deal with the resulting

economic collapse

Bank and businesses close

1/3 workers lose their jobs

Wages drop 30%

Farmers lose land

WORST depression in US history at that point

Whigs win the White House

After 1837 depression, William Henry Harrison (a Whig)

ran for President in 1840, VP John Tyler

Old War Hero in Battle of Tippecanoe

“Tippecanoe & Tyler too”

Whigs won many seats in Congress

Harrison gave incredibly long inaugural speech out in cold rain

Died of pneumonia one month into his presidency

VP John Tyler new President, turned his back on Whig beliefs to

veto new bank

EXPANSIONThe Mexican-American War and

Annexation of Texas

Spain and New Mexico

New Mexico was oldest Spanish colony in the north of New

Spain

Not many people lived there

Threatened by war with local natives- Pueblos

Native tribes on Great Plains competed over buffalo herds

Attacks and conflict with the Spanish

Spanish made alliances with tribes by providing weapons and

gifts instead of fighting

Population expanded rapidly by 1821

Texas and California

Texas founded as a buffer to protect Mexico to the

South

Mixture of cattle ranches, missions, military forts

Few people lived there, native raids common, poor

and far from civilization

California was a buffer between the Spanish and the

Russians in Alaska

No colonists b/c so far from Mexico

Spanish leaders converted local Natives to

Catholicism

Successful Missions

Mexico’s Independence

Mexico becomes independent in 1821

Many expansionists wanted to enlarge US territory

Suggest expanding into NM, TX and CA since Mexico was new and weak

Texan Independence (1836)

Mexico owned Texas, but 30,000 Americans settled

in Texas

Only 2000 Tejanos (Mexican Texans) living there

Mexico agreed to let US citizens stay if they became

Mexican citizens, gave up slavery, and joined the

Catholic Church

Instead, settlers try to declare Independence

Texans Revolt American Texans remained Protestant,

brought slaves in anyways

Mexico taken over by ruthless dictator

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Tries to retake control of Texas

Americans in Texas revolt, seize Mexican

Garrisons

Declare Independence in 1836

“Lone Star Republic” because of their

flag

Texans Revolt Santa Anna leads army to Texas to fight

Battle of the Alamo

Texans held out for 12 days, then Mexico won and Santa Anna killed all

survivors

Cry of “Remember the Alamo” rallied Texans to keep fighting

Battle of San Jacinto

Texans trapped Santa Anna and defeated him

He signed treaty to give TX Independence

TX President Sam Houston asked US to annex Texas, but Congress feared such a

large slave state

Eventually annexed at the same time as Oregon

Mexican-American War (1846-1847)

When the US annexed Texas, they included territory that Mexico still

claimed as theirs

President Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor to the Rio

Grande

When the Mexicans attacked back, the US declared War

Many Democrats in favor of war, but Mexicans saw this as an invasion

of Mexico

Mexican-American War (1846-1847)

US win Victory September 1847

Advantages

Industry: Better weapons and supplies

Man-power

Commanders trained at West Point (First experience for Lee, Grant, and

Sherman)

Mexico undersupplied and divided in support of dictator Santa Anna

Americans took control of New Mexico and California

General Winfield Scott led troops to victory, all the way to Mexico City

Mexican-American War (1846-1847) Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Sets border for Texas at the Rio Grande

US gains New Mexico and Alta California (CA, NV, UT and more) for $15 million

1853 US makes Gadsden Purchase

Last territory to make continental US

Southern AZ and New Mexico

Bought to build a railroad

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn2FzuPyFlY

Mexican-American War (1846-1847) Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Sets border for Texas at the Rio Grande

US gains New Mexico and Alta California (CA, NV, UT and more) for $15 million

1853 US makes Gadsden Purchase

Last territory to make continental US

Southern AZ and New Mexico

Bought to build a railroad

Warm-Up: Elbow Room

■https://www.youtube.com/wat

ch?v=FfoQBTPY7gk

EXPANSIONManifest Destiny and

Moving Westward

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny The belief in the mid-1800s that God gave Americans the

right to spread across the whole continent

Disregarding the Natives or other countries’ territory

John O’Sullivan, first journalist to use this term

“The American claim is by the right of our manifest

destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the

continent which providence has given us for the

development of the great experiment of liberty…”

Looking Westward Trade with Mexico (and now CA, TX, NM)

Unlike the Spanish, settlers in these areas

welcomed trade with US

Santa Fe Trail: Trade across the Great Plains

Manufactured goods for horses, mules, fur and silver

Trade with California by sea (going around South America)

Mountain Men: Men who trapped beavers for fur in the Rocky

Mountains

Made trails that others would follow west

Ex. California Trail and Oregon Trail

The Journey Westward

Traveled west by oxen-pulled wagon

train from Missouri

2000 miles

Took 5 months to cross the Great Plains, Great Basin (desert),

and Rockies

Mostly Midwestern farmers

Faced hunger, exposure to weather and disease

Rarely attacked by natives

Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young founded New Zion

by the Great Salt Lake in Utah to escape persecution

California Gold Rush (1849)

80,000 men rushed to California to

find gold

Forty-niners:: Nickname for miners

who mostly never earn much

Mining conditions: poor sanitation,

disease, no law and order

Mining on the surface with

picks/pans, later underground

Effects of the Gold Rush

Discrimination

Native Americans

Killed and attacked by white miners in the thousands

Mexican-Americans

Had to pay foreign miners tax, though they had lived there first

Californian courts ignored Mexican land titles, land taken away

California applied for statehood

1849 Constitution, banned any African Americans (free

or slave)

Debate in Congress as 15 slave and 15 free states, new

one would upset balance

Wilmot Proviso Because of expansion, sectional tensions

are heightened

Whig Congressman David Wilmot proposed

banning slavery from any lands won from

Mexico during Mexican-American War

Supported by Northerners, opposed by

Southerners

Passed in House but failed in Senate for

15 years

Warm-Up

■ What were some of the problems people

encountered with the move west?

■ What problems would the move West pose for the US Government?– For the Country as a whole?

EXPANSIONSectionalism

Expansion causes Tensions

Annexing Texas was a key issue in 1844

Presidential election

Democrat James K. Polk vs. Whig Henry

Clay

Polk: Southern slaveholder (From NC), believed

in manifest Destiny, approved Annexation

Clay: Opposed annexation

Polk won by promising northerners he would

annex Oregon Territory too

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9SvJMZ

s5Rs

Texas and Oregon, Another Compromise

Polk threatened to fight Britain if they did not

give up control of Oregon

Cry of “54°40” or Fight”, as this was northernmost limit of US

Polk Compromised

British kept Northern part (Canada)

US got what would become Washington, Oregon, and Idaho

Texas and Oregon Annexed- Slave Territory and Non-Slave Territory

California California applied for statehood in 1849 but the issue of slavery

remained

Compromise of 1850 designed by Henry Clay

California entered Union as free state

Governments set up in New Mexico and Utah, with NO

RESTRICTIONS on Slavery

Slavery maintained in Washington, DC, but slave trade abolished

there.

Fugitive Slave Law passed, requiring Northerners to return

runaway slaves to owners

Longevity of Compromises

To Review:

Missouri Compromise

Texas- Oregon Compromise

Compromise of 1850

Later we will have issues in Kansas-Nebraska too

How much longer can this continue?

Stop and Write: How do you propose solving

this problem? What should be done?

Sectionalism in a Nutshell

■ The North and South were fighting

over

– Slavery

– Power

– States’ Rights vs. Federal Power

– Tariffs and Economics- Industry vs.

Agriculture

■ Expansion only exacerbated these problems