Important Geographical Features of Africa Sahara Desert Kalahari Desert African rainforest Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Nile River Great Rift Valley
Dec 29, 2015
Important Geographical Features of Africa
Sahara Desert
Kalahari Desert
African rainforest
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Nile River
Great RiftValley
Migration• Migration is the permanent movement of
people from one place to another.
• Push Pull Factors– Pull Factors attract people to another location– Push Factors cause people to leave a region
• What are some factors that have pushed people from their native regions?
• What are some factors that have pulled people to the United States?
Read, Write, Rotate
Early African Migrations & Civilizations
Early African Migrations & Civilizations
Bantu Migrations
pages 222 – 224
Empire of Malipages 415 – 417
Empire of Songhaipage 417
Empire of Ghanapages 413 – 415
What should I write? Bantu Migration• Time period & location? • Who are the Bantu? • Describe their lifestyle. • Where did they live? Where did they migrate? • Why did they migrate?• How did the migration impact Africa? (then & now)
Empires• Time period & location? • Type of government• Key people & why they are important • Role of trade & products traded• Religion (What was it? How did religion impact them?)• Why did the empire collapse?• Anything else you find interesting, familiar, or noteworthy
Rules:EACH group
member should write 4 things for EACH topic
(16 total pieces of information per
person)
NO duplicates allowed!
NO talking during the reading!
ReviewAs a group, discuss the key ideas your group wrote down for each topic – You may want to take notes on your own
during the group discussions.
– What is the connection between the Bantu migrations & the African empires that develop later?
– What characteristics did each empire have in common?
– What characteristics were different in each empire?
– Who were the key people in each empire?
– What do you think are the top five most important facts for each topic?
RememberAs a group, complete the Early African Kingdoms notes web. Include in your web everything you remember about each topic.
Bantu
Bantu-speaking people migrated south from modern day Nigeria throughout the southern half of Africa
Today, nearly 1/3 of Africans speak a Bantu-based language.
Bantu means “the people”
Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu vs. other Niger-Congo languages.
Kingdom of Ghana
• 700-1076 AD• Power from gold and salt
trade• Moved away from Ghana
because of invasions• Moved east looking for
gold• Ghana’s rulers convert to
Islam by the end of 11th century. Islam’s growth encouraged literacy.
• In 1076 Ghana is conquered by the Almoravids, & loses its power.
Ghana Empire at its greatest extent.
• Mali means “where the king lives”
• 1235-1400 AD
• Moved east looking for gold
Kingdom of Mali
Mali empire at its greatest extent
Kingdom of Mali
• After fall of Ghana, Mali rises to power b/c of wealth in gold.
• Sundiata becomes mansa (emperor) & conquers Ghana’s territory & other local trade cities - conquers in war but kingdom flourishes in peace.
• Mansa Musa, a Muslim leader, came to power & expanded empire to twice it’s size.
– Made hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca & built mosques.
– Mansa divided Mali into provinces and assigned a governor to each, making rule more efficient & fair.
– Timbuktu became Mali’s most important trading city.
• Ibn Battuta, famous Muslim scholar, visited Mali.
Mansa Musa holding a golden nugget.
Terracotta Archer figure and horseman figure from Mali (13th-15th century).
Sankore mosque
Tuaregs were and still are an integral part of the salt trade across the Sahara
• Gold discovered farther east, causing people to migrate.
• Songhai Empire established between 1400 & 1500 AD.
• Two important rulers (both Muslim)– Sunni Ali – built empire through
military conquest, ruled for 30 years.
– Askia Muhammad – overthrew son of Sunni Ali who was not a faithful Muslim; ruled 37 years & set up a bureaucracy to govern the empire. Under him the empire thrived.
• The Songhai fell to the Morrocans who had modern weapons
• Ended 1,000 year period where African kingdoms ruled West Africa.
The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent.
Kingdom of Songhai
The tomb of Askia
• After Christianity spread through Roman empire it came to Africa & won many converts; eventually becomes the official religion of Aksum. (The reason there are millions of Christians in Ethiopia today.)
• Between 632 - 750 AD Islamic invaders conquer much of north Africa. • Islam spreads through the rest of Africa by trade.
Islam and Christianity in Africa