GME / GMPT-E Engineering Lubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow 1 E. Leber, M. Seemann, R. Bütehorn, Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry - Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results Lubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005 Edwin Leber, GME Engineering, Central Laboratories
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GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
1E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Lubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005
Edwin Leber, GME Engineering, Central Laboratories
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
2E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Content
• Reasons for the need of oil analysis
• Significant analysis parameters for engine oils- Test methods and equipment- Influencing parameters
• Practical examples from field and bench tests
• Summary
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
3E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Reasons for the need of oil analysis
• Engine development / Monitoring of bench and fleet tests
• Definition of oil change interval
• In-country validation (export regions)
• Quality assurance / Incoming inspection control
• Trouble shooting / Customer complaints
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
4E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
GM Europe
Oil type:Oil top up volume:
Test:Test period:
Milage oil:Milage Engine:
Transmission:Car No.:
Engine type:Date
Engine oil sample
Oil type:Oil top up volume:
Test:Test period:
Milage oil:Milage Engine:
Transmission:Car No.:
Engine type:Date
Engine oil sample GM Europe
Significant analysis parameters for engine oilsPrerequisite for reliable results and assessment:• Representative oil samples• Sampling according defined GME procedure• Reporting and monitoring of oil sample history• Oil consumption, top-up etc.
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
5E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Significant analysis parameters for engine oilsTBN
• TBN (total base number ) mg KOH / g- defines the remaining alkaline capacity to neutralize acids
- Usually decreases by acidification due to blow-by gas,.NOx, SO2
- Increase possible by additive concentration due to evaporation
• Significantly influenced by vehicle driving conditions, (short or long trip)
• Determination by potentiometric titration
Comparability for results with identical method only
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
6E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Potentiometric TitrationPotentiometric Titration
Acidic components react with titration reagent. Acidic components react with titration reagent. Electrodes measure change of pH / voltage continuously. Electrodes measure change of pH / voltage continuously.
Inflection point of resulting titration curve enables calculatioInflection point of resulting titration curve enables calculation of alkaline n of alkaline concentration concentration
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
7E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Significant analysis parameters for engine oils
ViscosityKinematic [mm²/s] Dynamic [mPa·s]
• Important parameter to characterize flow properties of oils
• Definition of SAE class e.g. 5W-30, 5W-40
• Significant dependence on temperature (Viscosity Index VI)
Increase Decrease- Evaporation - Shearing of instable VI- improver- Oxidation/Nitration - Fuel dilution- Soot - Top up with diff. viscosity class- Top up with diff. viscosity class
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
8E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Automatic measurement by conductivity or
optical sensors with final cleaning of
capillaries
Sample No.
Results
Instrumentoperation status
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
9E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
• Potential of sludge formation in case of insufficient anti-oxidative capacity
• determination by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
11E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Oxidation and Nitration are evaluatedIR-Spectra of an used
engine oil
Nitrationat 1630cm-1
Oxidationat 1710cm-1
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
12E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Significant analysis parameters for engine oils
Fuel DilutionInfluenced by
• Driving conditions, cold start, oil temperature
• Engine hardware- Diesel Particle Filter with post injection regeneration- Gasoline Direct Injection
• Various simplified indirect methods applied, e.g. Viscosity, Flashpoint
• high uncertainty especially for unknown matrixSophisticated gas chromatography (Simulated Distillation) is best approach, DIN 51 435/2
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
13E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Simulated distillation for determination of boiling range of
fuels & oils.
This enables to calculate e.g. fuel dilution in engine oil.
Gas chromatograph Gas chromatograph
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
14E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Diesel Fuel dilution Chromatogram engine oil with fuel dilution
FAME content
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
15E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Significant analysis parameters for engine oils
Metal / Element contentsophisticated equipment enables fast multi-element-analysis:
• XRF X- Ray Fluorescence analysis - very fast, no sample preparation- not applicable for Lithium, Boron and traces
• ICP-OES Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy- applicable for traces and elements not covered by XRF - Sample preparation required (dilution)
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
16E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Significant analysis parameters for engine oilsMetal / Element sources
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
17E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
XRF= X-Ray Fluorescencedetermination of element concentration in liquid and solid samples. No sampling preparation.
Not appropriate fore.g. B, Li, tracesPrinciple of X-ray
analysis
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
18E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
F U E L D IL U T IO N in d i f fe re n t d r iv in g c y c le sC ity C y c le v s . H ig h w a y c o n d it io n s D I D ie s e l e n g in e w ith D P F
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
0 5 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 1 5 .0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 2 5 .0 0 0 3 0 .0 0 0 3 5 .0 0 0 4 0 .0 0 0 4 5 .0 0 0 5 0 .0 0 0O il m ila g e [k m ]
Fuel
dilu
tion
DIN
51
435/
2 [w
t%]
C ity C y c le
H ig h w a y
• DPF application could cause significant fuel dilution under specific driving cycles • Engine durability requires reduced oil change interval for these cases• Oil life monitoring-system calculates appropriate change interval
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
19E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
S O O T a c c u m u la tio n in d iffe re n t d riv in g c yc le sH ig h w a y vs . B e n c h te s t c o n d itio n s in D I D ie s e l e n g in e s
• Worst case simulation with e.g. high load, EGR rate on engine bench test possible • Controlled oil consumption• Reduction of cost intensive fleet test
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
20E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
T B N d e c r e a s e d e p e n d e n t o n f u e l q u a l i t yL o w v s . H i g h s u l f u r f u e l i n D I D i e s e l e n g in e s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
0 5 . 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 1 5 . 0 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 3 5 . 0 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 4 5 . 0 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0O i l m i l a g e [ k m ]
TBN
, DIN
ISO
377
1 [m
gKO
H/g
]
h i g h s u l f u r f u e l ( 5 0 0 0 p p m )A C E A A 3 / B 3 o i l q u a l i t y
s u l f u r f r e e f u e l ( < 1 0 p p m )G M - L L - A - 0 2 5 o i l q u a l i t y
• Lower oil and fuel quality in export countries need compensation by reduced oil change intervals
EU 25 EU 25
30.000 km / 1 Year
15.000 km / 1 Year
7.500 km / 1 Year
30.000 km / 1 Year
15.000 km / 1 Year
7.500 km / 1 Year
GM-LL-A-025 ACEA A3 / B3 API SL / ILSAC GF3API SM / ILSAC GF4 GM-LL-B-025 ACEA A3 / B4 API CI - 4 /
• City Cycle is “worst case” regarding engine oil degradation for gasoline engines • Important for oil change interval validation• Basis for Oil life monitoring to adjust drain intervals to driving conditions
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
22E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Importance of Engine Oil Analysis for the Automotive Industry -Impacts and Evaluation of Chemical Results
Summary / Conclusion
• Experience and expert know-how is pre-requisite for evaluation of results regarding- Base oil quality and Additive technology - Engine and after treatment technologies- Periphery (coolant, fuel, grease, oil filter etc.)
• GME/GMPT Global team of hardware and oil experts established
Close link to: - Mineral Oil and Additive Industry, Independent Test Labs- ACEA, CEC, VDA etc.
• Importance of oil analysis requires sufficient in-house capacitiesand continuous optimization of equipment and test methods
GME / GMPT-E EngineeringLubricants Russia, 23-25th November 2005, Moscow
23E. Leber, M. Seemann,R. Bütehorn,
Thanks to my coauthors for their great support:Reinhard Bütehorn, GM Powertrain-EuropeMichael Seemann, GME Engineering