(Draft) NCSA Stocktaking Report on UNCCD – Malaysia Stocktaking Report: Implementation of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in Malaysia DRAFT REPORT 28 November 2007 Draft Final Prepared by: Eco-Factor Consulting
(Draft) NCSA Stocktaking Report on UNCCD – Malaysia
Stocktaking Report: Implementation of United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in Malaysia
DRAFT REPORT
28 November 2007 Draft Final
Prepared by:
Eco-Factor Consulting
(Draft) NCSA Stocktaking Report on UNCCD – Malaysia
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ iii
1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objective ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope and terminology ............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Methodology and approach....................................................................................... 3
1.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 3
2. Current Implementation Status ..................................................................................... 4
2.1 Obligations................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Policy Framework..................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Legal Framework ...................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Institutional Framework............................................................................................ 9
2.5 Standard and Guidelines ......................................................................................... 12
3. Capacity Development Activities ................................................................................. 14
3.1 Summary of current capacity development activities............................................. 14
3.2 Summary of previous capacity development activities .......................................... 15
3.3 Capacity Building in Institution of Higher Education ............................................ 16
3.4 Findings................................................................................................................... 18
4. Capacity Issues............................................................................................................ 19
5. Linkages of NCSA with National Priority.................................................................. 20
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 21
Annex 1: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation -Department of Agriculture, Peninsular
Malaysia............................................................................................................................ 22
Annex 2: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Sabah ............................................. 23
Annex 3: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Sarawak ......................................... 25
Annex 4: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Oil Palm Sector.............................. 26
Annex 5: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Cocoa Sector.................................. 27
Annex 6: Coastal Erosion Control Programme - DID ...................................................... 29
Annex 7: Activities Addressing Land Degradation – MARDI......................................... 30
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
8MP Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005)
9MP Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010)
CBD Convention of Biological Diversity
CEMD Conservation and Environmental Management
DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance
DID
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPU Economic Planning Unit
ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area
FRIM Forest Research Institute of Malaysia
GEF Global Environmental Facility
IRBM Integrated River Basin Management
JKR
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Department of Works
MEAs Multi-lateral Environment Agreements
MOA Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industries
MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board
NAP3 National Agriculture Policy III
NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment
NEDO New Energy an Industrial Technology Development Organisation
NEP National Environmental Policy
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
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NREB Natural Resources and Environmental Board
OPP3 3rd Outline Perspective Plan
PRF Permanent Reserve Forest
TCPD Town and Country Planning Department
UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
UM Univeristi Malaya
UMS Universiti Malaysia Sabah
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention
UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia
USM Universiti Sains Malaysia
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1. Introduction
In January 2000, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) launched the Capacity Development Initiative, to identify
priority issues and capacity development needs in a number of regions and countries. Some
of the findings area as follows:
• There are capacity development needs at the overall systems levels;
• There are synergies across Conventions in terms of capacity needs; and
• There is a need for programmatic approaches to capacity development that are
nationally driven and reflect country priorities.
In May 2001, GEF approved the provision of funding for countries to undertake self-
assessment capacity building needs known as National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment
(NCSA), with emphasis on cross-convention synergies in capacity building activities.
In Malaysia, the NCSA project started in January 2007 with funding provided by GEF and
implemented by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). The primary
objective is to identify priorities and needs for capacity building and enhancement to address
global environmental management requirements through the fulfillment of Malaysia’s
international obligations and commitments, namely the three Conventions United Nations
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
One of the outputs from NCSA is the development of a stocktaking report compiling past &
on-going capacity assessment or development initiatives related to the three conventions
mentioned above. This report documents the results and findings for UNCCD.
1.1 Objective
The objective of this stock-taking report is to undertake a “situation analysis” that provides
the baseline research for the next steps of the NCSA process. Its objective is to ensure that the
NCSA builds on local or national work related to the conventions and on past capacity
development efforts. This output will form an important baseline for assessing past and on-
going effort and subsequently the elaboration of a National Capacity Action Plan.
1.2 Scope and terminology
Scope
The stock-taking will include the following:
• Current implementation status
• Capacity development activities
• Capacity issues that have emerged from this stock-taking exercise
• Linkages of NCSA to priority national sustainable development and environmental
capacity goals and activities
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This report covers UNCCD only.
Coverage
The stocktaking mainly covers capacity building activities carried out in governmental
implementing agencies. Some activities carried out by other related stakeholders such as
higher learning institutions and NGOs are also included. Information is also gathered during
the stakeholder consultative sessions organised by the NCSA Project.
Terminology: Land Degradation
For the purpose of this stocktaking report “Land Degradation” refers to: -
Reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of
croplands; range or pastures; forests; and woodlands resulting from land
uses or from a process or combination of processes, including processes
arising from human activities and habitation patterns, such as:
(i) soil erosion caused by wind and/or water;
(ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic
properties of soil; and
(iii) long-term loss of natural vegetation;
This definition is adapted from UNCCD.
Terminology: Capacity Building
The term capacity building covers “activities to enhance ability of individuals, institutions
and systems to make and implement decisions and perform functions in an effective and
efficient and sustainable manner”1.
At the individual level, capacity building refers to the process of changing attitudes and
behaviours, most frequently through imparting knowledge and developing skills through
training.
At the institutional level, the focus is on overall organisational performance and functioning
capacity, as well as the ability of an organisation to adapt to change. In addition to physical
assets it may also include clarification of mission, organisation structures, responsibilities,
accountabilities and reporting lines, changes in procedures and communications, and changes
in deployment of human resources.
At the systemic level, capacity is concerned with the creation of “enabling environments” ie.
overall policy, economy, regulatory and accountability frameworks within which institutions
and individual operate.
1 GEF Secretariat (2001) A Guide for Self-Assessment of Country Capacity Needs For Global Environmental
Management.
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1.3 Methodology and approach
General Approach
The expectations of the level of implementation of these conventions are viewed within the
context of the national sustainable development goals and programmes which will lead to
improvement in environmental management in global as well as national scales.
This stock-taking exercise will ascertain the level of the nation’s current commitment as well
as expectations of the implementation of the three Conventions. Preliminary capacity gaps
and needs are identified and documented.
Methodology
The following activities were carried out to prepare this report:
1. Review of relevant documentation pertaining to implementation of UNCCD including
existing strategies, action plans, government policies related to land degradation, laws
and regulations as well as other assessment reports.
2. Desktop review of previous capacity development actions or programmes to identify
the objectives so that preliminary gaps in areas of capacity development may be
identified for the capacity development action plan. Current and on-going capacity
development actions are identified in order to avoid duplication when preparing the
Capacity Development Action Plan.
3. Participation at technical working group meetings and organise stakeholder meetings
(organised under the NCSA project) to obtain information, feedback, and guidance.
1.4 Limitations
1. The stocktaking covers mainly the capacity building activities carried out by
implementing government agencies as well as active and motivated agencies within the
government. It does not include existing activities with elements of capacity building, for
instance attending meeting such as Conference of Parties (COP).
2. As land degradation covers a wide area, and many mean different things to different
agencies, the stocktaking mainly included the definition which is based adapted from
UNCCD. This is sometimes limited by the availability of capacity building projects in
these areas. As a result it captured mainly projects certain sectors, in this case it is the
agriculture and forestry sectors.
3. It is not the intention of this stocktaking report to assess the effectiveness or the outputs of
capacity building projects that have been carried out.
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2. Current Implementation Status
Malaysia signed UNCCD on 6 October 1995 and ratified it on 25 June 1997.
The objective of this Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of
drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in
Africa, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and
partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent
with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development
in affected areas.
In UNCCD, desertification is defined as land degradation occurring in arid, semi-arid, dry
sub-humid areas. It is important to note that Malaysia does not fall into this definition except
for the small northern state of Perlis and the northern part of State of Kedah where a short dry
period of 3 months is present. In these states, desertification is not a problem even during the
short dry period as there is sufficient soil moisture to sustain the growth of most vegetation.
Although desertification is not a problem to Malaysia, UNCCD was signed in supporting and
following through the United Nation’s framework on sustainable development in utilising
land resources as well as giving political support to African countries. In the Malaysian
context, the implementation of this convention covers the broad aspects of preventing and
addressing land degradation.
Based on the Malaysia’s Third National Report on the Implementation of UNCCD, the areas
affected by land degradation processes are as follows:
• Steepland and mountains;
• Peat land;
• Acid sulphate soils
• Beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soils;
• Mined land; and
• Shifting cultivation.
2.1 Obligations
Under the Convention, governments undertake to adopt an integrated approach addressing the
physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the processes of desertification and
drought. The obligations of countries include:
(a) give due priority to combating desertification and mitigating the effects of drought,
and allocate adequate resources in accordance with their circumstances and
capabilities;
(b) establish strategies and priorities, within the framework of sustainable development
plans and/or policies, to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought;
(c) address the underlying causes of desertification and pay special attention to the socio-
economic factors contributing to desertification processes;
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(d) promote awareness and facilitate the participation of local populations, particularly
women and youth, with the support of non-governmental organisations, in efforts to
combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought;
(e) provide an enabling environment by strengthening, as appropriate, relevant existing
legislation and, where they do not exist, enacting new laws and establishing long-term
policies and action programmes.
2.2 Policy Framework
A special national programme to combat land degradation is not drawn up in Malaysia
because land degradation is not apparent to be widespread. However, activities related to
mitigating land degradation have been carried out even before Malaysia joined the
convention, especially in the forestry and agriculture sectors. Respective agencies in related
sectors which are involved in land development have jointly implemented stringent
mitigation measures to minimise land degradation.
The mitigation measures are carried out in the form of policies, legislations, rules and
guidelines. This section provides a list of relevant policies.
9th
Malaysia Plan (9MP) (2006-2010)
The 9th
Malaysia Plan (9MP) recognises the importance of preventing land degradation.
Chapter 22 of 9MP states that the promotion of sustainable natural resource management
practices in relation to land, water, forest, energy and marine resources, will be intensified. In
addition there will be efforts to enhance protection of the environment and conservation of
natural resources and contribute towards improving the quality of life.
There is no mention of the term “land degradation”, the 9MP addresses the issues of land
degradation.
Chapter 22 covers land degradation issues related to managing water quality, controlling soil
erosion, protecting water catchments, conservation of highlands, land use planning, managing
coastal zones and other environmentally sensitive areas. Table 1 outlines the approaches to
address these issues.
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Table 1. 9MP – Approaches and Methods Addressing Land Degradation / Soil Erosion
Focus Area Approach / Methods
In terms of managing water quality soil erosion
2
– Siltation and erosion control will be addressed through the amendment of existing laws. Enforcement will be intensified to ensure that effluent discharge comply with environmental standards in order to maintain environmental health.
In terms of managing water resource
3
– Emphasis will be placed on maintaining and enhancing the ecosystem functions of river systems through the restoration and maintenance of highland catchments, wetlands, river buffers and riparian zones.
Biodiversity conservation
4
– Efforts will be intensified to protect critical habitats. Towards this end, existing management plans will be reviewed to further strengthen the protection of threatened flora and fauna. EIA processes will be reviewed to include assessment of impacts to ecosystems. The Highland Conservation and Management Strategy study for Sabah and Sarawak will be implemented and a National Highlands Policy will be developed.
Forest Resources5
– The conservation and sustainable use of forest products, watersheds and water catchments will be emphasised to promote sustainable forest management.
– The Malaysian Criteria and Indicators (MC&I) system will be strengthened to consolidate efforts for sustainable forest management.
Marine and Coastal Resources
6
– An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy will be adopted to promote conservation and preservation of marine and coastal resources.
– The rehabilitation and improvement of the coastline will be intensified through regeneration and re-vegetation programmes.
– A comprehensive management plan for mangroves and coastal forests will be developed to arrest the mangrove depletion rate to ensure a continuous supply of resources as well as to mitigate the impact of coastal erosion and tsunamis.
Landuse Planning7 – Appropriate methods and parameters will be developed to identify
and manage environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to enable them to serve as buffer zones in the control of development sprawl.
Third National Agriculture Policy (NAP3) (1998-2010)
Third National Agricultural Policy (NAP3) sets the strategic directions for agricultural
development to the year 2010. These focus on new approaches to increase productivity and
competitiveness, deepen linkages with other sectors, venture into new frontier areas as well
as conserve and utilise natural resources on a sustainable basis8.
2 Chapter 22.22
3 Chapter 22.29
4 Chapter 22.30
5 Chapter 22.31
6 Chapter 22.33 7 Chapter 22.27
8 Executive Summary NAP3
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One of the policy’s objectives is to conserve and utilise natural resources on a sustainable
basis. One of the thrusts of this policy is: -
– Sustainable management and utilisation of resources will be the guiding principle in
pursuing agricultural and forestry development. Rules, regulations and incentives will be
strengthened to encourage environment-friendly agricultural and forestry practices and
to minimise the negative impact of these activities on the environment.
National Physical Plan (NPP) (2005)
The NPP addresses land degradation issues in the country in its second objective – “to
optimise utilisation of land and natural resources for sustainable development”. The role of
the NPP is to consolidate the categorisation and ranking of land and apply these to land use
control, particularly to guiding conversion of land for urban use.
Detail review of the policies show that these issues are embedded indirectly in policies that
are related to conservation of biological diversity, as well as coastal ecosystems.
These are as follows:-
• NPP 18: Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) shall be integrated in the planning
and management of land use and natural resources to ensure sustainable development.
• NPP 19: A Central Forest Spine shall be established to form the backbone of the
Environmentally Sensitive Area network.
• NPP 20: Sensitive coastal ecosystems shall be protected and used in a sustainable
manner.
• NPP 21: Land development in the highlands shall be strictly controlled to safeguard
human safety and environmental quality
National Urbanisation Policy (2006)
The National Urbanisation Policy addresses land degradation issues for urbanisation
developments under the topic of conservation of biodiversity:
8. Environmentally sensitive area and prime agricultural area shall be conserved
– Protect and maintain ESA and prime agricultural area
– Establish green areas a buffer zones to limit urban development
National Forestry Policy (1992)
Malaysia formulated its National Forestry Policy (NFP) in 1978 and revised it in 1992. The
revised NFP addresses and incorporates concerns relating to the conservation of biological
diversity, sustainable utilisation of forest resources, ecological and environmental stability as
well as the role of local communities in forest development, compared to the traditional
approach of forest management, which focused mainly on timber production. One of the
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objectives of the policy is to ensure sufficient areas for the generation of clean water,
prevention of soil erosion and environmental stability9.
The cornerstone of the National Forest Policy is the establishment of Permanent Reserved
Forest (PRF) to ensure sustainable forest management. The PRF could be classified into
functional classes to promote sustainable forest management and taking into account the
multiple role of the forest, vis a vis timber production forest under sustained yield; soil
protection forest; flood control forest; water catchments; forestry sanctuary for wildlife;
virgin jungle reserves; amenity forest; education forest and research forest.
National Environmental Policy (NEP) (2002)
In this policy, measures related to land degradation and soil erosion fall under the second
green strategy “Effective Management of Natural Resources and the Environment”. The
measures are as follows:
2.3 Land-use planning and implementation shall be based on a comprehensive assessment
of critical parameters such as land suitability, the need for soil conservation, land
capabilities and carrying capacities, taking due account of the current and future needs
of the community. Resource mapping technique and geographical information
systems which further illustrate environmentally sensitive areas such as steep or hilly
land, forests and wetlands, will be used where appropriate.
2.4 Special emphasis will be given to “minimising land degradation” such as soil erosion
and degradation due to mining.
2.3 Legal Framework
In terms of legal framework, the issues related to land degradation are addressed within
respective sectors eg. forestry, agriculture and plantations.
The following is the list of legislations that contribute towards implementation of UNCCD in
the country:
Peninsular Malaysia
• Land Conservation Act 1960
• National Land Code 1965
• Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 197410
• Town and Country Planning Act, 1976
• National Parks Act 1980
• National Forestry Act 1984
9 Chan Lai Har, “The Impact of Present Forest Policies on Sustainable Forest Management in Malaysia” in
Proceedings of the Forest Policy Workshop Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 22-24 January, 2002. 10 The EQA requires that Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be approved for prescribed activities
specified in the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
Soil erosion and sedimentation is addressed in EIAs.
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Sabah
• Sabah Land Ordinance
• Parks Enactment 1984
• Forest Enactment 1968
• Conservation of Environment Enactment 1996
Sarawak
• State Land Code
• Water Ordinance
• National Parks Ordinance 1956
• Forests Ordinance 1954
• Natural Resources and Environment 1949 as amended by Natural Resources and
Environment (Amendment) Ordinance 1993
• State Land Code Ordinance (LO);
• State Land Use Ordinance (LUO)
In addition to this legislations above, Sarawak also has a Land Development Policy and a
Land Development Strategy
2.4 Institutional Framework
National Focal Point
The focal point for the implementation of UNCCD in Malaysia is the Strategic Planning and
International Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry.
National Councils
The following are two national councils where land degradation issues can be deliberated.
National Land Council
National Land Council consists of a Minister as chairman, one representative from
each of the States, and relevant representatives of the Federal Government. The duty
of the National Land Council is to formulate from time to time, in consultation with
the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a
national policy for the promotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout the
Federation for mining, agriculture, forestry or any other purpose, and for the
administration of any laws relating thereto; and the Federal and State Governments
shall follow the policy so formulated.
Federal Government or the Government of any State may consult the National Land
Council in respect of any other matter relating to the utilisation of land or in respect of
any purposed legislation dealing with land or of the administration of any such law,
and it shall be the duty of the National Land Council to advise that Government on
any such matters.
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National Forestry Council
The National Forestry Council was established on 20 December 1971 by the National
Land Council. The establishment of the National Forestry Council under the National
Land Council provides a forum for sustainable forestry management policies to be
discussed and agreed upon for implementation between the federal and state
governments. Members of the National Forestry Council include Chief Ministers from
all the states, ministers responsible for forestry, agriculture, environment and trade.
The council is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister11
.
The following are the relevant departments and agencies working with land degradation
issues.
Implementing Agencies in Peninsular Malaysia
Table 2. Implementing Agencies that Address Land Degradation Issues
Ministry / Government Department / Agency Function / Role in addressing land degradation
State Governments Forestry Departments
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia
Address issues related to forestry, sustainable forestry management, and forest reserves
Department of Director General of Land and Mines
Provide advisory service on matters related to land development and management, including legal affairs
Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID)
Address issues related to rivers basin management, coastal erosion control and urban storm water management. Please refer to Annex 6 for details about coastal erosion control programme.
Department of Environment
Address soil erosion and siltation in the approval of EIAs and also the siting of industrial projects
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Minerals and Geo-Science Department
Ensuring mining and related activities are carried out safely, efficiently and systematically. Implements government policies, directives and regulations in the mining industry and geosciences.
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD)
Guide the implementation of NPP and also NUP by federal and state government by providing guidelines and related process
11 Chan Lai Har, “The Impact of Present Forest Policies on Sustainable Forest Management in Malaysia” in
Proceedings of the Forest Policy Workshop Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 22-24 January, 2002.
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Ministry / Government Department / Agency Function / Role in addressing land degradation
during planning process. (State Structure
Plan, Local Plans and Special Area Plans)
Department of Agriculture Address issues related to agricultural activities and soil conservation. (For more details about mitigating measures please refer to Annex 1.)
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry
Malaysian Agriculture Research Development Institute
Research on soil erosion and sustainable land use, conservation measures and conversion of wasteland into commercial crop. (Please refer to Annex 7.)
Ministry of Works Department of Works Under its Infrastructure Unit, the Slope Engineering Branch that looks at slope management.
In addition to government agencies above, organisations such as the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and also Malaysian Cocoa Board are also addressing land degradation issues within their sectors. For more details about mitigating measures please refer to Annex 4 and Annex 5.
Implementing Agencies in Sabah
• Forestry Department
• Department of Agriculture
• Land And Survey Department
• Natural Resource Office
(For more details about mitigating measures by Forestry Department and Department
of Agriculture please refer to Annex 2)
Implementing Agencies in Sarawak
The following are the agencies that are involved in implementing activities to mitigate land
degradation in Sarawak:
• Ministry of Land Development
• Ministry of Rural Development (for activities related infrastructure development)
• Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture
• Ministry of Urban Development and Tourism (for activities related to urban
development – infrastructures and industries)
• Ministry of Planning and Resources Management
– Forestry Department – Policy on Forest Conservation and Sustainable Forest
Management
– Land and Survey Department – State Land Policy
• Ministry of Environment and Public Health
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– Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB) – Enforcement of
Environmental Impact Assessment. EIA approval conditions such as slope
stability requirements/ study, cover crops on bare land, no earth works during
monsoon season, prevention and investigation on oil spillage/ land contamination
etc. These are part of the efforts indirectly carried out by the NREB in addressing
the land degradation.
• Department of Agriculture – Implementing guidelines on agricultural land
development.
(For more details about mitigating measures please refer to Annex 3)
2.5 Standard and Guidelines
Forestry
Soil erosion is included in the Malaysia Criteria and Indicators (MC&I) for Forest
Management Certification Standards.
Agriculture
In the agriculture sector guidance on judicious use of sloping land are provided by the
following guidelines:
– Guidelines are available such as the Guidelines for Agricultural Activities, 2003
– Guidelines for Agricultural Development on Sloping Land, 2000 to provide guidance on
judicious use of sloping land (classified land with slopes more than 250 as steep land and
is not recommended for agricultural development. For land below 25 0
, conservation
measures are recommended including the construction of terraces, silt traps, contour
ditches and proper drainage system, and planting of cover crops. The implementation of
these measures has effectively controlled soil erosion, thereby minimizing land
degradation which is most susceptible and prevalent on such terrain.
In addition the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry (MOA) has introduced
Good Agriculture Practise (GAP) certification on farms and encourage farmers to participate
in the schemes. The following are examples of schemes in which land degradation issues are
addressed:
– Skim Akreditasi Ladang Malaysia (SALM)
– Skim Persijilan Ladang Akuakulture Malaysia (SPLAM)
It is important to note that the MOA only caters for the agri-food sector which constitutes 0.8
million ha of land compared to 6.3 million ha of arable land for the commodity and plantation
crop which is under the purview of the Ministry of Plantation Industry and Commodity.
Department of Environment
Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia,
Department of Environment (1996).
Guidelines on Site Suitability Evaluation for non-prescribed activities.
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Department of Works
Checklist for Evaluating Environmental Management Plan Documents for Projects. One of
the issues addressed is erosion and sedimentation
MaSMA (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam) or Urban Stormwater Management Manual
The Stormwater Management Manual is prepared by DID and came into effect in 2001. The
goal of this Manual is to provide guidance to all regulators, planners and designers who are
involved in stormwater management.
It identifies a new direction for stormwater management in urban areas in Malaysia, taking
into consideration the present problems facing by the nation such as flash flood, river
pollution, soil erosion, development in the highlands and lowlands and so on.
Stormwater management within a catchment is often undertaken by a number of
organisations. The challenge is to ensure that the administration of the planning, design and
maintenance of stormwater management systems is consistent across the relevant Local, State
and Federal Authorities and the professions of planning, environmental and civil engineering,
and landscape architecture.
Guidelines in Sarawak
The following are guidelines in Sarawak which address land degradation issues:
– National Water Quality Standard
– Guidelines set by State Water Resources Council
– Water Management Guidelines for Agricultural Development in Lowland Peat Swamps
of Sarawak.
– Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industries
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3. Capacity Development Activities
3.1 Summary of current capacity development activities
The following table presents current projects with capacity development activities related to
UNCCD. Table 3. Current Capacity Development Programmes / Projects related to UNCCD
Capacity Building Project / Activity
(Year)
Organisation
Focus Area Objectives /Outputs / Outcomes
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests (PSF) and Associated Wetland Ecosystems
(2002 – 2007)
UNDP/GEF
NRE (through FRIM)
Pahang Forestry Dept
Danida
Forestry
Peatswamp Forests
Promote conservation and sustainable use of PSF in Malaysia primarily focusing on 3 demonstration sites of South East Pahang Peat Swamp Forest, Loagan Bunut National Park and Klias Peninsula. Expected results are as follows:
1. Successful demonstration of biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource utilisation systems at 3 project sites
2. Establishment of systems and processes for the planning of biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource utilisation in PSF
3. Strengthen institutional and human technical capacities, awareness of PSF biodiversity in Malaysia.
Study on Land Utilisation Policy of Sabah
(2007-2008)
Natural Resource Office
Land Utilisation
Study to develop guidelines to ensure well-planned land utilization and land management that is so critical to more organised development and contribute to a stable state development. This study will also strengthen the policy on environmental protection especially in those areas declared as protected areas in which also protect the tourism industry that is dependent on “eco-tourism”.
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3.2 Summary of previous capacity development activities
In addition to the projects / activities mentioned above the following presents a list of projects
Capacity Building Project / Study Year & Lead Organisation
Highlands Policy
National Highland Conservation and Management Strategy Danida, UNDP, EPU
Policy strategies For The Conservation and Sustainable use of the Highlands of Sabah and Sarawak
EPU, Sarawak Planning Unit,
Sabah EPU
Integrated River Basin Mgmt / Water Resources
Integrated River Basin Management in Peninsular Malaysia Danida, DID
Integrated Coastal Zone Mgmt
Integrated Coastal Zone Management under UPEN in Penang, Sabah and Sarawak
Danida, UPEN Pulau Pinang
Collaborations, Education & Research
Capacity Building in Education and Research on Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources Management in Malaysia
Danida, Ministry of Education
Sabah
Capacity Building Project / Study Organisation
Forestry
In terms of training in the Forestry Sector the following were documented from inputs from Sabah Forestry Department:
• Training on reduced impact logging (RIL)
• FDRS Training
• Community Awareness Programme (Environmental Education and Sustainable Forestry Management community Forestry Program)
• Protection and enforcement (Enforcement officers trained in investigating and prosecution)
Forestry Department
Water Catchment / Resources
Capacity Building and Human Resources Development for Integrated Catchment Planning in the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Sabah
Danida, DID Sabah
Preparation of Management plans for several river basins in Sabah in terms of implementing Water Resources Enactment
DID
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Sarawak
Capacity Building Project / Study Year & Organisation
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Integrated Coastal Zone Management under State EPU in Penang, Sabah and Sarawak
Danida, UPEN
3.3 Capacity Building in Institution of Higher Education
Institutions of higher learning in Malaysia play an important role in fulfilling Malaysia’s
commitments of multilateral environmental agreements including issues such as land
degradation.
British Petroleum Asia Pacific published in 2006 which compiled careers in biodiversity and
environmental management. This information booklet provides in detail the list of courses
available in local universities covering all aspects of environmental management, including
courses that address the management of natural resources and the environmental.
In addition to the information provided in “How High Does the Hornbill Fly” the following
provides information of courses related to conservation of biological diversity.
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
1. School for Humanities – Geography
Geography has been offered as one of the subjects in the School of Humanities at
Universiti Sains Malaysia since 1970, mainly focusing on three components of
Geography - Human Geography, Physical Geography and Techniques in Geography.
Human Geography further branches out into subjects to encompass Economic and
Development Geography, Urban Geography, Population Geography, Agricultural and
Rural Geography, Geographic Thought, and Regional Planning. Physical Geography
further branches into Weather and Climate, Hydrology, Geomorphology and
Biogeography. Techniques in geographical tools include Quantitative Methods and
Spatial Analysis, Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing.
2. School of Humanities – Geoinformatic Unit
Studies of various related applications include EIA, land management, natural
resources management, urban and regional planning, ecology and demography, trade
and market analysis, transportation, forestry, agriculture, property tax, real estate
management and social facilities planning and provision.
3. School of Social Sciences – Planning and Development Management (Perancangan
dan Pengurusan Pembangunan)
An integrated discipline, the Planning and Development Management study aims to
produce graduates with in-depth understanding theories and issues related to global
development covering, among others, international industry and development,
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education and human resource development, natural resources management, land
development and administration.
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
4. Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities - Social, Development and Environment
Studies
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
5. School of Sustainable Agriculture – Horticulture and Landscape Program
This Program is related to the art and science of plant propagation, production,
ornamental plants and conservation in order to improve and brighten the human
environment. Emphasis is given on the production of fruits, vegetables and flowers. It
is to create, conserve and promote a congenial physical and spiritual environment to
humans. Other issues dealt with are related to natural products and environmental
conservation such as the mangrove ecosystem and domestic plants. This program
also emphasizes on sustainable organic farming and urban development.
6. School of Science and Technology – Environmental Science
This programme provides students with a strong foundation on the physical, chemical
and biological characteristics of the environment. A multidisciplinary approach,
emphasizing the relationship of man and the environment will be adopted.
Monash University Malaysia
7. School of Arts and Sciences - Bachelor of Science (Environmental Management)
The objectives of the course are to provide students with a knowledge of a broad
spectrum of resource management issues and strategies used to manage and sustain
the Earth’s natural resources, including scientific principles, concepts and skills in
areas of science relevant to resource management, such as biology, environmental
chemistry, ecology, microbiology, statistics, environmental health, marine and
freshwater biology and environmental management.
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3.4 Findings
Based on review of the information from this chapter, as well as feedback from the
Consultative Workshop held in Sarawak (22-23 October) and Sabah (1-2 November), the
following are observed:
1. In terms of implementation of UNCCD in Malaysia the following were discussed at the
technical working group:
o As Malaysia do not have deserts, questions are raised regarding the relevant of
implementing UNCCD in Malaysia, and how it is to be implemented.
o Within the context of implementation of UNCCD, there is no clear definition of land
degradation
2. Despite the lack of a common definition of what land degradation is within the context of
implementation of CCD, there are framework and guidance from existing policies on
development such as 9MP, NAP3, NPP, NUP, NEP which address issues generally
related to land degradation.
3. Land degradation issues have been addressed in many stages of development. This
includes land-use planning, town and country planning, and also land-use best practices in
various sectors (forestry, agriculture, mining, plantation, construction of roads,
construction of buildings, construction of infrastructure, soil conservation, soil
rehabilitation, etc.)
4. There is no dedicated policy or national programme to address the issue of land
degradation.
5. Some of the issues related to land degradation are also addressed in the implementation of
CBD and also UNFCCC.
6. No noticeable externally funded capacities building projects, specifically on land
degradation, are recorded. It is not considered as a threat and therefore it is given low
priority.
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4. Capacity Issues This chapter presents a preliminary account of capacity issues based on stock-taking exercise.
Capacity Issues Systemic Institutional Individual
The relevance of implementation of UNCCD in the Malaysia is not clear.
√
There is no definition of land degradation in the Malaysian context for the implementation of CCD
√
There is dedicated programme or national action plan to address land degradation Malaysia in a holistic manner.
Land degradation issues are addressed at various implementing agencies at all levels of the government
√
Because there is no definition for land degradation, and the types of activities that is covered, there are no clear roles for agencies in addressing relevant aspects of land degradation
√
The preliminary capacity issues identified during this stage are mainly systemic in nature.
As there is no clearly expressed position and direction in terms of implementation of
UNCCD, it is difficult to continue self-assessment of the implementation of UNCCD. This is
because there is no point of reference for implementation of UNCCD, in terms of land
degradation. Therefore it is rather difficult to assess the implementation gaps.
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5. Linkages of NCSA with National Priority
The NCSA Process provides a platform to discuss the priority of implementing UNCCD in
the country.
It is expected to complement and build upon current and existing activities, programmes and
projects including those that are inter-related to implementation of UNCBD and UNFCCC.
This process is expected to address capacity gaps based upon the direction taken by Malaysia.
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Bibliography
Chan Lai Har (2002) “The Impact of Present Forest Policies on Sustainable Forest
Management in Malaysia” in Proceedings of the Forest Policy Workshop Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia 22-24 January, 2002.
Economic Planning Unit (2006) Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010). Percetakan Nasional
Malaysia Berhad.
Federal Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of
Housing and Local Government (2005) National Physical Plan
Federal Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of
Housing and Local Government (2006) National Urbanisation Policy
GEF Secretariat (2001) A Guide for Self-Assessment of Country Capacity Needs For Global
Environmental Management.
Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia (1999) Dasar Pertanian Negara Ketiga (1998-2010) or
Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010)
Strategic Planning and International Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based
Industry Malaysia and Soil Resource Management and Conservation Division,
Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Input for National Reporting to the CSD-16 on
Desertification Thematic Issue
http://jps.melaka.gov.my/MASMA.htm
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Annex 1: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation -Department of Agriculture, Peninsular Malaysia
In terms of Soil and Water Conservation Activities the following activities have been carried
out:
– Collection and Preparation of Agriculture Land Information
o Soil Mapping
o Land Use Mapping
o Erosion Risk Mapping
– Preplanning Studies
o Study of Soil Erosion for different soil types, crop groups and terrain classes
o Preparation of Development Plan for Agriculture on Sloping Land
o Study on Conservation Management of Environmentally Sensitive Areas
– Soil Conservation Extension Activities
o Demonstration plot showing conservation structures and agronomic practices
o Training and extension programmes in hill land agricultures guidelines for
various crop groups and slopes covering:
– Land clearing
– Construction of soil conservation structures
– Agronomic practices to combat erosion
o Good agricultural practices
o Issuance of Skim Akreditasi Ladang Malaysia (SALM) certificates to farms
that fulfilled the standards requirement for good agriculture practice scheme.
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Annex 2: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Sabah (Source: Stakeholder Consultative Workshop 1-2 Nov 2007)
Mitigation Activities by Forestry Department:
Implementation of Sustainable Forest Management
– Reforestation of shifting cultivation areas.
– Community forestry projects. Community Forestry Project (CFP) being
implemented. Conservation areas, e.g. High Conservation Value Forests
identified.
– Restoration of forest reserves affected by illegal cultivation of agricultural crops
(0ngoing Forest Restoration programme in areas such as Ulu Segama Malua,
Merisuli, Timimmbang and Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserves)
– Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) implementation of forest reserves. About 2.0
million ha of Commercial Forest Reserves managed under long term Sustainable
Forest Management License Agreements.
– Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) being applied
– Restoration of forest reserves affected by fire, including the forest fire program
– Forest Fire Protection, 6 Fire Towers have been established at Tawau, Sandakan,
Kimanis, Telupid, Gunung Emas and Sook. In addition 6 Fire Fighting Equipment
Stores have been established
– Mangrove restoration/ replanting project (as for September 2007, 198 ha of
degraded mangrove forests area have been replanted)
– Restoration of riparian
– Soil conservation by other agencies (e.g. Agriculture Dept., JKR)
Mitigation Approaches by Department of Agriculture:
• Implementation of sound policies that could only come about with an extensive soil
database and soil information system. Implemented through:
– Land Application Process
– Approval of Development Plan (inherent condition on land title) that emphasize
on good agriculture practice
– Change of Land Title Condition
• Rehabilitation of degraded areas e.g. Kundasang Highland
• Input by the Department of Agriculture in the process of land alienation in terms of
the following:
– technical advice on the best use of land
– processes and implement the Land Development process
– best practice in terms of Zoning Concept for a balanced Agriculture Development
Issues:
– Broad, cross-cutting and involve many players
– No single agency over-seeing matters in an integrated and coordinated manner
– Many activities and initiatives – issue of linkages
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– High technical & scientific inputs & requirements
– Lack of technical/scientific capabilities in certain fields.
– Costly exercise
– Conservation vs. Social Responsibility – Striking the balance
– Monitoring and Assessing achievements and
– Issue of adequacy
Possible Ways of Moving Forward:
– Strengthening of existing policy, laws & associated regulatory framework
– Reinforcement of implementing agencies, including the possibility of establishing &
strengthening of a “Coordination Unit”
– Establishing the “mechanism for coordination”
– Developing the methodology – system of monitoring, assessing & reporting
– Making available pool of expertise/experts through training & recruitment
– Developing sustainable financing mechanism, eg. Carbon, Bio-D credits, etc
– Enhancing awareness programs to increase participation at all levels/ segments of society
– Promoting Partnership and Cooperation
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Annex 3: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Sarawak (Source: Stakeholder Consultative Workshop 22-23 Oct 2007)
Mitigation measures: Forestry Activities
Forest plantation
- Advocate enrichment planting rather than clear felling and replanting
- Planting on contours
- Establish cover crop in tandem with clearing
- Mosaic pattern clearing & subsequent harvesting
Forest harvesting
- Conservation of river buffer
- Steep areas not to be harvested: heli-logging or low impact logging to be adopted
- Conserve low stand blocks
- Reduce ground disturbance
- SFM (environmentally friendly, socially acceptable, economically viable) & certification
Mitigation measures: Agriculture Activities
Agricultural plantations on Peatland
- Water management for sago and oil palm
- Drainability study – to assess viability of the area
- Controlled burning – avoid excessive burning of peat
Agricultural plantations on Mangrove
- Control drainage – avoid oxidation (oxidation of pyrite in soil which is highly acidic)
- River buffer – conserve to ensure survival of adjacent remaining mangrove
- Maximize conservation e.g. National Park
Agricultural plantations Mineral soils
- Terracing
- Contouring
- Cover crop- leguminous crop (ability to fix nitrogen)
- Areas of more than 25 degrees to be left undeveloped
- Immediate planting after clearing
- Use of organic fertilizers
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Annex 4: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Oil Palm Sector (source: Malaysian Palm Oil Board)
Strategies:
Maintaining soil organic matter:
- Zero burning
- Utilisation of oil palm waste materials: oil palm biomass, EFB, fronds etc.
- Planting legume cover crop
Soil and water conservation:
- Terracing for land > 8o
- No oil palm planting for land > 25 o
- No oil palm planting for land > 300 m altitude
- Using water trapping techniques in oil palm plantation such as silt pit, frond pile row,
cover crops, terraces etc.
Marginal soil:
- Selective in marginal land development for oil palm eg. Peat not more than 3 m depth
and hemic or sapric in nature
- Proper drainage management for peat, acid sulphate soil, saline soil etc.
- Practice soil and water conservation techniques for hilly and sloping land
Management
- Use balance and sufficient fertilizer for oil palm by using foliar and soil analysis data
- Use P&D chemicals judiciously
- Practice sustainable oil palm planting by following the principles and criteria stated in
the RSPO and OPGAP
Land Clearing
- Soil erosion control guidelines for slope land, avoided step terrain, zero burning
policy ,cover crop policy
Cultivation Practices
- Proper pruned frond arrangement, nutrient recycling of palm biomass, silt pit to
collect eroded soil and to harvest rain
- Natural cover crop policy, to keep soft weeds for maintaining moisture, ...
Farm Drainage Designs and Practices
- Proper field drain to avoid soil erosion across the field.
- Proper field drain to avoid over drain (keep high water level)
Fertilizer Application
- Balanced nutrient input, site specific fertilizer application, Timing and method of
application, nutrient recycling from oil palm biomass.
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Annex 5: Activities to Mitigate Land Degradation - Cocoa Sector (source: Malaysian Cocoa Board)
Issue:
Land degradation affects cocoa productivity. For the cultivation of cocoa on sloping land, it is
very important that land degradation practices are effectively addressed. Some of the
important parameters that are frequently affected by sloping land are the thickness of the
organic layer which is very important in cocoa cultivation. As most of the feeder roots of
cocoa are in the top 30cm of the soil, the fertility (organic matter content) of the top soil
should be maintained.
Status:
Currently, there is no enforcement of regulations on the planting of cocoa on sloping land or
guidelines on soil conservation structures or agronomic practices to combat erosion
specifically for cocoa planting on slopes.
Individuals who are keen in the planting of cocoa take their own initiative to formulate or
devise their own conservation measures to combat erosion which includes practices such as
construction of terraces, use of covers/mulches and split application of fertilizers, etc.
List of Current Activities:
Activities Achievements Challenges
Promoting terracing – Sabah
Practice of cutting terraces on sloping land had been beneficial especially in cultivating soils up to 25
O
Indiscriminate extension of the use of this practice to steeper slopes has reduced the productivity of the soil
Study on effects of covers and crop residues such as oil palm fronds - Sabah
Long term benefits of legumes reflected in nutrient contents of soil
Maintenance of legume covers- becomes a creeper for cocoa plant after some time and methods to control the ocurrences
Current Capacity Building Programme:
– Evaluation on the breadth of terrace that is appropriate for cocoa planting on rather steep
slopes in Sabah (2005 – to date)
Challenges:
– Not informed by potential cocoa entrepreneurs on their interest in planting cocoa on
slopes/problem soils.
Suggestions for Capacity Development:
– Discussions between cocoa plantation owners with relevant personnel in institutions
which has the crop and soil management expertise before embarking on the planting of
cocoa on slopes or problem soils.
– Formulate guidelines on the planting of a crop on slopes or problem soils. Many of these
guidelines are present at the intuitional level, but are not adopted / implemented by
parties involved in the planting of the crop.
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– Policies and measures should be included in the package for ‘Good agricultural practices
for cocoa’ and disseminated widely for overall knowledge on crop requirement and
management.
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Annex 6: Coastal Erosion Control Programme - DID
The Coastal Engineering Centre was established in the Department of Irrigation and Drainage
(DID) in 1987. Its objective is to implement coastal erosion control programmes throughout
the country based on the outcomes of the National Coastal Erosion Study in 1986.
This programme protected properties (including public facilities) along the coastline. This
was achieved by construction of erosion control structures such as groyne and revetment
construction; beach nourishment for affected coastal area.
The rational for coastal zone management is to reduce negative impacts arising from
developments in the coastal zone and implement integrated coastal zone management to
ensure sustainable development of the coastal zone.
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Annex 7: Activities Addressing Land Degradation – MARDI
Activities Achievements
Research on sustainable peatland development, eg. crop production, impact of various techniques of land clearing, impacts on agricultural activities (since 1980s)
• Commercial food crops production on peatland
• Database on effect of peatland development on environment (eg. CO2 emission)
• International networking (eg. STRAPEAT and RESTORPEAT)
Research on crop management on tin-tailing soils eg. vegetables and fruit trees (since 1980s)
• Convert the wasteland into commercial vegetables and fruits production
• Publications
Research on crop management on sandy beach-ridge soils, eg. tobacco and food crop (since 1980s)
• Convert the wasteland into commercial tobacco and food crop production (which are also important for poverty eradication in the areas)
• Publications
Research on soil erosion, eg. mechanisms, effects and conservation measures (since 1980s)
• Databases on the nature and effects of soil erosion.
• Recommendations on farm management practices to control soil erosion.
• International networking, eg. with CGIAR
• Publications
Agricultural research station dedicated / semi-dedicated to land degradation
Research stations on peatland (3); sandy beach-ridge soil (2), tin-tailing soil (1) and sloping land (related to soil erosion) – (4)
Dedicated and semi-dedicated researchers on land degradation
Soil erosion (3), peatland (3), agricultural activities on tin tailing soil (1) and sandy beach-ridge soil (5)
Training course dedicated to land degradation (national level)
5-day training course on soil erosion (since 2003) and peatland development (starts in 2007)
Publications
Ghulam, M. Hashim (in press). A guide to soil erosion control in tree-crop farming. MARDI,
Serdang
Vimala, P and Ayob, S (in press). Food crop production on ex-mining land in Malaysia.
MARDI, Serdang
Ismail, A.B., Ong, SK., Mohamad Hanif, MJ., and Umi Kalsom, M.S., (Eds) (2007). Impact
of land clearing on peat ecosystem: A case study of MARDI Peat Research Station at
Sessang, Sarawak. MARDI, Serdang
Ghulam, M. Hashim (2003). Managing soil erosion and nutrient depletion. MARDI, Serdang