FOREIGN POLICY: FOREIGN POLICY: FROM FROM ISOLATIONISM ISOLATIONISM TO TO IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM TO TO ISOLATIONISM ISOLATIONISM
FOREIGN POLICY: FOREIGN POLICY: FROM FROM
ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM TO TO
IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM TO TO
ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM
Foreign Policy for Dummies National Interests & GoalsNational Interests & Goals
– SecuritySecurity– trade & investmentstrade & investments– alliancesalliances– ideologyideology
Means & MethodsMeans & Methods– effective & appropriateeffective & appropriate
Balance of PowerBalance of Power– unilateralunilateral– bilateralbilateral– multilateralmultilateral
TRADITIONAL POLICYTRADITIONAL POLICY1789 TO 18801789 TO 1880
CONTINENTALISMCONTINENTALISM– ACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPAND ACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPAND
ACROSS THE CONTINENTACROSS THE CONTINENT– EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM– RELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPERELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPE– WASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESSWASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESS– MONROE DOCTRINEMONROE DOCTRINE
LOOKING INWARDLOOKING INWARD WESTERN EXPANSIONWESTERN EXPANSION CIVIL WAR & SLAVERYCIVIL WAR & SLAVERY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION By 1880By 1880’’s these events are a reality s these events are a reality
and USA has the time, resources, and USA has the time, resources, and power to look outwardand power to look outward
REVIVAL OF INTERESTREVIVAL OF INTERESTIN EXPANSION...IN EXPANSION...
NAVALISMNAVALISM ECONOMIC IMPERIALISMECONOMIC IMPERIALISM SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM EUGENICSEUGENICS WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’S BURDENS BURDEN EUROPEAN EXAMPLEEUROPEAN EXAMPLE END OF THE FRONTIEREND OF THE FRONTIER JINGOISMJINGOISM
ANNEXATION OF HAWAIIANNEXATION OF HAWAII AMERICAN INVOLVEMENTAMERICAN INVOLVEMENT
– 18201820’’S NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIESS NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIES– 18401840’’S WHALING INDUSTRYS WHALING INDUSTRY– 18701870’’S SUGAR INVESTMENTS SUGAR INVESTMENT
1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF SUGAR CONSPIRACYSUGAR CONSPIRACY TREATY OF ANNEXATIONTREATY OF ANNEXATION
– GROVER CLEVELANDGROVER CLEVELAND– 1898 MCKINLEY1898 MCKINLEY
CUBAN CUBAN REVOLUTION REVOLUTION Spanish MisruleSpanish Misrule Sugar DutySugar Duty Scorched EarthScorched Earth Gen. Gen. ““WolfWolf”” Weyler Weyler Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
– Hearst Vs PulitzerHearst Vs Pulitzer USS MaineUSS Maine De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter Proctor reportProctor report McKinleyMcKinley’’s dilemmas dilemma
THE DECLARATION OF WARTHE DECLARATION OF WAR18981898
McKinley's McKinley's Message:Message:
End a NuisanceEnd a Nuisance Protect American Protect American
PropertyProperty HumanitarianismHumanitarianism
CongressCongress’’ Declaration:Declaration:
demand Spanish demand Spanish withdrawalwithdrawal
Free CubaFree Cuba disclaims any desire to disclaims any desire to
annex Cubaannex Cuba
DEBATE OVER THE DEBATE OVER THE TREATYTREATY
ANTI-ANTI-IMPERIALISTS:IMPERIALISTS:
HYPOCRISYHYPOCRISY AGAINST THEIR AGAINST THEIR
WILLWILL NULLIFY MONROE NULLIFY MONROE
DOCTRINEDOCTRINE AMERICANIZATIONAMERICANIZATION EXPENSEEXPENSE
IMPERIALISTSIMPERIALISTS:: ECONOMIC & ECONOMIC &
MILITARY GAINSMILITARY GAINS WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’S S
BURDENBURDEN INABILITY FOR INABILITY FOR
SELF GOVSELF GOV’’TT BRITISH BRITISH
ENCOURAGEMENTENCOURAGEMENT
LATIN AMERICA & ASIA LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA:: PLATT PLATT
AMENDMENTAMENDMENT ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT
DOCTRINEDOCTRINE PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL DOLLAR DOLLAR
DIPLOMACYDIPLOMACY
ASIAASIA:: SINO-JAPANESE SINO-JAPANESE
WAR 1885WAR 1885 OPEN DOOR 1904OPEN DOOR 1904 RUSSO-JAPANESE RUSSO-JAPANESE
WAR 1904WAR 1904 YELLOW MENACEYELLOW MENACE
TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:– CURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIESCURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIES– IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONSIMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS
REORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTSREORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTS– DESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSESDESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSES– MAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATICMAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATIC
DIRECT PRIMARIES, DIRECT PRIMARIES, INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL, INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL, SECRET BALLOTSECRET BALLOT
SUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGESUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE REGULATE BUSINESSREGULATE BUSINESS INCOME TAXESINCOME TAXES CHILD LABORCHILD LABOR TEMPERANCETEMPERANCE CONSERVATION - TRCONSERVATION - TR
THE PROGRESSIVES1890 -1920
PROGRESSIVES BELIEFS... Animal ruled by Animal ruled by natural selectionnatural selection, but humans , but humans
ruled by ruled by rational choice:rational choice:– nature can be wasteful...unrestrained competition nature can be wasteful...unrestrained competition
kills off fitter along w/ weakkills off fitter along w/ weak– laissez-faire killed off competition and encouraged laissez-faire killed off competition and encouraged
monopolymonopoly– competition = opportunity & progress competition = opportunity & progress – competition must be preserved...how?competition must be preserved...how?
Pragmatism:Pragmatism:– experiment...to find solutions to modern problemsexperiment...to find solutions to modern problems– practical outcomes instead of absolute answerspractical outcomes instead of absolute answers– appeals to science and/or the scientific method as a appeals to science and/or the scientific method as a
way to find solutionsway to find solutions– easily adaptable to reformseasily adaptable to reforms
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908
REFORM BECOMES NATIONAL W/ T. REFORM BECOMES NATIONAL W/ T. ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT– ASSASSINATION OF McKinley - 1901ASSASSINATION OF McKinley - 1901
THEODORE ROOSEVELT ACCIDENTAL PRES.THEODORE ROOSEVELT ACCIDENTAL PRES. 1902 ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE1902 ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE NORTHERN SECURITIES CO.NORTHERN SECURITIES CO.
– TRUST BUSTINGTRUST BUSTING– ““RULE OF REASON”RULE OF REASON”
REGULATION OF RR - HEPBURN ACTREGULATION OF RR - HEPBURN ACT CONSERVATION - PINCHOTCONSERVATION - PINCHOT FOOD & DRUGSFOOD & DRUGS
– UPTON SINCLAIR..THE JUNGLEUPTON SINCLAIR..THE JUNGLE– PURE FOOD & DRUG...FDAPURE FOOD & DRUG...FDA– MEAT INSPECTION ACTMEAT INSPECTION ACT
TWO TERM PROMISE – Uh Oh!TWO TERM PROMISE – Uh Oh!
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT1908-1912 TR CHOOSES HIS TR CHOOSES HIS
SUCCESSORSUCCESSOR– VAN BUREN, BUSH...ONE VAN BUREN, BUSH...ONE
TERMERSTERMERS ANTI TRUSTANTI TRUST INCOME TAX (16TH INCOME TAX (16TH
AMENDMENT)AMENDMENT) ICC...TELEPHONE & ICC...TELEPHONE &
TELEGRAPHTELEGRAPH 8 HOUR DAY FOR GOV’T 8 HOUR DAY FOR GOV’T
WORKERSWORKERS TARIFF & PINCHOT TARIFF & PINCHOT
CONTROVERSIESCONTROVERSIES
The Bull Moose Election 4 - WAY RACE4 - WAY RACE
– REPUBLICANS...TAFTREPUBLICANS...TAFT– DEMOCRATS...WILSONDEMOCRATS...WILSON– PROGRESSIVE...TRPROGRESSIVE...TR– SOCIALIST...DEBSSOCIALIST...DEBS– FOUR FORMS OF PROGRESSIVISMFOUR FORMS OF PROGRESSIVISM– MINORITY PRESIDENT...MINORITY PRESIDENT...SOUTHERN DEMOCRATSOUTHERN DEMOCRAT
WW = 42% TAFT 24% TR 28%WW = 42% TAFT 24% TR 28% 1824, 1860, 1992, 1996, 20001824, 1860, 1992, 1996, 2000
WOODROW WILSON 1913-1920
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM PROTECT COMPETITION/OPPORTUNITY ATTACK THE POWER OF:
– TARIFF– MONOPOLISTIC CORPORATIONS– BANKING & CURRENCY
GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENTS– UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS TARIFF BILL– FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT– FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM– ADAMSON ACT 1916 - 8 HOUR DAY/RR
THE REGULATORY STATE How do you solve the problems of MODERN How do you solve the problems of MODERN
INDUSTRIAL American society without embracing INDUSTRIAL American society without embracing socialism?socialism?
Maintain Capitalism & profitMaintain Capitalism & profit Government sets the Government sets the Rules of the GameRules of the Game Umpire the Game...Umpire the Game...Rule of ReasonRule of Reason preserve competition & progresspreserve competition & progress Bureaucratic DepartmentsBureaucratic Departments
– special expertise, education & trainingspecial expertise, education & training– administration of policiesadministration of policies
planning for efficiencyplanning for efficiency
LEGACY OF PROGRESSIVISM BEGINNING OF LIBERALISM
– GOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVEGOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE– SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T
LEGISLATION & ACTIONLEGISLATION & ACTION PRECEDENTS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.– NEW DEAL
1930’s…the Great Depression– GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS
1960’s Affluence, Civil Rights.– PRESIDENT OBAMA
““THE WAR TO END THE WAR TO END ALL WARSALL WARS””
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I1914 - 19181914 - 1918
WWI Alliances Central PowersCentral Powers
– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– TurkeyTurkey– BulgariaBulgaria– ItalyItaly
Allies & Associate Allies & Associate PowersPowers– RussiaRussia– FranceFrance– Great BritainGreat Britain– JapanJapan– ItalyItaly– USA - 1917USA - 1917
Woodrow Wilson’s Proclamation of
Neutrality19141914
The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.
The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy and desire among them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle.
It will be easy to excite passion and difficult to allay it. Those responsible for exciting it will assume a heavy responsibility, responsibility for no less a thing than that the people of the United States, whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its government should unite them as Americans all, bound in honor and affection to think first of her and her interests, may be divided in camps of hostile opinion, hot against each other, involved in the war itself in impulse and opinion if not in action.
The Failure of American Neutrality:
SentimentSentiment– hyphenated Americanshyphenated Americans– east - pro Alliedeast - pro Allied– midwest - pro Centralmidwest - pro Central– France - debtFrance - debt– propagandapropaganda
$$$$$$– TradeTrade
war trade ends depressionwar trade ends depression
– LoansLoans WJ Bryan resigns...WJ Bryan resigns...
SecuritySecurity– British NavyBritish Navy– Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note
The Failure of American Neutrality:
SubmarinesSubmarines– illegal & immoralillegal & immoral– British BlockadesBritish Blockades– Lusitania - 1915Lusitania - 1915– Sussex Pledge - 1916Sussex Pledge - 1916
WW backs himsilf into cornerWW backs himsilf into corner Will the British relax the Blockade?Will the British relax the Blockade?
– January 1, 1917 - Why?January 1, 1917 - Why?
The Failure of American Neutrality:
WilsonWilson’’s War Message - 1917s War Message - 1917. . It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberites of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.
The Last German Offensive Over four months in 1918 Over four months in 1918
the German army the German army launched five launched five major assaults at major assaults at different parts of the allied different parts of the allied line. Initially the plan line. Initially the plan worked. The allies gave worked. The allies gave ground. Soon ground. Soon the elite German storm the elite German storm troopers were a spent troopers were a spent force. force.
The American InvolvementThe actual military contribution of the United States to the fighting in the end of the conflict was absolutely minimal.
In so far as the presence of America made a difference in Germany's decision to surrender, it was not because of success on the battlefield at the Meusse Argonne, or anywhere else for that matter.
It was because the entrance of America into the war, and its demonstrated capacity to move its army across the Atlantic in huge numbers, now faced the Germans with the prospect of a virtual endless limitless supply of reinforcements that could be brought to the Allied side.
The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen PointsOpen DiplomacyOpen DiplomacyFreedom of the SeasFreedom of the SeasFree TradeFree TradeSelf DeterminationSelf DeterminationLeague of NationsLeague of Nations
Treaty of Versailles October 1918, Germany proposes a peace October 1918, Germany proposes a peace
conference based on the 14 Pointsconference based on the 14 Points Wilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicatesWilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicates November 11, 1918 and Armistice is November 11, 1918 and Armistice is
signed…a peace conference must followsigned…a peace conference must follow 1919 a peace conference begins in Paris1919 a peace conference begins in Paris Wilson travels to Europe to represent the Wilson travels to Europe to represent the
USA at the conference.USA at the conference.
Treaty of VersaillesGermany was forced to - Germany was forced to - Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not allowed to have conscriptionallowed to have conscription. . Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not allowed to have any submarines.allowed to have any submarines. Destroy all of its air force. Destroy all of its air force. Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland. the land given to Poland became known Poland. the land given to Poland became known as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main part of Germany from East Prussia. part of Germany from East Prussia. Hand over all of its colonies to the League.Hand over all of its colonies to the League.
Treaty of Versailles Agree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damage Agree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damage
caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000. caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000. Put no soldiers or military equipment within Put no soldiers or military equipment within 30 miles of the 30 miles of the
east bank of the Rhine. east bank of the Rhine. Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause".Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause". the Adriatic coast was made part of a new country called the Adriatic coast was made part of a new country called
Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia. Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia. Other new countries were created - Other new countries were created -
Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed from land lost by Russia. from land lost by Russia.
Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Treaty of Versailles