Imperialism in China It’s 1839 and China’s got problems!

Imperialism in China

It’s 1839 and China’s got problems!

Write: “Chapter 12 – Asian Imperialism”at the head of your notes

Queen VictoriaEngland

William II (Wilhelm)Germany

Czar Nicholas IIRussia

Lady LibertyFrench

SamuraiJapan

Qing OfficialChina

Decline of the Qing dynasty• Entering the 1800s, China is doing well on

its own… but problems arise• The ruling Qing dynasty declined because

of internal and external pressures:1. Internal – corruption, peasant unrest,

incompetence, growing population, food shortages

2. External – intense external pressure applied to Chinese society by the modern West

British frustrations in China• *China, largest untapped market in

Eastern Asia• British restricted to a small trading

outpost in Guangzhou (GWONG JO)• British have an unfavourable balance of

trade with China• *GUESS! What is Britain’s response?

Opium trade• British start selling

Opium – highly addictive drug – make a huge profit

• Opium is grown in northern India under the British East India Company and then shipped directly to Chinese markets.

•Opium destroys the Chinese workforce, creates entire generations of drug-addicts•Chinese had already made trade of opium illegal

Do Now• Read Chinese ambassador,

Lin Zexu’s (ghee-shoe) appeal to Queen Victoria. What was he asking for? Imagine you are Queen Victoria – write a brief response.

The British and the Queen ignore the Chinese appeals to stop the sale of Opium – the Chinese are left with no alternative but to resist.

• Chinese government blockades Guangzhou.• Chinese try to force traders to surrender their chests of opium• Britain responds with force, OPIUM WARS 1839-1842• Chinese humiliated - British easily defeat the less developed military

Safari Montage Video – China (Chapter 1, second section – 3 min 6 sec)

Treaty of Nanjing, 18421. Chinese open 5 coastal ports to British trade2. Limit taxes on British goods3. Chinese pay for the costs of the war4. Chinese give British island of Hong Kong

*Extraterritoriality – Europeans living in sections of China were subject to their own (European) laws, not Chinese law.

Imagine you are…• Explain your feelings about the Treaty of

Nanjing – what are your choices? If you were the following people:

1. A Chinese merchant trader working in a seaport that has just been opened to trade

2. A Chinese peasant who has been asked to pay extra taxes to pay for the war, who also is asked to grow more rice for trade

3. Captain of a ship in the British East India Company

4. A Christian missionary from Europe living in China

Consider:Why are European countries concerned about the Tai

Ping Rebellion?

What does Mr. Mooney mean when he says, ‘the West,’ or ‘Westernize?’

Bonus Question!

Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)

• Peasant revolt led by Hong Xiaquan• Leads to civil war

– Fighting for rights• Land ownership• Equal rights for women

• Chinese government seeks help from Western armies (British)

• 20 million people die• China begins to “westernize” or

modernize as a result

Boxer Rebellion1898-1901

• Angry at western influence, a group of “shadow boxers” target violence at Christian missionaries• International Army puts down

rebellion

Open Door Policy• British and U.S. pressure force China to

open ports to all• France, Germany, Japan also get

access – each nation gets their own coastal area of China

• Spheres of Influence develop

Spheres of Influence – Areas where imperial powers had exclusive trading rights

China “Resists” and is Broken• The Opium War

• Treaty of Nanjing

• Tai Ping Rebellion

• Spheres of Influence & the Open Door Policy

• Boxer Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan

Guang Xu

Empress Dowager Cixi

China “Resists” and is Broken• The Opium War

– 1 sentence summary

• Treaty of Nanjing– 1 sentence summary

• Tai Ping Rebellion– 1 sentence summary

• Spheres of Influence & the Open Door Policy– 1 sentence summary

• Boxer Rebellion – 1 sentence summary

• The Opium War– Great Britain is importing (smuggling) Opium into China: leads to greater demand (spending more

money) as large portion of population becomes addicted.– China asked G.B. to stop opium imports, but G.B. refuses leads to war.– Opium war is a complete disaster for Chinese: do not have military technology to face G.B.– Lose war and are have to sign treaty of Nanjing 1842– Results in weakening of Chinese authority over own country

• Treaty of Nanjing- Forced opening of Chinese ports to foreign trade- Island of Hong Kong is given to Great Britain - China has to pay G.B. back for the costs of the war

• Tai Ping Rebellion– Chinese revolt- raising up against Manchu (Chinese) gov’t– Chinese gov’t needs western intervention to defeat rebels

• Spheres of Influence & the Open Door Policy

– Weakened by Opium War and Tai Ping rebellion other countries force open the door of China to other foreign powers.

– Other countries like France, Russia, and Japan create “spheres of influence” across China.

• Boxer Rebellion – Peasant uprising that attempted to drive all foreigners out of China – Name comes from boxing “rituals” that they practiced– Boxers targeted Christian missionaries – An international army was sent in to put down the rebellion- peace agreement signed in 1901

China “Resists” and is Broken

China and Imperialism in the 1800s

• You are writing an essay on China’s experience with Imperial nations:

• Introduction: 2-3 sentences• Identify the situation – develop through

examples (events/people)• Include time periods/dates• Conclusion ~ Significance – how will this

change China and the world around it?• Things to include: Qing Dynasty, Opium War, Treaty

of Nanjing, Tai Ping Rebellion, Open Door Policy, Spheres of Influence, Boxer Rebellion

• You could include: Guangzhou, Empress Dowager, Hong Xiuquan, Lin Zexu, East India Trade Co., among others…

Do Now• WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF COMMODORE

MATTHEW PERRY’S EXPEDITION TO JAPAN?

Ch. 12 – Imperialism in Japan

Imperialism in Japan

Do NowWhat was the Meiji

Restoration?

Emperor Mutsuhito

Pronounced May-jee

• Set of reforms to Japan put in place by new emperor

• Industrialize• Model Gov’t after West• Universal Education• Land ownership• Build Military

An End to Isolation• Tokugawa shogunate

had isolated Japan from virtually all contact from the outside world.

• Only maintained formal relations with Korea, and informal trading links with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki.

• Foreign shipwrecked sailors were held captive, displayed in cages

Perry Expeditions• 1853, Commodore

Matthew Perry, fleet of American warships arrive in Edo Bay (Tokyo).

• Perry sought to, “bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations”

• Brought with him a letter from president Millard Fillmore

Fillmore’s Letter…1. Asked for better treatment of sailors

shipwrecked on the Japanese islands2. Opening of foreign relations between the

United States and Japan

• Question ultimately decided by the guns of Commodore Perry’s ships.

• Under military pressure, Japan granted concessions, or political compromises

Treaty of Kanagawa1. Opened new ports to Western traders,

and established a U.S. consulate in Japan.

2. Japan learns from China*

* Japan eventually recognizes that colonies provided Western powers with sources of raw materials, inexpensive labor, and markets for their manufactured products.

Motto becomes, “Strengthen the army”

If you can’t beat em, join em…

• To compete, Japan would also have to expand.• Goes to war with China over control of Korea,

• Japan wins, also acquires Taiwan • Defeat Russia’s Baltic fleet.

• Meiji Restoration- Unites the Japanese nation under a single ceremonial ruler- the emperor.

- His advisers were the ones running the country- Abolition of feudalism gave Japanese people opportunities to work in new fields brought

on by the Industrial Revolution - Government promoted this industrial reform by paying for then selling to private individuals

- Gov’t introduced national education system- most Japanese attended public school for 6 years

- Created a Constitution and an elected parliament- governments just like they had in the west

- Changed legal system - Western nations recognized these changes and acknowledge Japan as an equal

• Imperialist Japan– Japan begins to conquer foreign lands

• Takes over Korea, Part of China, and Taiwan – Creates a Sphere of Influence in China – but forced to return by European nations– Defeats Russia in war to protect its colony of Korea

Japan Reforms and Joins the West

China “Resists” and is Broken• The Opium War

– 1 sentence summary

• Treaty of Nanjing– 1 sentence summary

• Tai Ping Rebellion– 1 sentence summary

• Spheres of Influence & the Open Door Policy– 1 sentence summary

• Boxer Rebellion – 1 sentence summary

Japan Reforms and Joins the West

• Meiji Restoration– 1 sentence summary

• Imperialist Japan– 1 sentence summary