Imperialism in Asia India and Gandhi. Asia British in India By the Mid 1800’s, British controlled 60% of India Created railroads and industry British.

Imperialism in Asia

India and Gandhi

Asia

British in India By the Mid 1800’s, British controlled

60% of India Created railroads and industry British gained control by putting the

diverse cultures against one another British East India Company- trade company that gained political control Major goal of company was to make $$

British Cause Major Problems

Hindu was one of the primary religions in India British Changed Social/Religious Laws:

Sepoy, (Indian troops), were allowed to serve overseas which went against Hindu values and caste system.

Allowed Hindu widows to re-marry Stopped “suttee” Upper-class widows committing

suicide at husbands funeral by throwing self on burial fire. Show of dedication to husband.

Problems continued Distributed new rifles greased with animal

fat which went against their religion, both Hindu and Muslim

Hindu: cow scared Muslim: Can’t eat pig British had little regard for culture and

religion. Ignorant to values of the people they were ruling

British were trying to “modernize,” and keep the peace.

Sepoy Rebellion Army not happy with Brits, forced to go against

religious beliefs British had changed the guns to vegetable oil,

however, the rumor had spread and they did not trust the British

Rose up and rebelled against religious intolerance Some made allies with Muslims in the name of

freedom Rebellion was squashed and resulted in direct

control of the crown

The good and the bad British Influence:

Good things: Introduced modern technology, medicine, brought

about peace among villages and education. Connected rural areas with the Railroads

Inspired nationalism among Indians who wanted freedom from their oppressors

Bad things: Cause food shortage from population explosion,

stepped on religious values and culture, restricted rights and promoted inequalities

For and Against Nationalists wanted British influence

gone quick and forever Indian National Congress want to

combine British education, ideas with Indian tradition and use peaceful protests to gain independence

him

Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi- Indian Nationalist Believed in peaceful protest Hindu Business class Part of Indian National Congress Fought for rights in South Africa and

India

Gandhi in India Used peaceful protests, non-

cooperation and fasting to fight off British control of the country

Did not believe in material things Made own clothes and used the food

from the land to survive

Important protests British control: Protesting oppressive British Laws

and control of the country Indigo protest: Gandhi made own clothes to protest

British hold on the textile industry. Gandhi got rid of all material things to get back to the culture of India. Only wore things made from his hands

Salt march: British Law against Hindu’s making their own salt. Gandhi marched 240 miles to sea to produce salt

Massacre: British general made a law against public Indian assembly

Amritsar Giving no word of warning, 50 soldiers were

ordered to fire into the gathering, and for 10 minutes 1,650 rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the screaming, terrified crowd, some of whom were trampled by those desperately trying to escape. According to official estimates, nearly 379 civilians were killed, and another 1,100 were left wounded with no medical attention

Gandhi's influence Supported Indian nationalism Attempted to erase class distinction Promote unity and acceptance Tried to erase religious tensions

among Christians, Muslims, and Hindu's of India

After Independence

Mahatma Gandhi, aged 78, was on the way to a prayer meeting, when he was shot three times in the chest by a fellow Hindu. Gandhi died on January 30, 1948.

“Be the change that you want to see in the world.”

Mohandas Gandhi

1869-1948

Effects of British Indian nationalism inflamed Modern technology Famine and poverty, Indians stopped

farming and producing food, and became over focused on cash crops (cotton, indigo)

Class system dissolved Pakistan for Muslims

Moving Across Asia

China and the British

What’s the deal with China?

Brits in China, Why go there?

Chinese had strict control of their trade. They made more of a profit then those selling to the Chinese

China felt superior to the West and therefore felt they did not need any of their products

Two major Reasons China was in an overall decline, and

England saw an opportunity Industrial Revolution!!!

China was no longer the most advanced country. China’s refusal to modernize and trade left them with outdated technology and a weakening economy

Get ‘em when they are down

British discovered their upper hand, trading Opium for tea

Chinese became addicted and began buying more and more of the drug, ruining Chinese economy

British knew that the drug was addictive, and it was outlawed in England

What’s India got to do with it?

Opium is grown in India Brittishs controlled trade in India Easy trade route to China from India

Opium Wars Chinese tried to outlaw Opium trade British pushed through and ignored the

law, claiming they had “free trade” Violence erupted- Chinese clashed

with Brittish Merchant ships on the sea British overpowered with newer

technology

Two Wars Opium Wars fought in two parts, and

both times Chinese were defeated by the British

British warships had faster guns, shot longer distance

Boats were faster, stronger Chinese failed and were forced to

bargain

Glory to Ghastly Treaty of Nanjing- British opened more trade ports, (only had one legal before)British got control of Hong Kong Island Had free trade without limitationsExtraterritorialityIndemnity“most favorable nation”

Caused increased Chinese resentment of British With China weak, other nations began carving it

up, and the US set up an “open door policy” for trade

Effects on Chinese After the opium wars, China was greatly weakened and

occupied by many diff. countries HOWEVER, the Chinese did not want to be controlled by

foreigners and wanted to enjoy their freedom and therefore, fought a series of rebellions

Taiping Rebellion, War with Japan, .Boxer Rebellion,

After Effect China was hesitant to reform because it

wanted to maintain its “golden days” and was afraid that if the modernized they would loose their traditions and territory

After the Boxer Rebellion, China realized the need for modernization

Did modernize and eventually form a democratic republic, but was weak b/c of internal struggles, had STRONGnationalism but not unity

Japan’s Decision Look through your books on pgs. 342-

347. How was Imperialism in Japan similar

to what was happening in China? How was it different? What was the Meiji Restoration? How was Japan able to defeat China

in war?

Japanese Feudalism

Shogun

Daimyo

Samurai – lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” (chivalric code)

Samurai

Peasants, Merchants, etc.

Ronin – those samurai without

masters

Ninja – a warrior trained to use

unorthodox fighting methods (assassination,

espionage, martial arts)

Japanese Culture and Economy

Religion Mixture of native Shintoism (living spirits in all

things) and Chinese Confucianism (based on the teachings of Confucius)

Economy Growing internal trade during the Edo period Merchants began to surpass the samurai in

wealth Rigid social stratification

But these limits were being tested by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate

End of Japanese Isolation

U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858)– 1853 – gunboat diplomacy– 1854 – trade treaty with the United States– Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia

soon gained similar trading rights Townsend Harris (1804-1878)

– United States Consul General to Japan– 1858 – commercial treaty between U.S. and Japan

Japanese Reaction

Pros Cons

“Dutch Learning” (Western knowledge) became very popular among many doctors, scholars, and scientists

Western knowledge went against many traditional Japanese beliefs

Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and budding industrialists stood to profit from increased trade

Traditional holders of prestige and power (daimyos and samurai) did not tend to profit from increased trade

Resentment•Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans•Anti-foreign uprisings (1863-1864)•Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships

Solution•“If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”•Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China•Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization

Meiji Restoration

Shogun forced to relinquish power Power officially in hands of Emperor

Mutsuhito – His reign was called the “Meiji”

Japan westernized– Quickly went to work crafting a constitution

Governmental Reforms

Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature– First convened – 1889

Meiji (Imperial) Constitution– Adopted – 1890 – Followed until the end of World War II

Economic Reforms Abolition of feudalism Currency (yen) adopted, 1872 Encouragement of foreign trade Expansion and encouragement of industrialization Growth of factories

First large factories manufactured textiles First textile factory workers were girls and women

Land reform Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and

expanded

Military Reforms Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local

daimyo and thus not subservient to a central government

Meiji era: Modern army and navy established which were loyal to the Japanese government

Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously

by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s fate, Japan would have to compete militarily

Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for three years after turning twenty-one

Social Reforms

Universal compulsory elementary education

Universities established Westernization of many laws

Tokyo University

Social Changes

Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels)

Diversity of intellectual and political thought

Growing independence and empowerment of women

Movement of peasants from countryside to factories

Imperialization of Japan Why become Imperial

Nation?– Lack of fertile land

for agriculture– Markets for finished

products– Need for the raw

materials of industry– Population growth– Response to

Western imperialism

Meiji Japan at War First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Gained: Formosa (Taiwan) Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it Sphere of influence in Korea

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Destruction of Russian fleet Finally respected as a world power Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large

sphere of influence in Manchuria Annexation of Korea (1910) World War I

Joined Allies Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its leases

in the Shantung Peninsula

Review Questions

How did the government of Japan change during the Meiji restoration?

Describe Japan’s rationale for its westernization.

Describe Japan’s imperialism and militarization.