Imperialism

IMPERIALISMLet’s go and get some colonies!

BY THE END OF THE DAY, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO

1. Describe at least motives for imperialism.2. Describe three types of imperialism.3. Which nations became imperial powers?4. Which nations were controlled by imperial powers?5. How did imperial powers justify their control over

foreign nations?

DEFINITION Imperialism: The

policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally or militarily.

COLONIALISM SPEEDS UPAge of Exploration

↓Europeans raced for overseas colonies

↓Growth of European commerce and

trade worldwide↓

Commercial Revolution

“OLD” IMPERIALISM

•1500s-1700s

•England, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain

•Wars over colonies

INTERLUDE – LATE 1700S-LATE 1800S

Europeans were preoccupied with happenings on the European continent and in the existing European colonies.

American RevolutionFrench RevolutionNapoleonic WarsLatin American Wars for IndependenceGrowth of NationalismIndustrial Revolution

“NEW” IMPERIALISM

•Beginning circa 1875•Renewed race for colonies•Spurred by needs created by the Industrial Revolution

•New markets for finished goods•New sources of raw materials

•Nationalism•Colonies = economic and political power•Social Darwinism = racist justification

EXPLORATION David Livingstone Mapping the “Dark

Continent”

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES The steam engine Better transportation Increased exploration Improvements in communication

CONCEPT OF “RACES” CIRCA 1900

IDEOLOGICAL MOTIVES A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans

also spurred the development of imperialism.

Charles Darwin, “The Origins of the Species” The idea of the evolution and survival of

the fittest. Turned into Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism said that strong people should rule over weak people…

THE MAXIM GUN First self-

powered machine gun

One English writer put it this way:

“Whatever happens, we have gotthe Maxim gun, and they have not.”

NATIONALISM 19th century political change Allegiance to one’s country rather than

one’s monarch Role of the Common people Unification movements Militarism

Other nations emerged in the mid-1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.

ECONOMIC MOTIVES Industrialized

nations sought: Raw materials Natural resources A cheap labor

supply New marketplaces

for manufactured goods.

ECONOMIC MOTIVES•Markets for finished goods

•Products of British Industrial Revolution sold in China and India

•Sources of raw materials•Egypt – cotton•Malaya – rubber and tin•Middle East – oil

•Capital investments•Profits from Industrial Revolution invested in mines, railroads, etc., in unindustrialized areas

JUSTIFICATIONS•Social Darwinism

•Interpreted Darwin’s evolutionary theory in terms of powerful nations

•“Only the strong survive”•Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples

•Racism•Increased feelings of white superiority

•Increased feelings of Japanese superiority•Eugenics developed as a branch of science

RELIGIOUS MOTIVES

•Conversion to Christianity

•End-of-the-century crusading spirit

•Missionaries in Africa, Asia, Hawaii, etc.

†

His ideas about imperialism can be seen in a poem he wrote in 1889, called The White Man’s Burden:

Rudyard Kipling, author of The Jungle Book, was an Anglo-Indian – an Englishman who was born in India.

THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN Turn to the White Man’s Burden page in

your passport and read the entry together.

Answer the following questions

SOCIAL MOTIVES

•Surplus population•Japanese in Korea•Italians in Africa

•“White Man’s Burden”•Rudyard Kipling’s poetry and prose•Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of civilization” to “backward” peoples•Cecil Rhodes – imperialism is “philanthropy—plus five percent”

The White Man’s Burden was the idea that Europeans had to conquer the rest of the world, to spread the benefits of Western Civilization.

This was supposed to help them…

Appeared on advertisements and on children’s books during that time period.

INDIA Mahatma Gandhi was born in India around

the same time as Rudyard Kipling. Gandhi lived in India and Africa and studied law in England, but he had different ideas about imperialism.

Reporter: “What do you think about Western Civilization?”

Gandhi: “I think it would be a good idea!”

Gandhi led India to independence from England through nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi and others thought that Europeans were just talking about helping the people they conquered.

The West wasn’t really civilized. It was brutally conquering the entire world and taking foreign countries’ natural resources.

POLITICAL MOTIVES•Nationalism – National pride

“The sun never sets on the British empire.”

•Large empires increased national pride

•French acquisitions in Africa and Asia followed France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

THE SUN NEVER SETS ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE

AFRICA Berlin

Conference: established rules on how the colonies would behave in regards to Africa

MILITARY MOTIVES

• Bases• British naval bases

• Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore

• Manpower• British – Indian sepoys• French – north African troops

CHINA In the

1700s, China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.

OPIUM

By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium to China. Within a generation, opium addiction in

China became widespread.

In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou stop. The British refused and war ensued.

China and Britain Clash over Opium

Boxer rebellion

•Economic privileges and rights given for a specific purpose•U.S. and British oil concessions throughout the Middle East

•Ottoman Turks granted Germany permission to build Berlin-to-Baghdad Railroad

CONCESSION IMPERIALISM

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IMPERIALISM

•Exclusive or special control over an area

•Examples•British trading rights in China’s Yangtze valley•French trading rights in southeastern China•Japanese trading rights in Korea

LEASEHOLD IMPERIALISM

•Lease over an area•Suez Canal Corporation

•Suez Canal built by French in 1860s•Controlled by British shortly thereafter until 1968

•Panama Canal•United States

•Germans in Kiachow•French in Kwangchow•British in Weihaiwei

Plan of Suez Canal as envisioned in 1881.

PROTECTORATE IMPERIALISM

•Foreign control exercised through native “puppet” rulers•French – Morocco (1906-1956)•British – Egypt (1914-1968)

•Britain held a sphere of influence in Egypt from 1882-1914•Britain gained control of Egypt as Egypt’s protectorate when the Ottoman empire fell apart during World War I

ANNEXATION IMPERIALISM•Territory annexed and turned into a colony under the complete control of a foreign power

•German colonies in east and southwest Africa – until 1918 and the end of World War I

•French Indochine (Vietnam) – until 1955

•British Burma – until 1948

MANDATE IMPERIALISM

•Victors of World War I gained control over German possessions under mandates granted by the League of Nations

•German East Africa → Great Britain

•Pacific islands north of the equator → Japan

•Syria → France

JAPAN Closed its doors to the World until 1600 It opened its doors in the 1800s to the

United States. Soon caught up to the rest of the world

in being an industrialized nation.

THE MEIJI RESTORATION Tokugawa

Shogunate overthrown by imperial forces.

Emperor Mutsuhito ruled 1867-1912

Modernization

JAPANESE MODERIZATION

JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-1905 Japan and Russia fought for control of Manchuria Japan won easily; Russia was humiliated.

JAPANESE EMPIRE BUILDING 1929-1939