Imperialism (1800 -1914)
Feb 25, 2016
Imperialism (1800 -1914)
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia
The New ImperialismThe Scramble for Territories
new wave of Western expansion Imperialism
“New Imperialism” Motives for Imperialism
Economic Motives Rivalries Nationalism Social Darwinism and racism
Racism Religious or humanitarian
“The White Man’s Burden” “heathen masses” Democracy and capitalism
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East AsiaColonial Takeover
Great Britain Southeast Asia Began with the British
1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Malay Peninsula – Singapore Kingdom of Burma (Myanmar)
France Vietnam
Christian missionaries Confucian Doctrine
Vietnam too weak The French
Mekong River delta City of Saigon 1884 –City of Hanoi Protectorate Cambodia, Annam, Laos, and Tonkin – to create French Indochina
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East AsiaThailand – The Exception
France and Great Britain Siam (Thailand) Two Rulers :
King Mongkut King Chulalongkorn
western learning maintained relations 1896 –independent buffer state
United States 1898 – Spanish American War Commodore George Dewey President William McKinley
“civilize” Emilio Aguinaldo
Guerrilla warfare Filipino-American War
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia
Colonial Regimes Indirect or Direct Rule
Indirect Rule Local rulers Natural resources Cheaper Less impact on local culture
Direct Rule Justification for the conquests
Representative government Religion Language
Educated “heathen” fear Colonial Economies
No Industry Led to plantation agriculture
Peasants (wage laborers) Plantation owners High taxes
Benefits of colonial rule Modern economic system Railroads, roads, schools, Export market
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia
Resistance to Colonial Rule Resistance
Ruling Class Burma Vietnam
Can Vuong (“Save the King”)Peasant revolts
Burma – 1930 Buddhist Monk Saya San
Early resistance movements failed New resistance
Nationalism Westernized intellectuals
1930’s
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa West Africa and North Africa
Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal West Africa
Raw materialsSlave Trade Tension Great Britain
1874 -annexed Gold Coast Nigeria
France 1900 –French West Africa
Germany Togo, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa, and German East
Africa
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa North Africa
Great Britain Egypt
Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali reforms to modernize Egypt Europeans wanted to build a canal
Ferdinand de Lesseps - Suez Canal British -“Their lifeline to India”
1875 – British will buy Egypt’s share 1881 – Revolt 1914 - Protectorate
Sudan British “to protect their interests” Muslim Cleric Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi) British – General Charles Gordon Khartoum in 1885
France 1879 –Algeria 1881 –Tunisia and Morocco protectorates
Italy Ethiopia and 1911 –Tripoli and will rename Libya
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa Central and East Africa
Central Africa Explorers David Livingstone
Uncharted regions Made detailed notes Maps
Henry Stanley New York Herald “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Livingstone will die in 1873 Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean British King Leopold II of Belgium Leopold will hire Stanley in 1876 France
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa East Africa
1885 – Great Britain and Germany Otto Von Bismarck
“ all this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections”
Great Britain, Germany, Belgium and Portugal Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
German and British Portugal - Mozambique No delegates from African nations were present
Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaSouth Africa
The Boer Republics Rapid expansionBoers and Afrikaners During the Napoleonic Wars
The BoersOrange and Vaal RiversTwo independent republics:
Orange Free StateTransvaal
White superiority was ordained by GodIndigenous people into reservationsZulus -leader was Shaka
Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaCecil Rhodes
“ I think what [God] would like me to do is to paint as much of Africa British red as possible”
Transvaal Rhodes will be replaced
Boer War (1899 – 1902)Boers used guerilla warfare
Burn crops and detention camps19021910 –Union of South AfricaSelf-governing state
Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaEffects of Imperialism
Colonial Rule in Africa 1914 Liberia and Ethiopia The British ruled with indirect rule 1903 in Sokoto in Northern Nigeria
Good Bad foster class and tribal tensions
The French ruled with direct rule Governor-general Assimilation
Rise of African Nationalism New class of Africans
West culture Came to resent to foreign occupation European Superiority Confusion Organize political parties and movements
Section 3: British Rule in India
Section 3: British Rule in IndiaThe Sepoy Mutiny
Events Leading to Revolt British East India Trading Company
Sepoys 1857
Sepoy Mutiny /The first war of Independence /Great Rebellion The problem:
pig and cow grease soldiers had to bite off the ends Sepoys Sepoys in Meerut
Other revolts broke out all over India Muslims and Hindus Many atrocities– Kanpur
Effects of the Revolt Transfer of power 1876 – Queen Victoria Viceroy Help to fuel Indian nationalism
Section 3: British Rule in IndiaBritish Colonial Rule
Benefits of British ruleOrder and stability Fair and honest government
New school system Built roads, canals, universities and medical centers Postal service Built a Railroad system
Costs of British RuleEconomic Costs
Most of the country remained poor British Industries
ZamindarsBritish - farmers to stop growing food Degrading
British racism and arrogance
Section 3: British Rule in IndiaIndian Nationalists
Early NationalistsUpper class and English educated Preferred reform to revolutionIndian National Congress Mohandas Gandhi
1915 – returns to India nonviolent resistance
Section 3: British Rule in IndiaColonial Indian Culture
Cultural revolution in India University of Calcutta Own national identity Indian novelists and poets
Nationalist Newspapers Regional languages – nationalist support Journalist Balwantrao Gangahar Tilak
Kesari (“The Lion”) Editor G.S. Aiyar
Swadeshamitram (“Friend of Our Nation”) Triplicane Literary Society
Tagore Rabindranath Tagore
Most famous Indian author Bande Mataram (“Hail to Thee, Mother”) International university Fought to promote Indian pride in nationalism
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin AmericaNationalist Revolts
American RevolutionCreoles
land and business Spanish and the Portuguese
Prelude to Revolution Creoles Peninsulares Napoleon’s wars Island of Hispaniola – in Saint Domingue
François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture Revolt in Mexico
1810 Miguel Hidalgo Native American and Mestizos September 16, 1810
Creoles and the Peninsulares Agustin de Iturbide 1821 Mexico will declare their independence
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America Revolts in South America
“Liberators of South America” Jose de San Martin (Argentina)
Led revolts throughout the continent 1810 –Argentina Chile
Battle of Chacabuco Chile independence in 1818 Peru Joined forces with Simon Bolivar and defeated the Spanish
Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) 1810 in Venezuela New Granada (Columbia) and Ecuador
1824 – Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia 1822 – Brazil 1823 – Central American states had become independent
1838 divided into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua
Threats to Independence 1820’s Concert of Europe British US– President James Monroe Monroe Doctrine
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
Nation Building Problems – wars, revolts, lack of transportation, communication, etc. Rule of the Caudillos
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1833-1855 “Napoleon of the West” 1835 –Texas territory of Mexico War with the US (1846-1848)
Benito Juarez 1855 – 1876 Brought liberal reforms
Juan Manuel de Rosa Argentina
A New Imperialism Great Britain and the US US “ Dollar Diplomacy” (William Howard Taft) Foreign investors
Economic Dependence Cash Crops
Persistent Inequality Landed elites Large estates held the best land Land was the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
Change in Latin America The U.S. and Latin America
By the 1870’s - a constitution Late 1800s the US began to intervene 1895 – Jose Marti - Cuba Spanish-American War 1903 – President Teddy Roosevelt
Panama Canal (Opened in 1914) American investments and US military
Nicaragua – 1912 – 1933 Revolution in Mexico
Porfirio Diaz (1877 – 1911) Francisco Madero Emiliano Zapata 1910 -1920 – Mexican Revolution
New constitution in 1917 Mexican Patriotism
Prosperity and Social Change After 1870 age of prosperity Exports & Imports After 1900 Middle Class in LA