1 ACRICE 2017 , UFA SETIF 1 , Oct , 8 - 11 2017 IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON «CHEMISTRY» , «CHEMICAL ENGINEERING» AND « MATERIALS SCIENCE » CURRICULA. Djafer BENACHOUR Laboratory of Multiphase Polymeric Materials (LMPMP), Faculty of Technology, Ferhat ABBAS University SETIF1, 19000 SETIF (ALGERIA) e-mail: [email protected]Université Ferhat ABBAS Sétif - 1 , Algérie
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1ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON «CHEMISTRY» , «CHEMICAL ENGINEERING» AND « MATERIALS SCIENCE » CURRICULA.
Djafer BENACHOUR
Laboratory of Multiphase Polymeric Materials (LMPMP), Faculty of Technology, Ferhat ABBAS University SETIF1,
In a general sense, “Nanotechnology” could be defined as “the art and
science of manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale.” The
word includes both nanosciences and nanotechnologies.
‘’Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation
under control of the nanoscale structures and their integration into
larger material components, systems and architecture.’’
A more precise definition has been established by the Nanotechnology
National Initiative: “nanotechnology is the research and technology
development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the
length scale of approximately 1—100 nanometer range, to provide a
fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the
nanoscale and to create and uses structures, devices and systems that
have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or
intermediate size’’.
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INTRODUCTION
Chemistry/Chemical engineering curriculasince the 1970’s
BRIEF HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
1959 FEYNMAN gives his famous talk “There is plenty of room at the bottom” and describes molecular machines building with atomic precision.“ Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin ?”
1974 TANIGUCHI uses term “nano-technology ” in a paper on ion-sputter machining
1981 First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision. STM invented.
1985 Buckyball discovered 1986 AFM invented 1989 IBM logo spelled in individual atoms
1991 Carbon nanotube discovered1997 First nanotechnology company founded: Zyvex
2000 US President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative NNI2011 First programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors
DNA molecular robots learn to walk in any direction along a branched trackMechanical manipulation of silicon dimers on a silicon surface
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS (1)
Nanotechnology allowed the design and fabrication of new materials at
the nanoscale: “nanomaterials” became available in the 1990’s.
These nanomaterials spread out to many scientific and technologic fields,
notably in chemistry, biology, materials science, catalysis… and in
medicine.
Examples of medical nanomaterials range from smart nanocarriers for
drugs delivery and targeting, ranging from liposomes, to polymeric
nanospheres and micelles. These drugs nanocarriers helped the emergence
of what is now called “Nanomedecine”.
Catalysis muted from art to science, through the use of nanocatalysts and
microreactor technology.
Improvement of heat resistance and mechanical properties resulting from
the incorporation of nanofillers (clay nanoparticles, Carbon nanotubes…)
into polymeric matrices are strong examples of novel engineering polymer
based materials…
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NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS (2)
CONVERGENCE OF SCIENCES
“Convergence “ can be defined it as the merging of distinct technologies,
processing disciplines, or devices into a whole that creates a host of new
pathways and opportunities. It involves the coming together of different
fields of study - particularly engineering, physical sciences, and life
sciences – through collaboration among research groups and the
integration of approaches that were originally viewed as distinct and
potentially contradictory’
One major recommendation of the MIT white paper on Convergence is
directly addressed to the Education/Research institutions that are asked to
‘’ Educate, expand and support the next generation of convergence
researchers’’: ‘’Universities increasingly understand that the merger of
scientific and engineering fields is a reality and will be the future of life
science enterprise. New efforts need to be undertaken to educate the next
generation of researchers to work in cross-disciplinary fields.ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
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NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS (3)
While a deep disciplinary background remains vital, including a robust
cross-disciplinary education is essential additional preparation for our
future scientists and important for research careers.’’. This
recommendation could be formulated as follows: ‘’One recommendation is
to offer more research training grants to encourage institutions to develop
new courses/programs that prepare students, postdoctoral researchers, and
fellows for convergence-driven research.
This means creating new curricula, apprenticeships and
training programs to enable cross-disciplinary expertise”…
and these changes are already happening in several leading
Education/Research institutions all around the world !
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DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-SCIENCES/TECHNOLOGIES (NUMBER OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS )
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DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-SCIENCES/TECHNOLOGIES (NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS)
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
Patent Applications
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
Pu
bli
ca
tio
ns
Pe
r Y
ea
r
Patents Granted
All Patents
BioMedical
Biotechnology
Chemical Engineering
Chemistry
Nantechnology
Classification (from IPC)
Patents
Source: World Intellectual Property Organization (www.wipo.int); note the plot is NOT cumulative over years
- APPARITION OF NEW EDUCATION/RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS SOME OF THEM ENTIRELY DEVOTED TO NANOTECHNOLOY: example The CaliforniaNanosystems Institute (CNSI) at the University of California.
- MERGING OF BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY INSTITUTIONS
- INCREASED INTERDISCIPLINARITY: example: more « Chemistry » content in « Biology curricula » and more « Biology » content in « Chemistry curricula »
- CROSS-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH LABORATORIES: example of CALTECH and its: CALTECH Nanofabrication Group + Micro/Nano fabrication Laboratory + the KAVLI Nanoscience Institute.
- NEW CURRICULA ENTIRELY DEVOTED TO NANOTECHNOLOY : example the Nano Graduate Program at Stevens Institute of Technology
- UPDATED CURRICULA CONTAINING MORE AND MORE NANOTECHNOLOGY RELATED COURSES: examples of « Polymer Science & Engineering » and « Materials Science & Engineering » curricula
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NEW APPROACH TO SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY OF MATTER
‘’TOP-DOWN’’ APPROACH
‘’BOTTOM-UP’’ APPROACH
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
TEMPORARY WORKING
GROUP ON
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH
(SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD)An overview of the objectives, the past and ongoingworks and the future tasks
Djafer BENACHOUR
(Chairman of the TWG)
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
DRUGS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCESVOLUME 191
Drug Delivery NanoparticlesFormulation and Characterization
edited byYashwant Pathak Deepak Thassu
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
Synthetic Approaches to RBC Mimicry and Oxygen Carrier Systems
Christa L. Modery-Pawlowski, Lewis L. Tian, Victor Pan, and Anirban Sen
Gupta*
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland Ohio 44106, United States
Vol. 14, pp. 939-948, 2013
2013
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Physical Hydrogel Nanoparticles, Not PolymerSolutions, Exert Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Cultured
Macrophages
Sidsel Ø. Andreasen,†Siow-Feng Chong,†Benjamin M. Wohl,†,‡Kenneth N. Goldie,§
and Alexander N. Zelikin*,†,‡†Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
‡iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark§Center for Cellular Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel,
Basel, Switzerland
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NanomaterialsCarbon nanotube
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EXEMPLES OF CURRICULA EVOLUTION
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DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THIS CURRICULA EVOLUTION
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DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THIS CURRICULA EVOLUTION (1)
i) At the international level:
Continuous scientific and educational upgrading* Educational curricula reviewing is a continuous task for all teachers: teaching contents; tools and methods; audiences…
Advances in Sciences and Technologies* Nanotechnology : nanotechnologies and nanosciences :
equipments, tools as well as materials and products * Convergence of sciences: Biology & Chemistry, Physics & Chemistry * Miniaturisation / Simulation/Computation: micro-electronic chips,
Microreactors,
World new needs and concerns* Sustainable development: environment protection, green chemistry* Renewable and clean energies : solar, wind, biomass, geothermal… * Advanced materials : ultralight composites, conducting polymers…
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DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THIS CURRICULA EVOLUTION (2)
i) At the international level (continuation):
New higher educational scheme and principles
* Bologna Process (Europe 1999, 47 countries): LMD reform- semesterisation- teaching units- modularisation- interdisciplinarity- ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System)
…
ii) At the national level:
* Local ‘’social-industrial’’development
* New educational needs* Adoption of the LMD reform (North Africa countries…)
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CHEMISTRY/CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULA : EVOLUTION OVER THE LAST FORTY YEARS (1)
Screening of several Bachelor/Licence and Master curricula in - chemistry- chemical engineering- Materials science- Polymer Science/Engineering- Environmental Engineering
offered by different leading higher education institutions from:
- The U.S.A. (Stanford, M.I.T., Carnegie Mellon, C.W.R.U. …)- France ( U.P.M.C. Paris 6, U.D.D. Paris 7, U.L.P. Strasbourg,
U.P.S. Toulouse, Marseille-Aix…)-Algeria (U.S.T.H.B., E.N.P., U. d’Oran, U.M.Constantine,
U.F.A. Setif…)
starting from the 1970’s until the present period.
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Nanotechnology Graduate Program at STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (The program is devoted entirely to nanotechnology)
PART ONE
NANO 503/ PEP 503 Introduction to Solid State PhysicsNANO 525/ MT 525 Techniques of Surface and Nanostructure CharacterizationNANO 553/ PEP 553 Introduction to Quantum MechanicsNANO 554/ PEP 554 Quantum Mechanics INANO 555/ CHE 555 Catalysis and Characterization of NanoparticlesNANO 570/ EN 570 Environmental ChemistryNANO 571/ EN 571 Physicochemical Processes for Environmental ControlNANO 596/ MT 596 Fabrication Techniques for Micro and Nano DevicesNANO 600 Nanoscale Science and TechnologyNANO 602/ MT 602 Principles of Inorganic Materials SynthesisNANO 610/ EN 610 Health and Environmental Impact of NanotechnologyNANO 615 Crystallization of Biological MoleculesNANO 650/ BME 650 Advanced Biomaterials
NANO 652 Design and Fabrication of Micro and Nano Electromechanical SystemsNANO 672/ CH 672 Polymers at Solid-Liquid InterfacesNANO 674/ CH 674 Polymer FunctionalityNANO 675/ BME 675 NanomedicineNANO 680/ ME 680 Fundamentals of Micro/Nano FluidicsNANO 682/ CHE 682 Colloids and Interfacial Phenomena at the NanoscaleNANO 685/ BME 685 NanobiotechnologyNANO 690/ CH 690 Cellular Signal TransductionNANO 691/ PEP 691 Physics and Applications of Semiconductor NanostructuresNANO 695/ CHE 695 Bio/Nano PhotonicsNANO 700 Seminar in NanotechnologyNANO 701/ CE 702 Multiscale Mechanics and Computational MethodsNANO 740/ PEP 740 The Physics of NanostructuresNANO 810 Special Topics in Nanotechnology
Main remark:The program is really a MULTIDISCIPLINARY one ! It includes Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Health, Electronics, Environment, Materials Science… and Engineering.
IN “POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE”(Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences,
Interdisciplinarity,…)
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(POST)GRADUATE COURSES OFFERED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ''MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE & ENGINEERING'', C.W.R.U. (U.S.A.)
(Master & Ph.D. degrees)
BEFORE 1990
‘’ Macromolecular Science’’
AFTER 2000
‘’ Macromolecular Science & Engineering’’
Macromolecular synthesis; Polymer Physical
Chemistry; Polymer physics; Polymer
Engineering; Polymer processing;
Macromolecules characterization 1 (solution);
Macromolecules characterization 2 (solid
state); Polymer X-ray and microscopy;
Polymer adhesives and coatings;
Polymers in medicine; Biopolymers;
Colloquium in macromolecular science,
Special topics in macromolecular science.
Polymer synthesis; Polymer Physical Chemistry;
Polymer physics; Polymer Engineering; Polymer
plus self-assembly and nanomaterials; Polymer
plus inorganic/coordination chemistry; Polymer
plus green chemistry and engineering; Polymer
plus advanced composite and nanocomposite
materials and interfaces; Polymer plus structure
and morphology; Polymer plus applied rheology
and processing; Polymer plus hierarchical
structures and properties; Polymer plus X-ray
and microscopy; Polymer plus adhesives,
sealants and coatings; Polymer plus energy; The
business of polymers; Polymer product design;
Polymers in medicine; Polymer rheology;
Elementary steps in polymer processing;
Polymer plus professional development;
Polymer plus literature review; independant
study; Selected topics in polymer engineering;
Colloquium in macromolecular science, Special
topics in macromolecular science.
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DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THIS CURRICULA EVOLUTION
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DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THIS CURRICULA EVOLUTION (1)
i) At the international level:
Continuous scientific and educational upgrading* Educational curricula reviewing is a continuous task for all teachers: teaching contents; tools and methods; audiences…
Advances in Sciences and Technologies* Nanotechnology : nanotechnologies and nanosciences :
equipments, tools as well as materials and products * Convergence of sciences: Biology & Chemistry, Physics & Chemistry * Miniaturisation / Simulation/Computation: micro-electronic chips,
Microreactors,
World new needs and concerns* Sustainable development: environment protection, green chemistry* Renewable and clean energies : solar, wind, biomass, geothermal… * Advanced materials : ultralight composites, conducting polymers…
ACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
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Atomic Force Microscope (1986)
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NanomaterialsCarbon nanotube
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(POST)GRADUATE COURSES OFFERED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ''MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING'', M.I.T.(U.S.A.)
(Master , Doctor of Sciences & Ph.D. degrees)
AFTER 2000
Driving Forces for Curricula Updating
AFTER 2010
‘’ Materials Science & Engineering’’
In addition to scientific and technological
advances (such as nanotechnology)
other driving forces appeared and
induced changes in curricula in Polymer
Science and Engineering at CWRU,
mainly
-- Environmental concerns
-- Sustainable Economy
-- Energy efficiency
8 major courses have been added:
EMAC 410: Self-Assembly and Nanomaterials;
EMAC 412: Inorganic/Coordination Chemistry;
EMAC 413: Green Chemistry and Engineering;
EMAC 414: Advanced Composites and
Nanocomposite Materials and Interfaces;
EMAC 425: Polymers for Energy
EMAC 427: Polymers for a Sustainable Economy
EMAC 450: The business of Polymers
EMAC 492: Carbon Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology
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(POST)GRADUATE COURSES OFFERED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ''MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE & ENGINEERING'', C.W.R.U. (U.S.A.)
(Master & Ph.D. degrees)
AFTER 2000
Driving Forces for
Curricula Updating
AFTER 2010
‘’ Macromolecular Science & Engineering’’
In addition to scientific and
technological advances
other driving forces (such as
nanotechnology) appeared and
induced changes in curricula in
Materials Science and
Engineering at MIT, mainly
-- Environmental concerns
-- Sustainable Economy
-- Energy efficiency
to the basic core requirements,
3-20: Materials at Equilibrium,
3-21: Kinetic Processes in Materials,
3-22: Mechanical Behaviour of Materials,
3-23:Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of
Materials
the following courses have been added:
3.052: Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials;
3.080: Economic and Environmental Materials Selection;
3.085: Industrial Ecology of Materials;
3. 086: Innovation and Commercialization of Materials
Technology;
3.153: Nanoscale Materials
3,154: Materials Performance in Extreme Environments
3.155: Micro/Nano processing Technology
3,18: Materials Science and Engineering of Clean Energy
3.19: Sustainable Chemical MetallurgyACRICE 2017, UFA SETIF1, Oct, 8-11 2017
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EXAMPLES OF COURSES CONTENTS
- NANOSCALE MATERIALS: BUILDS ON CONCEPTS FROM QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETICS TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ON THE NANOSCALE. ILLUSTRATES THE PROMISE AND CHALLENGES FACING THE FIELD THROUGH CASE STUDIES AND THE SURVEY OF FABRICATION METHODS.
- MICRO/NANO-PRPOCESSING TECHNOLOGY: INTRODUCES THE THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY OF MICRO/NANO FABRICATION. LECTURES AND LABORATORY SESSIONS ON BASIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS VACUUM PROCESSES, LITHOGRAPHY, DIFFUSION, OXIDATION AND PATTERN TRANSFER. STUDENTS FABRICATE MOS CAPACITORS, NANOMECHANICAL CANTILEVERS, AND MICROFLUIDIC MIXERS. EMPHASIS ON THE INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING, DEVICE STRUCTURE, AND THE ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, OPTICAL,CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF DEVICES. PROVIDES BACKGROUND FOR THESIS WORK IN MICRO/NANO FABRICATION. STUDENTS ENGAGE IN EXTENSIVE WRITING AND ORAL COMMUNICATION EXERCICES.