Impact of Mgnrega on food and livelihood security

SEMINAR-I ON

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Impact of MGNREGA on Food and Livelihood Security of Farmers

By:RAMACHARI K.V.I Ph.D

Flow of presentation• Introduction• MGNREGA• Genesis • Objectives • Goals • Silent features • Stake holders • Implementing agencies

• Livelihood security & components • Food security• Convergence • Innovative plans under MGNREGA• MGNREGA performance at national level • Implementation of MGNREGA in Karnataka

state• Case studies• Research studies

1980’s 1990’s 2000’s

National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) launched to use unemployed and underemployed workers to build community assets

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) launched to provide employment during the lean agriculture period

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) launched ,merging EAS and JGSY

Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)launched to provide employment to rural landless household

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) launched ; dedicated to development of demand driven rural infrastructure

National Food For Work Programme (NFWP) Llaunched to generate additional supplementary wage employment and create assets

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) launched combining NREP and RLEGP

source: shruti

MGNREGA• Act

• 100days

• Financial year

• Households

• Manual work

Genesis of MGNREGA• september7,2005

• SGRY & NFWP

• Anantapur

• 200 districts of India

Cont……. Implemented in three phases-

I phase- 200 districts in 2006

II phase- 130 districts in 2007 III phase- 266 districts in 2008

• september 28,2008 .

• on October 2,2009.

Cont…..• Flagship programme

• centrally sponsered

• wage rate

• MoRD

• 33% women

WOMEN 46.54%

OTHERS

53.45%

At least 1/3rd of the beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and requested for work under the Scheme (NREGA ACT, Schedule II, Section 6) Till March 2013

Source: MoRD

Objectives of MGNREGA

Source : MGNREGA sameksha

MGNREGA GOALS

a. Strong social safety net

b. Growth engine

c. Empowerment of Rural poor

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT

1.Job Card

2.15 days of application

3. written application to GP

4. 15 days, daily unemployment allowance as per the Act

5. Within 5 km

6. Wages Act 1948

Continue….

continued…..7. one-third women 8. Work site facilities 9. Shelf of projects , Gram Sabha 10. 50% of GP for execution 11. Permissible works 12.60:40 wage and material ratio 13. No contractors and machinery 14. Social Audit by (GS) 15. Accidents at work site

Key Processes of Implementation

Application for job card

Issue of job card

Demand for employment

Work allocation

Payment of wages

Selection of works

Approval of shelf of projects

Informing village PRI

Preparation of estimatesAnd approvals

Acknowledgement ofdemand

Maintenance of muster roll

Verification

Source : MGNREGA

STAKEHOLDERS

Key Stakeholders are:I. Wage seekersII. Gram SabhaIII. PRIs, specially the gram panchayatIV. Programme Officer at the block levelV. District Programme CoordinatorVI. State GovernmentVII. Ministry of Rural Development

Source : nrega.gov

IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES

The Gram Panchayat

The other Implementing Agencies are(1) Taluka Panchayat (2)District Panchayats

(3) line departments of the Government

(4)Cooperative Societies

(5) CSO Source: nrega. gov

1%

8%

6%

9%

16%

13%

3%

16%

27%

Flood Control and Protection

Water Conservation and WaterHarvesting

Provision of Irrigation facility toLand Owned by SC/ST/BPL/ IAYBeneficiariesRural Connectivity

Land Development

Others

Drought Proofing (Afforestation& Plantation)

Micro Irrigation Works

Renovation of Traditional Waterbodies

Permissible works

Source :MoRD

Livelihood security• Livelihood is having means for living.

• having access to means of living.

• “means of securing the necessities of life”.

• In social science, we define livelihood security in a broader way.

(wisner, blaike, and cannon, 2005,p.11)

• Livelihood is a set of activities (mahajan, dikshit, and rao,2008,p.15)

• According to food and agriculture organization(FAO) .

• Economic security , nutritional security, health security, food security, educational security, habitat security, community participation , environmental security , etc.

Livelihood here include the following aspects

1. the assets people draw upon.

2. the strategies they develop to make living.

3. the context within which a livelihood is developed.

4. those factors that make a livelihood more or less vulnerable to shocks and stresses.

Source : livelihood report

Components of livelihoodHuman capital

Physical capital Social capital

Financial capital

Political capital Source : USAID

Food security • The state having reliable access to sufficient

quantity of affordable , nutritious food

• Food security has three components-

1.Availability of food in the market2.Access to food through purchasing power3. Absorption of food in the body

Source :USAID

CONVERGENCE• Convergence of the NREGA funds with funds from other sources.

• Funds available with PRIs from other sources from central and State Governments funds can also be combine with NREGA funds .

• However, NREGA funds should not be used as a substitute for Departmental plan funds of different departments and agencies.

Source : MGNAREGA sameksha

So huge potential exists for MGNREGA convergence with agriculture and allied programmes such as:

• National Horticulture Mission

• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

• National Food Security Mission

25

NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION

Plantation corps, arecanut ,coconutBamboo plantingReclamation of saline and alkaline soils.Establishment of model nurseries.Development of Horticulture FarmsDevelopment of grass land

Source : MGNREGA samsksha

Rashtriya krishi vikas yojana

Water shed developmentPlantation of Date Palm, Jetropha and SandalTreatment of saline and water logged areasChecking salinity in coastal areas Land development of hilly area

Source : MGNREGA sameksha

National Food Security Mission

• Increase production of rice, wheat and pulses through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts

• Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level

• Creation of employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy ( i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the farmers.

Source :MGNREGA sameksha

Innovative Plans under MGNREGA

• Brick manufacturing & soak pits

• NREGA through Sakthi Mandal

• Inclusion of wage earners living on the periphery of urban areas under NREGA

• Voluntary support of CSO for Capacity Building of Stakeholders.

Mgnarega sameksha

MGNREGA’s performance• First, data from the administrative MIS is

presented on key parameters .

• Secondly, since there are several aspects of the implementation of this Act which cannot be truly captured in terms of measurable indicators.

Source: MGNREGA Sameksha

Source: MGNREGA Sameksha

Implementation of MGNREGA in Karnataka State

Physical Performance Indicators of MGNREGA in Karnataka, 2006-07 to 2012-13

Financial Performance of MGNREGA in Karnataka, 2006-07 to 2012-13

Category-wise Number of Works Started and Completed under MGNREGA

During 2006-07 to 2012-13 in Karnataka

Notified and Average Wage Cost Per Day Per Person under MGNREGA in

Karnataka, 2006-07 to 2012-13 (in `)

Source : MoRD

SUCCESS STORY OF MGNREGA

CASE STUDIES

As a piolt, toilets were taken up in mission mode.

Generating awareness (IEC)

Intensive campaign- Rallies, street plays and Nari swabhiman Yatra

300 students went to door to door

MGNREGA with NBA

MGNREGA with Agriculture Department

50 compost units, 20 vermi-compost for each GP 5640 compost and 1413 vermi-compost

MGNREGA with NABARD

MGNREGA with Forest Department

CASE STUDY – Barabanki District (UP) ENSURING DIGNITY OF WOMENENSURING DIGNITY OF WOMEN

Kurapartivaripalle (GP)

Yerravaripalem (mandal)

Ambedkar colony

34 poorest of poor provided 45 ha Revenue Department

Land was full of shrubs and boulders

Land has been left for years

Land has been cleared(5.15lakh)

CASE STUDY – Chittor District (AP) MAINSTREAMING THE MARGINALIZED

Mango samplings planted

Indira Jala Prabha – Bore well

MGNREGA convergence with NABARD AP micro irrigation project(11 lakh)

Inter cropping – Ground nut, tomatoes, millets

1st year , 8000-10000 income Erragutta block has become model block

Low productivity (uplands)

“Apna khet , Apna kam”

Taken up the work on their own land

Wages provided

Land development measure include

Land leveling

Bunding and planting of live fence

Spreading of productive soil in the field from water sources

Budget allocated 1.5 lakh/beneficiaries

State government’s Efforts to promote Livelihood of the poor: Example of Bhilwara (Rajasthan)

RESEARCH STUDIES

Impact of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India on Rural Poverty

and Food Security

KAREMULLA et al..2013

AP, MP, CHATTISGARH & ODISASample size n=240

1. Use of NREGA Wage Earnings by the rural households:

Purpose Guntur Bhuvaneshwar Balaghat Raipur

Food security 42 37 60 35

Education 20 22 8 5

Health 15 12 20 7

Debt repayment 10 12 2 8

House construction 3 8 0 13

Purchase household assets

7 5 0 5

Clothing 5 9 6 12

Purchased land 7 1 0 3

Savings 5 7 3 13

IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ON LIVELIHOOD SECURITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE

MGNREGA IN J&K.

Sameer Ahmad Shalla Dr. Asif Iqbal Fazili

2015

Kupwara & poonchDescriptiveSample size n=180

1.Impact on employmentDistrict Years Employment

provided to households

Mandays created

kupwara 2012-2013 36691 20lakh and 30thousands

2013-2014 40934 20lakh and 70thousands

2014-2015 58000 21lakh and 34thousands

Poonch 2012-2013 >41000 20lakh and 80thousands

2013-2014 40000 20lakh and 12 thousands

2014-2015 12000 9lakh

2.Access to marginalised groupsDistrict Years Employment to women

Kupwara 2012-2013 37000

2013-2014 38569

2014-2015 32243

Employment to Sc & St

Poonch 2012-2013 >53000

2013-2014 53360

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MGNREGA –A CASE STUDY UNDERTAKEN AMONG BENEFICIARIES OF

20 VILLAGES OF DUNGARPUR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

Dr. suman pamecha Indu sharma

2015

Sample size n=200

1.Share of MGNREGA Income in Annual Income

Impact of NREGA on Rural Livelihood and Agricultural Capital Formation

Rama Rao 2010

AP, KA,RAJ & MAHARASHTRASample size n=240

1.Type of NREGA Works SWC works Anantapu

r Bellary Udaipur Yevatmal

Water consevation / harvesting 56 3 8 19

Drought proofing and plantation 3 3 3 32

Micro and minor irrigation works 1 5 - -

Provision of irrigation facilities 4 62 7 -

Renovation of traditional water bodies

3 1 5 32

Land development 29 5 39 1

Rural connectivity 3 12 13 6

Flood control and others 0 9 25 10

2. Employment provided across the states(2010-11)

3.Impact of NREGA on degree of migration

4.Household income v/s NREGA earnings

Soil and Water Conservation Works through National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) in

Tumkur — An Analysis of Livelihood Impact

K. Srinivas Reddy2011

Sample size n=100

1.Utilization of NREGA earningsPurpose Percentage of Household

Food 64

Health 36

Education 25

House construction 17

Debt repayment 15

Clothing 7

Purchase of land 14

Savings 10

2.Change in household asset / aminity status after NREGA

HOUSEHOLD ASSET BEFORE NREGA (in %) AFTER NREGA(in %)

Electricity 34 64

Television 12 54

Fan 14 41

Bicycle 17 37

Toilet with premises 4 23

Drinking water within premises

3 19

conclusion