Impact of Heavy Truck Traffic on Pavement Performance

 Impact of Heavy Truck Traffic on Pavement Performance

Valbon LatifiHani H. Titi

Nicholas Coley Mohammed Matar

Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Wednesday, February 26, 2014

Introduction

• Height and Weight Restrictions in Wisconsin:– Overweight (OW) = 80,000 lbs– Oversize (OS) = Height: 13’6”

Width: 8’6” Length: 45’ (Single Unit)

75’ (Tractor-Trailer)– Superheavy (SHL) = 270,000 lbs

• Only Single Trip permit records used for analysis.

Background

• Wisconsin (WI) issued approximately 96,000 single trip permits from June 2007 to June 2013– 432 permits were (SHLs)– Only Oversize (OS) permits excluded from

analysis (height, width, and length restrictions)

Previous Studies

• Acimovic (2007) conducted research on reconstructed OSOW corridor in Colorado, discovering rutting occurred less than a year later. Rutting occurred due to repeated and excessive loading of OSOW trucks.

• Chatti (2004) stated that rutting damage induced on the pavement by multiple axles increased the number of axles per group increased as well.

Research Methodology

• Locate corridors in WI with high use of OW and SHL trucks.

• Analyze pavement performance with AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design– Build various Axle Load Spectra with baseline traffic

and then the addition of OW permitted vehicles– Use Vehicle Class Distribution comparing statewide

data to localized data.

Permit Fees vs. GVW

$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $8000

100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000

Permit Fee

Gro

ss V

ehic

le W

eigh

t (lb

s) #3#2

#1

• Three random single trip permits highlighted to see discrepancy in permit fee structure and policy.

Permit Fees vs. Trip Length

$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $8000

100

200

300

400

500

600

Permit Fee

Len

gth

of T

rip

(Mile

s)

#2

#3

#1

Comparison of SHL FeesTruck GVW (kips) Trip Length (mi.) Fee Cost per kip Cost per mile

1 585.6 493 $566 $0.97 $1.15

2 605.0 134 $574 $0.95 $4.28

3 749.0 21 $705 $0.94 $33.57

• Single trip permit fees for SHL’s cost approximately $1.00 per kip.

• No correlation between distance of trip and permit fee.

• Should potential increase in damage imposed by SHL loads be included in permit fees with regards to distance traveled?

Case Study (Wisconsin State Highway 140)• 12 miles from IL border to I-

43 and WI-11• 21,613 permits in 6 years• 103 SHL permits in 6 years• Bypasses the I-90/I-39

tollway in Illinois• Field survey and 6 hour

traffic count were conducted

Courtesy of Google Maps

WI-140 Typical Section

• 2” HMA Overlay• 2” HMA• 4.5” Aggregate Base Course• A-6 Soil Subgrade

• 1.5” milled surface and 2” overlay in 1996

WI-140 Pavement Condition

• Severe alligator cracking, rutting, longitudinal cracking, potholes, and shoulder failure.

July 22, 2013

WI-140 Pavement Condition

• Obliterated shoulder• Potential shoulder

failure due to wide base trucks or large farm equipment.

July 22, 2013

OW Vehicles

• Photos taken in the field on July 22 and November 4, 2013.

Farm Equipment

• Photos taken on November 4, 2013.• 10 passed through in 6 hour traffic count.

AASHTOWare• Program created to capture pavement design through

the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG).

• Unlike previous AASHTO Design Guides, MEPDG is a pavement analysis tool, determining the stresses and when they are projected to occur over the design life.

• Three main inputs:– Traffic– Pavement Structure/Material Properties– Climate

Traffic Count on WI-140 (07/22/13)Vehicle Class

Total Count

1 32 1633 684 05 216 67 18 19 67

10 511 012 013 0

 Total 335

• 2.5 hour count (8:45 am to 11:15 am)

• 30.1% trucks (Class 4 to 13)• 66.3% of the trucks were Class 9 • 10 marked as OS and potentially

OW

Traffic Count on WI-140 (11/04/2013)Vehicle Class

South Bound North BoundTOTAL8:00 am to

10:00 am10:00 am to 12:00 pm

12:00 pm to 2:00 pm SB Total 8:00 am to

10:00 am10:00 am to 12:00 pm

12:00 pm to 2:00 pm NB Total

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 12 58 54 60 172 71 80 61 212 3843 25 19 20 64 24 23 19 66 1304 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 25 7 9 6 22 0 2 1 3 256 6 10 4 20 4 10 9 23 437 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 2 58 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 39 28 26 20 74 25 34 31 90 164

10 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 6 1011 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 2 512 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 413 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 3

 Total 128 125 116 369 128 154 128 410 779

Traffic Count on WI-140 (11/04/2013)Vehicle Class

Total Count

1 12 3843 1304 25 256 437 58 39 164

10 1011 512 413 3

 Total 779

• 6 hour count (8:00 am to 2:00 pm)• 33.9% trucks (Class 4 to 13)• 62.1% of the trucks were Class 9 • 15 marked as OS and potentially

OW

WisDOT’s Vehicle Class Distribution

Vehicle Class

Rural Principal Arterial - Interstate

Rural Principal Arterial - Other

Rural Minor Arterial

Urban Principal Arterial - Other

4 1.3 3.1 8.3 1.35 25.8 19.8 31.7 23.46 6.1 11.2 9.4 3.77 0.3 1.1 3 2.58 7.2 11 12.1 3.79 55.5 50.6 31.9 62.6

10 0.8 1.6 1.7 2.211 1.3 1 0 0.212 0.5 0.2 0 0.113 1.2 0.4 1.9 0.3

WisDOT’s Axles per Truck

Vehicle Class

Axle Type

Single Tandem Tridem Quad

4 1.3 0.7 0 05 2.2 0 0 06 1 1 0 07 1 0 0.4 0.88 2.4 0.6 0 09 1.3 1.9 0 010 1.1 1.1 0.8 011 4.9 0.1 0 012 4 1 0 013 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.6

• Standard values for WisDOT pavement design using AASHTOWare

VCD from WI-140 (11/04/2013)Vehicle Class Total Count

of Trucks % of Traffic

4 2 0.765 25 9.476 43 16.297 5 1.898 3 1.149 164 62.1210 10 3.7911 5 1.8912 4 1.5213 3 1.14

 Total 264 100

• Truck count to be used with AASHTOWare as an alternative to WisDOT standard values.

WI-140 Pavement Survey

• Pavement survey data input in MicroPaver.• Pavement Condition Index (PCI) ranged from 13

to 17.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 123 126 129 132 135 138 141 144 147 150

IL

Transverse CrackingHigh severity fatigue cracking Longitudinal Cracking

MSMS

MS MS

HS HS

Rutting

Visual distress survey (HS: high severity; MS medium severity)

Contour Map of Rutting

• Majority of rutting occurring on the outer wheel path.

-0.0

5

0.05

0.15

0.25

0.35

0.45

0.55

0.65

0.75

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

Rutting Depth (in):

WI-140 Rutting

• Southbound outer wheel path on November 4, 2013

Axle Load Spectra (Single)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Freq

uenc

y

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Axle Weight (lbs)

Freq

uenc

y

Baseline Traffic

Baseline Traffic with OSOW Permits Included

Axle Load Spectra (Tandem)

Baseline Traffic

Baseline Traffic with OSOW Permits Included

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Freq

uenc

y

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

4 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13

Axle Weight (lbs)

Freq

uncy

Axle Load Spectra (Tridem)

Baseline Traffic

Baseline Traffic with OSOW Permits Included

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Freq

uenc

y

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

7 9 10 13

Axle Weight (lbs)

Freq

uenc

y

Axle Load Spectra (Quad)

Baseline Traffic

Baseline Traffic with OSOW Permits Included

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Freq

uenc

y

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

7 10 13

Axle Weight (lbs)

Freq

uenc

y

International Roughness Index (IRI)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2080

100

120

140

160

180

200

Standards (WisDOT VCD) With Permits (WisDOT VCD) Standards (WI-140 VCD) With Permits (WI-140 VCD)

Years

IRI (

in/m

i)

• Final IRI at 20 years using only WisDOT standards occurs after 18 years of service using ALS with permits integrated and 6 hour traffic count for VCD.

Threshold: 200 in/mi

Rutting

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Standards (WisDOT VCD) With Permits (WisDOT VCD) Standards (WI-140 VCD) With Permits (WI-140 VCD)

Years

Rutti

ng D

epth

(in.

)

• Final rutting at 20 years using only WisDOT standards occurs after 14 years of service using ALS with permits integrated and 6 hour traffic count for VCD.

Threshold: 0.5 in

Fatigue Cracking

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

10

20

30

40

50

60

Standards (WisDOT VCD) With Permits (WisDOT VCD) Standards (WI-140 VCD) With Permits (WI-140 VCD)

Years

Tota

l Cra

ckin

g (%

)

15

• Final fatigue cracking percent at 20 years using only WisDOT standards occurs after 15 years of service using ALS with permits integrated and 6 hour traffic count for VCD.

Threshold: 20%

Analysis of Results

• WisDOT standards for AASHTOWare of pavement design does not take OW trucks into consideration.

• VCD and ALS traffic data could lead to most accurate results.

• Final stresses of pavement occurring after 20 years of service showed up years earlier using VCD of WI-140 along with OW traffic integrated into ALS.

Future Research

• Locate roadways with heavy truck traffic and analyze pavement in Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota conducting field surveys.

Summary

• Certain state highways with high OW traffic (and high regular truck traffic) have serious pavement problems, such as WI-140.

• Future research will utilize MEPDG to explore effects of OW and SHL trucks on pavement.

Acknowledgements• CFIRE for the financial

support of this project.• WisDOT for providing permit

data (Kathleen Nichols, Lynn Judd, and Ed Lalor)

• IADOT for providing permit data (Paul Trombino III, Phou Baccam, and Randal Anderson)

Questions?Contact: Dr. Hani Titi, [email protected] Valbon Latifi, [email protected] Nicholas Coley, [email protected]