Impact of Dental Care on Health Care Events and Costs New York State Medicaid, Adults 40-64 years Kevin Malloy MPH, New York State Department of Health Ira Lamster DDS, MMSc, Stony Brook University Preliminary Findings
Impact of Dental Care on Health Care Events and Costs New York State Medicaid, Adults 40-64 years
Kevin Malloy MPH, New York State Department of Health Ira Lamster DDS, MMSc, Stony Brook University
Preliminary Findings
2
Background
3
Origin of Current Study
• Oral infections and the resulting inflammatory response are risk factors in the progression of some Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
• Recent studies have shown reduced heath care costs and improved outcomes among those who received preventive oral care and with treatment of periodontal disease
• To-date, research has primarily looked at private payer populations
4
Study Objectives
• To investigate the relationship between utilization of dental care, health care events, and costs in a high need public payer population (NYS Medicaid)
• Describe these relationships for NCDs linked to dental health
5
• As of November 2018, New York Medicaid enrollment was more than 6.5 million individuals
• Majority (nearly 80%) enrolled in managed care
– Includes individuals with specialized health care needs including managed long term care, HIV care, mental health and substance use services, and care for developmental disabilities
• Combined federal/state/local spending in 2019 = $70.2 Billion1
– ~32% of state budget
Medicaid in New York State
1. https://www.budget.ny.gov/pubs/archive/fy19/exec/fy19book/HealthCare.pdf
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NYS Medicaid Dental Benefit Package • Covers “Essential Services”
– Preventive, prophylactic, and other routine dental care – Services and supplies required to alleviate a serious health
condition – Inpatient diagnostic, palliative, and therapeutic dental care
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NYS Medicaid Dental Benefit Exclusions Non covered services include: • Periodontal surgery and crown lengthening • Molar root canal for members 21 years and over* • Immediate full or partial dentures • Fixed partial dentures* • Replacement of partial or full dentures prior to schedule* • Cosmetic dentistry • Adult orthodontics • Implants (unless medically necessary)
*May be covered under certain circumstances including medical necessity
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Prophylaxis Allowances and Policy
• Prophylaxis: Once per six-month period
• Periodontal Maintenance: Once per six-month period
Note: Not to be used in conjunction (within six-months of each other), or on the same date of service as periodontal root planning and scaling
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Treatment Allowances and Policy
• Endodontics ‒ Prior authorization required
• Surgical (Gingivectomy or gingivoplasty)
‒ Reimbursable solely for the correction of severe hyperplasia or hypertrophy associated with drug therapy, hormonal disturbances, or congenital defects
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Treatment Allowances and Policy • Non-Surgical (Root Planning and Scaling)
‒ Must demonstrate clinical loss of periodontal attachment, and; • Periodontal pockets and sub-gingival accretions on cemental surfaces in the
quadrant(s) being treated, and/or;
• Radiographic evidence of crestal bone loss and changes in crestal lamina dura, and/or radiographic evidence of root surface calculus.
‒ Limit: every two years (per quad). No more than two quads on single date.
• Extractions ‒ Prior authorization for certain procedures
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Study Methodology
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Specifications
• Study period: Three years, July 1, 2012 – June 30, 2015 ‒ Dental care became part of the managed care plan benefit package in 2012
• Population: ‒ Adults ages 40 – 64 ‒ Not eligible for Medicare (dually eligible) ‒ Continuously enrolled in NYS Medicaid for 36 month study period ‒ Exclusions: residents of long term care facilities and those receiving
hospice services
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Outcomes and Comparisons • Outcomes of Interest
– Events • Emergency Department (ED)
Visits • Hospitalizations
– Costs • ED • Hospitalization • Pharmacotherapy • Total Cost of Health Care,
Excluding Dental
• Comparison Groups – No Dental Care (referent)
– Any Preventive Care* – Preventive Care w/o Anti-Infective Tx** – Preventive Care with Anti-Infective Tx – Anti-Infective Tx w/o Preventive Care
* Any preventive care group is not mutually exclusive from the other preventive care groups ** Anti-Infective Therapy (Tx) was defined as tooth extraction and/or endodontic therapy
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Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Cohorts • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
– Major cardiac septal anomalies – Major congenital heart diagnosis – CHF – Valvular disorders – Anginas and Ischemic heart disease – Myocardial infarction – Arterial fibrillation – Dysrhythmias and conduction disorders – Hx coronary artery bypass – Hx coronary angioplasty – Cardiac device status – Coronary atherosclerosis – Hypertension – Ventricular and atrial septal defects – Minor chronic diagnosis – Other major cardiovascular diagnoses
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Respiratory Disease – Major anomalies – COPD and bronchiectasis – Chronic pulmonary diagnoses – Asthma – Chronic bronchitis
• Cognitive Impairment – Neurodegenerative diagnosis except multiple
sclerosis and Parkinson’s – Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias
Identified using 3M® Clinical Risk Grouping Software
15
Analysis
• Demographics
• Cross-sectional (yearly)
• Longitudinal: Utilization in years 1 and 2 with outcomes in year 3
• Effect of increasing frequency of preventive care utilization
• Effects within NCD cohorts
16
Preliminary Findings
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Cohort Demographics
19.2%
24.3% 24.0% 21.5%
11.0%
40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
Years
Age
58.2
41.8
Sex
Female Male
Final Cohort Size: n= 535,038 25.3%
18.2% 16.9%
21.8%
4.8%
13.1% Race
White Black Asian
Hispanic Others Unknown
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94.1
5.9
Medicaid Program
Managed care Fee for service
Cohort Demographics
3.7% 9.2%
5.5% 5.7% 6.8%
68.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Northeast Western Central Hudson Valley
Long Island New York City
Region of Residence in NYS
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Cohort Demographics Clinical Risk Group Assignment* % of Cohort
Healthy 17.1 %
Significant Acute Disease 3.0 %
Single Minor Chronic Disease 6.5 %
Minor Chronic Disease in Multiple Organ Systems 3.3 %
Single Dominant Disease or Moderate Chronic 20.5 %
Chronic Disease in Multiple Organ Systems 40.4 %
Dominant Chronic Disease in 3 + Organ Systems 4.0 %
Dominant Metastatic Malignancies 0.7 %
Catastrophic Conditions 4.7 %
*Assignment generated using 3M® Clinical Risk Grouping Software
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Cohort Demographics
• More than a quarter (27%) received Supplemental Security Income (SSI) from the Federal Government based on being aged, blind, or disabled
• More than a third (36%) received cash assistance from the State
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27.72%
15.69%
8.87%
2.80%
2.21%
1.43%
0.02%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Preventive Care Restoration
Extraction Emergency Dental
Root Planing and Scaling Endodontic
Periodontal Surgery
Percent of Cohort Receiving at Least One Service
Percent of Study Cohort Utilizing Dental Services*, 2012-2013
* Not mutually exclusive
Utilization of Dental Services
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Comparison Groups
60%
28% 21%
7% 5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No Dental Any PC* PC without AI PC with AI AI without PC
Percent of Cohort by Utilization Category, 2012-2013
* Not mutually exclusive from other groups with PC Note: Mutually exclusive groups do not sum to 100 because of utilization of other dental services
Key: PC = Preventive Care AI = Anti-Infective Therapy
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Cross-sectional: Event Rates by Dental Care Utilization, July 2012 – June 2013
Key: PC = Preventive Care AI = Anti-Infective Therapy
19.6
15.2 14.2
18.5
26.7
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
Hospitalization Rate Per 100 People
74.6 65.1 61.2
77.2
114.7
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
ED Visit Rate Per 100 People
* *
*
Statistically different from No Dental (p < 0.01) *
* *
*
* *
Referent Group
** Not mutually exclusive from other groups with PC
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Cross-sectional: Costs1 by Dental Care Utilization, July 2012 – June 2013
Key: PC = Preventive Care AI = Anti-Infective Therapy ED = Emergency Department Visit Hosp =Hospitalization Rx = Prescription Drug
1. Per Person Average Cost. Total healthcare cost excludes cost of dental care
$4,961 $4,220 $4,025
$4,825
$6,443
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
ED/HOSP/RX
$8,687 $9,512 $9,250
$10,321 $11,447
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
Total Healthcare
* *
*
*
Statistically different from No Dental (p < 0.01) *
* * *
Referent Group
** Not mutually exclusive from other groups with PC
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Longitudinal: Year 3 Event Rates by Dental Utilization in Years 1 and 2
76.4 68.5 62.8
79.0
116.3
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
ED Visit Rate Per 100 People
* *
*
*
Key: PC = Preventive Care AI = Anti-Infection Therapy
21.1
16.2 14.4
19.6
30.0
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
Hospitalization Rate Per 100 People
Statistically different from No Dental (p < 0.01) *
* *
*
*
Referent Group
** Not mutually exclusive from other groups with PC
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Longitudinal: Year 3 Costs1 by Dental Utilization in Years 1 and 2
Key: PC = Preventive Care AI = Anti-Infective Therapy ED = Emergency Department Visit Hosp =Hospitalization Rx = Prescription Drug
1. Per Person Average Cost. Total health care cost excludes cost of dental care
$6,524 $5,705 $5,209
$6,621
$8,660
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
ED/HOSP/RX
$11,227 $11,271 $10,500
$12,692 $14,348
No Dental Any PC** PC without AI
PC with AI AI without PC
Total Healthcare
Statistically different from No Dental (p < 0.01) *
* *
* *
* *
Referent Group
** Not mutually exclusive from other groups with PC
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Impact of Frequency of Preventive Care
Key: ED = Emergency Department Visit Hosp =Hospitalization Rx = Prescription Drug Note: Overall change in rates across increasing frequency of preventive care was statistically significant (p<0.001) for all categories of care
85.3 75.4
64.4 57.1 55.1
23.2 18.8 14.2 12.6 11.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
None One Two Three Four or More
Year 3 Events Rates Per 100 People, by Number of Preventive Visits over Years 1 and 2
ED Hospitalizations
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NCDs Focus: Difference in Preventive Care vs No Dental Rate reductions and cost savings among those with NCDs
Year 3 outcomes based on utilization of services in years 1 and 2
•ED (-13.1 per 100 ppl) •Hosp (-7.6 per 100 ppl) •Total Cost PP (-$772)
CVD
•ED (-16.9 per 100 ppl) •Hosp (-10.3 per 100 ppl) •Total Cost PP (-$2,065)
Diabetes
•ED (-25.5 per 100 ppl) •Hosp (-13.1 per 100 ppl) •Total Cost PP (-$2,259)
Respiratory
•ED (-66.6 per 100 ppl) •Hosp (-30.9 per 100 ppl) •Total Cost PP (-$8,194)
Cognitive Impairment
Key: ED = Emergency Department Visit Hosp =Hospitalization Total Cost PP = Total average cost per person, excluding cost of any dental care
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Concluding Remarks • This study is comprehensively examining the effect of dental treatment on
health care outcomes and costs in a Medicaid program • Preliminary findings
– Provision of preventive dental services is associated with: • Reduced ED and hospitalization rates • Reduced ED, Hospitalization, and Rx costs • Reduced Total Healthcare Costs for those with NCDs
– Beneficial effects are modified by: • The need for anti-infective therapy (endodontic treatment and or tooth extraction) • Frequency of preventive care utilized
• This analysis is continuing, to more specifically define associations and adjust
for the unique needs of subsets of this Medicaid population
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Acknowledgements
Analytic Support Provided by: Yizhao Xi, Data Analyst, New York State Department of Health
Bin Cheng PhD, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center
This study is supported by: The New York State Department of Health;
The John A. Hartford Foundation; The DentaQuest Foundation; and
the Santa Fe Group.
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Questions
Corresponding Author:
Ira B. Lamster D.D.S., M.M.Sc. Clinical Professor
Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine Dean Emeritus
Columbia University College of Dental Medicine
Email: [email protected]