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TIME-RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER

LEVELS AND QUALITY

VOLUME-I

GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN PUNJAB

DIRECTORATE OF LAND RECLAMTION PUNJB

IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT

CANAL BANK MOGHALPURA, LAHORE

Ph.042-99250178-99250181

E.mail [email protected] 2009


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to the real Blessor of the Universe Allah Almighty the most merciful Who is entire source

of all knowledge and wisdom to mankind. I also invoke Allahs blessing and peace for Hazrat

Muhammad (peace be upon him), the messenger of Allah, the real source of knowledge and

guidance for the world forever.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Land Reclamation Officers namely, Rana

M.Iqbal, T&SS., Lahore, Mr.Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, DDLR., Lahore, Ch. M. Saleem ,LCC(W), Mr.

Irshad Ahmad Doger, LCC(E) , Faisalabad, Mr. Nasir Mazhar, HCC., Multan, Ch.Atta -ur-Rehman,

LBDC., Sahiwal, Mr. Abdul ur- Rehman, Bhawalpur, Mr. Khalid Mahmood, UCC., Lahore and all of

their Assistant Land Reclamation Officers, Reclamation Supervisors and Soil Supervisors who worked

with dedication and commitment to the work under over all supervision of the DLR. The services

extended by Mr. Zahid Sarwar, Research Officer (Soil), Mr. Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, Physical Chemist

(look after charge) and all the Junior Research Officers namely, Mr. M. Farooq, Tariq Farooq,

Maqsood A.Sani and Mr. Shahzad Akhtar regarding laboratory analysis work are highly appreciated. I

am also thankful to all the Reclamation Zilladars, Patwaris and Clerks for their sincere efforts and

helping hand in field and office work.

I owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Azhar Javaid, Assistant Land Reclamation Officer (Thur), Lahore for

compiling and editing the data and also for his technical guidance to the Field Workers. The technical

assistance extended by Mr. Shamshad Gohar, Groundwater Consultant in guiding the field teams in

data collection and compilation is also appreciated. The cooperation extended by Dr. Muhammad Arif,

Reclamation Supervisor in facilitating the data compilation is also acknowledged. The services of Mr.

Nadeem Ahmad, Junior Clerk and Mr. Muhammad Tayyab Farooq Junior Clerk of the Directorate in

typing and arranging the data are also appreciated.

Last but not least, I record my indebtedness to Mr. Israr-ul-Haq, Chief SPRU and Dr. M. Aslam,

Director Groundwater who always encouraged the Directorate of Land Reclamation on its way to

progress for potential achievements in groundwater monitoring.

(Moeen-ud-Din Shah)Director Land Reclamation Punjab


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CAPACITY BUILDING OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WING OF IPD

Groundwater Monitoring Report

Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009

Table of Contents

Section Contents Page

Acknowledgements

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background and Objectives 1

1.2 Groundwater Management Problems 2

1.3 Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) 2

2 GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK 4

2.1 Monitoring Requirements 4

2.2 Existing Monitoring Network 5

2.2.1 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels 5

2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring 6

2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring 6

3 MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BYDLR

8

3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008 83.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR 8

3.3 Existing Data Format 9

4 ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES INGROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY

11

4.1 Preamble 11

4.2 Lahore Zone 11

4.2.1 Water Table Trends 11

4.2.1.1 Sialkot District 12

4.2.1.2 Narowal District 12

4.2.1.3 Gujranwala District 13

4.2.1.4 Sheikhupura District 14

4.2.1.5. Nankana District 14

4.2.1.6 Lahore District 15

4.2.1.7 Kasur Distric 16


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4.2.1.8 Okara District 16

4.2.1.9 Pakpatan District 17

4.2.2 Water Quality Trends 18

4.2.2.1 Sialkot District 19


4.2.2.3 Narowal District 20


4.2.2.5 Nankana District 22

4.2.2.6 Lahore District 22

4.2.2.7 Kasur District 23


4.3 FaisalabadZone 24


4.3.1.1 Faisalabad District 24

4.3.1.2 Hafizabad District 26

4.3.1.3 Jhang District 26


4.3.1.5 Toba Tek Singh District 28

4.3.2 Groundwater Quality Trends 28

4.3.2.1 Faisalabad District 30


4.3.2.3 Hafizabad District 31




4.3.2.7 Toba Tek Singh District 34

4.4 Sargodha Zone 35

4.4.1 Water Level Trends 35

4.4.1.1 Gujrat District 36

4.4.1.2 Mandi Bahauddin District 37

4.4.1.3 Sargodha District 37



4.4.2.1 Gujrat District 40


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4.4.2.2 Mandi Bahauddin District 40

4.4.2.3 Sargodha District 41


4.5 Multan Irrigation Zone 42



4.5.1.2 Khanewal District 43

4.5.1.3 Lodhran District 44

4.5.1.4 Multan District 45


4.5.1.6 Pakpatan District 46

4.5.1.7 Sahiwal District 47

4.5.1.8 Vehari District 47



4.5.2.2 District Khanewal 51

4.5.2.3 District Lodhran 51

4.5.2.4 District Multan 52

4.5.2.5 District Okara 53

4.5.2.6 District Pakpatan 53

4.5.2.7 District Sahiwal 54

4.5.2.8 District Vehari 55

4.6 Bahawalpur Zone 56


4.6.1.1 Bahawalnagar District 57

4.6.1.2 Bahawalpur District 57

4.6.1.3 Rahim Yar Khan District 58


4.6.2.1 Bahawalnagar District 60

4.6.2.2 Bahawalpur District 60

4.6.2.3 Rahim Yar Khan District 61

4.7 DG Khan Zone 61


4.7.1.1 DG Khan District 62


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4.7.1.2 Rajanpur District 63

4.7.1.3 Muzaffar Garh District 63


4.7.2.1 DG Khan District 65

4.7.2.2 Rajnapur District 66

4.7.2.3 Muzaffar Garh District 67

4.8 Thal Doab 67

4.8.1 Aerial Distribution of WL Monitoring Points 67

4.8.1.1 Bhakar District 68


4.8.1.3 Khushab District 69

4.8.1.4 Layyah District 70

4.8.1.5 Mianwali District 70

4.8.2 Aerial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points 71

4.8.2.1 Bhakar District 72


4.8.2.3 Khushab District 74

4.8.2.4 Layyah District 74

4.8.2.5 Mianwali District 75

4.9 Synopsis on Groundwater Levels and Quality Trends 76



5. EXISTING SNAGS AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FORIMPROVEMENT

77

5.1 General Considerations 77

5.2 Location of Monitoring Points 77

5.2.1 Water Level Monitoring 77

5.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring 78

5.3 Frequency of Water Sampling and Analysis 795.4 Data Sensibility Checks 81

5.5 Capacity Building 81

5.6 Linkage & Coordination in Monitoring and Management 81

5.7 The Way Forward 81


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List of Tables

TableNo.

Title Page

2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD) 5

2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR - IPD)6

2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring 6

3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) 9

4.1 Water Level Monitoring in Lahore Zone 11

4.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Lahore Zone 18

4.3 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone 25

4.4 Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone 29

4.5 Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone 36

4.6Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation

Zone 394.7 Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone 42

4.8 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan IrrigationZone

49

4.9 Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone 56

4.10 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur IrrigationZone

59

4.11 Water Level Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone 62

4.12 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in DG KhanIrrigation Zone

64

4.13 WL Monitoring in Thal Doab 67

4.14 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Thal Doab 71

List of Figure

FigureNo.

Title Page

2.1Map Showing the Location of Groundwater MonitoringField Units 7


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Groundwater Monitoring in PunjabBy I & PD (DLR)

Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Objectives

Extensive groundwater development has taken place - in the last 4-5

decades the - particularly in the private sector - to meet the growing water

demand for agriculture, domestic needs and industry. The number of

pumping wells in the Province has gradually grown to around one million

of which more than 90% are used for agriculture. This tremendous

groundwater development has greatly helped the farmers in the Province

for increasing the cropping intensity to meet the ever growing demand forfood and fiber. However, this groundwater development mainly, in the

private sector - has resulted in aquifer mining - particularly in the tail

reaches of the canal commands.

Following a few factors warrant a systematic monitoring of groundwaterresources:

The farmers pump groundwater according to their crop waterrequirements - without any consideration to the annual rechargeand or discharge;

Over pumping in many areas is resulting in the continuous declineof water level and deterioration of the groundwater quality bydisturbing the groundwater regime;

During the last a few years IPD has completed a number ofprojects to ensure the uniformity and equity in irrigation suppliesparticularly the water supply in the tail reaches. Whereas this hashelped the farmers in the tail reaches it has also changed theseepage and groundwater recharge pattern;

During the development process of increasing road-network and

other developments, the drainage paths have been obstructed inmany areas of the Province creating drainage problems in lowlying areas located in and along the remnant channels;

Continuous discharge of untreated sewerage and industrialeffluents in creating problems of groundwater quality bycontaminating the groundwater reservoir.


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1.2 Groundwater Management Problems

The above factors have given birth to a number of adverse interactionssuch as:

Abnormal lowering of water table in some of the areas making the

pumping more expensive, thus depriving farmers of usinggroundwater to supplement the canal water supplies;

Saline groundwater intrusion in the areas adjacent to the SGWzones due to excessive pumping in fresh groundwater areas;

Deterioration of groundwater quality in the areas with shallow lensof FGW overlying SGW due to up coning of saline fresh waterinterface;

Pollution of the aquifer in many areas due to the continuousdischarge of the untreated sewerage and industrial waste water

(Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Kasur areas creating big challenges);and

Water logging and salinity in the areas located along the majorcanals and/or in the topographic depressions.

1.3 Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD)

In the past groundwater monitoring was carried out by SMO (WAPDA)

however, this monitoring was mainly restricted to the SCARP areas to

study the response of water table to pumping from STWs.

Keeping in view the above problems and objectives a groundwater

monitoring cell was established in I&PD under DLR in 2001-02; for

carrying out systematic groundwater monitoring including water levels,

water quality and groundwater use in various parts of the Province.

Presently both surface and groundwater resources are being monitored

by IPD (DLR) to keep a watch on the quantitative and qualitative aspects.

This report is presented in two volumes viz.:

Volume-1 describes the following aspects:

Groundwater monitoring network by DLR;

Status of groundwater monitoring up to October 2008;

Data availability for various areas;

Water level and water quality trends in different areas of the

Province,


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Snags in the monitoring system and efforts made in the past by

DLR (IPD); and

Need for improvements with relevant observations and guidelines.

Volume-2 contains the basic data on:

Groundwater levels in the various parts of the Province; and

Groundwater quality data for the last 2 years as the data for the

previous years had been reported in the annual report for the year

2006.

NB: As the report cannot describe and contain all the field data and

information available with DLR - hence, all such information is placed on

the IPD Web Site for any detailed studies by research scholars and other

public and private agencies.


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2. GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK

2.1 Monitoring Requirements

Historically the groundwater monitoring was initiated by IPD after the

introduction of weir controlled irrigation system in the beginning of the 20th

century to study the impact of seepage from canal irrigation system.

Gradually the water levels rose in certain parts of the Doabs particularly

in the central Punjab threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture.

To combat water logging and salinity around 10,000 SCARP Tubewells

(STWs) were installed in 1960s and 1970s - mainly to lower the water

table in the affected areas. SMO (WAPDA) monitored the groundwater

levels and the performance of the STWs.

Initial success of the STWs in controlling the water table and providing on

demand irrigation water acted as an impetus to the farmers for installation

of their private tubewells (PTWs). G o P also provided incentives for the

installation of PTWs as these helped to increase the cropping intensity

from about 80% to more than 130 % - helping the country to meet the

ever increasing demand for food and fiber. Farmers kept on installing their

tubewells and number of PTWs increased from around 8,000 in 1964 to

around 300,000 in 1990 the present number of PTWs may be around

one million.

This large scale pumping in the private sector has introduced some

groundwater management problems such as continuous decline of water

levels and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The one major problemwith the large scale pumping in the private sector (about 90% for irrigated

agriculture) is that the farmers pump groundwater in accordance with their

crop water requirements irrespective of the groundwater recharge

during a particular year. This means:

More pumping in dry years (as there is shortage of canal water)

in spite of the fact that there is less groundwater recharge; and

Less pumping in wet years - in spite of the fact that there is more

groundwater recharge.

This fact warrants necessary measures for groundwater management for

the sustainability of this precious resource and agriculture the life line of

the 90 million people. Monitoring is the first step for any management.

Cognizant of the ground conditions IPD implemented a project in

collaboration with the World Bank, titled Punjab Private Sector

Groundwater Development Project (PPSGDP), 1997-2001 involving


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detailed studies on groundwater management and regulation. This lead to

the establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Cell in Directorate of Land

Reclamation in IPD for systematic groundwater monitoring in the

Province. Starting from the modest net work adopted from SMO (WAPDA)

the existing DLR net work has gradually expanded - and is being planned

to extend it to Potwar Plateau to cover the non irrigated areas also which are more prone to disaster during any drought period.

2.2 Existing Monitoring Network

Since 2003, groundwater monitoring is being carried out by theGroundwater Cell (DLR), for the collection of necessary data to determinethe time-rate changes in groundwater levels and quality in response to thevariations in the groundwater recharge-discharge components. The mainobjective of the groundwater monitoring is to develop a sound databasefor the management of groundwater resources for optimal development,usufruct exploitation without any adverse effect on the groundwater

regime and environment. Existing monitoring network for observation oftime rate changes in groundwater levels and quality is as below.

2.2.1 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels

Number of monitoring points for water level measurement in eachirrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditionsis shown in the Table 2.1 given below:

Perusal of the table shows that there are 2,765 WL monitoring points outof which 1,820 points are operable under the existing conditions. Underthe filed conditions some of the points keep dying and where evernecessary have to be replaced and/or even augmented in line with thefield requirements.

Table 2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD)

Data AvailableIrrigationZone/Area Total Points Year 2008

Lahore 270 169

Faisalabad 430 319

Sargodha 421 156

Multan 563 422

Bahawalpur 397 229

DG Khan 438 310

Thal Doab 246 215

Total 2,765 1,820


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2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring

Number of monitoring points for checking groundwater quality in eachirrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditionsis shown in the Table 2.2 given below:

Table 2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR -IPD)

Data AvailableIrrigationZone/Area

Total PointsYear 2008

Lahore 584 389

Faisalabad 630 630

Sargodha 288 165

Multan 858 696

Bahawalpur 657 312

DG Khan 304 304

Thal Doab 398 357

Total 3,719 2,853

Perusal of the table shows that out of 3,719 monitoring points (generallyPTWs) data for the year 2008 is available for 2,853 points as some ofthe points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason.

2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring

Groundwater monitoring program is being conducted through thefollowing field units as shown in Table 2.3:

Table 2.3: Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring

Sr.No.

Field Unit Area/Canal Command

1 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Lahore UCC, DCC

2 Groundwater Monitoring UnitFaisalabad

LCC (E & W)

3 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Sargodah UJC, LJC

4 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Multan HCC, LBDC, Nilibar, Mailsi

5 Groundwater Monitoring Unit

Bahawalpur

Bahawalnagar,

Bahawalpur, Rahim YarKhan districts

6 Groundwater Monitoring Unit DG Khan Muzaffargarh, Dera Jat

7 Groundwater Monitoring Unit Thal Bhakar, Khushab, Layyah,Mianwali, Jhang

Figure 2.1 shows the location of these field units - in accordance withmonitoring requirements in the irrigation zones.


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Fig 2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Units in Punjab


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3. MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY DLR

3.1 Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008

As discussed in the previous section - under the present conditions (Year2008) - monitoring net-work by DLR includes:

1,820 monitoring points for the measurement of waterlevels; and

2,853 monitoring points for checking groundwater quality.

Water level and water quality checks are conducted by DLR in June andOctober to assess the groundwater conditions during Pre-monsoonand Post-monsoon seasons to observe the extreme conditions ongroundwater levels and quality.

Data on groundwater levels and water quality are compiled in the formof annual reports and placed at IPD Website

for general information.

Water levels are reported as depth to water table below the groundsurface (in feet for the convenience of understanding by the farmingcommunity)

Water quality parameters reported are:

I. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater indicatinggroundwater salinity in terms of dS/m.

II. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR); and

III. Residual sodium carbonate (RSC).

These parameters define the quality of groundwater mainly fromagricultural use point of view. Data on the other parameters tested duringthe detailed chemical analysis (cations and anions) are also available withDLR and may be compiled in due course of time.

3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR

Field data on groundwater levels and quality are compiled and analyzed

for mapping various zones indicating Depth to water table conditions andthe suitability of groundwater for irrigated agriculture.

Following water quality criteria are used by DLR for the assessing thesuitability of water from irrigated agriculture point of view:


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Table 3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD)

Indicator Unit Permissible Level Unfit Level

Electrical Conductivity(EC)

dS/m 1.5 > 1.5

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

(SAR)

- 10 > 10

Residual SodiumCarbonate (RSC)

me/l 2.5 > 2.5

The above water quality indicators are in line with FAO guidelines.

Special Water Quality Tests: However, due to the general pollution ofgroundwater reservoir through agricultural, industrial and sewerageeffluents detailed sampling program has also been developed as a part ofintegrated system improvement program (ISRP) including theparameters required from drinking water point of view particularly 20areas selected at this stage for the collection of surface water samplesand samples from the major drains for keeping an eye on the pollutiondue to the industrial and sewerage effluents. Groundwater monitoringdata has been compiled by DLR in the form of annual reports from June2003 to October 2008.

3.3 Existing Data Format

Through the mutual efforts by the filed and office staff the data format has

been greatly refined as below:

Data points have been re-arranged indicating the canal command,

Irrigation division, district and tehsil. At this stage - emphasis hasbeen laid down on the distribution of monitoring points on District

and Tehsil Basis in each Irrigation Zone as information on these

parameters is available with reasonable accuracy;

By the next monitoring cycle identification of the main canal,

distributary and minor (and points lying in un-commanded areas)

will also be incorporated by the field staff from the basic data

sheets thus making the data useful for groundwater management

also;

Initially during the basic monitoring year where the tubewells werenot available, the hand pumps were sampled to have some

concept of water quality at shallow depth. The hand pumps are no

more in scene. Water quality monitoring points may be

differentiated indicating type and depth of the water point from the

initial years data. This will help to determine the distribution of

groundwater quality and time rate changes both in aerial and

vertical extent.


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Time rate changes in water levels and groundwater quality have been

determined by using the data of the monitoring points with consistent data

for all the irrigation zones as per details given in the succeeding section.

Monitoring Parameters and Numbering System: For the development

of a systematic database the identification of the monitoring points andthe parameters have to be fixed. Keeping in view the large number ofpoints spread over the province the numbering system includes:

Serial Number; DLR Number (fixed for each point); GIS Number; Main Canal; Distributary and Minor; District; Tehsil; Village; Owner; Type of point

As the monitoring system will grow the above systematic numbering

system will help to studying time rate changes in water levels and quality

both on micro and macro basis. Further details are discussed in the

succeeding sections.


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4. ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATERLEVELS AND QUALITY

4.1 Preamble

Punjab Plain, covering about 51 Million acres of land, forms a part of Indus Plain

- underlain by a large and contiguous groundwater reservoir. The major sourceof groundwater recharge are the rainfall, seepage from the large irrigationsystem, rivers and some return flow from the groundwater pumped and used forirrigation. The major sources of groundwater discharge are the pumping througharound one million public and private tubewells, evepo-transpiration andseepage into drains and rives during the dry season. Groundwater quality isgenerally fresh along and near the rivers and deteriorates as we move awayfrom the rivers towards the central parts of the Doabs. This warrants asystematic groundwater monitoring as any uncontrolled pumping in the freshgroundwater areas can induce the flow of saline groundwater into freshgroundwater aquifers. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring by DLR(IPD) is to keep a watch on the time rate changes in groundwater levels and its

quality so as appropriate management measures can be taken well in time toavoid mining of the aquifer and/or deterioration of the groundwater quality.Distribution of groundwater level monitoring points and the time rate changes inthe last six (6) years in the districts and tehsils - falling under various irrigationzones - are discussed below with necessary comments and observation.

All the relevant details on groundwater levels and water quality have been givenin Volume -2 of the annual report.

4.2 Lahore Zone

4.2.1 Water Table Trends

Aerial Distribution ofMonitoring Points:Lahore Zone coversthe command areas ofUCC, BRBD, Depalpurand Pakpatan canals.Distribution of thewater level monitoringpoints and availabilityof WL data for the year

2008 - in variousdistricts - falling underthe command of thesecanals is as below:

Number of water levelmonitoring points ineach district under Lahore Zone, along with the number of points withconsistent WL data for the years 2003 2008 is shown in Table 4.1.

Jun-08 Oct-08

Sialkot 18 12 13

Narowal 28 17 17

Gujranwala 45 33 32

Hafizabad 1 1 1

Nankana 15 12 12

Sheikhupura 43 20 19

Lahore 28 26 26

Kasur 55 24 23

Okara 32 22 22

Pakpatan 5 4 4

Total 270 171 169

Table 4.1: WL Monitoring in Lahore Zone

District Total PointsWL Data


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During the course of field data collection some of the points have to beabandoned due to one or the other reason and in certain cases additionalpoints are established. Historic data for the points not operative underthe existing conditions is available and can be used for site specificstudies in future. Based on the data of selected /representative monitoringpoints general trend of water level in each district is discussed as below.

Relevant detail on the location of selected / representative monitoringpoints is given in Vol. II.

District-wise Water Table Trends in Lahore Irrigation Zone:General trends of groundwater table in various districts lying in LahoreIrrigation Zone are given below:

4.2.1.1 Sialkot District

There are 18 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only three points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows

the WL trends are as below:

(Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)

Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during theperiod 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend is still showing

a gentle rise.

4.2.1.2 Narowal District

There are 28 monitoring points in Narowal District and continuous data forthe period 2003-08 is available for only seven points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:


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Narowal District (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)

Depth to water table ranges from around 10 feet to more than 30 feet

below the ground level. Water levels had some what rising trend duringthe period 2003 to 2006. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend withgentle rise in shallow water level areas and decline in the areas withrelatively deep water table as the major source of groundwater rechargeis both from irrigation system and the rainfall.

4.2.1.3 Gujranwala District

There are 45 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:

Gujranwala District (Water Table Trends Feet)

Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend duringthe period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend isstill showing a gentle rise.


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4.2.1.4 Sheikhupura District

There are 43 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 12 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis showsthe WL trends are as below:

Sheikhupura District (Water Table Trends Feet)

Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feetbelow the ground level. Water level trend during the period 2003 to 2008has been more or less stable with seasonal changes in wet and dryperiod. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend.

4.2.1.5. Nankana District

There are 15 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only six (6) points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis showsthe WL trends are as below:

Nankana District(Water Table Trends Feet)


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Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feetbelow the ground level. Water level trend indicated by the larger numberof points - is some what decline up to one foot per year in a few cases.

4.2.1.6 Lahore District

There are 28 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the pointshave continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysisshows the WL trends are as below:

Lahore Cantonment Tehsil: Depth to water table is generally deepwith declining trend. Piezometer installed in DLR Office shows that thedepth to water table is around 110 feet below GLS as shown in figurebelow.

Lahore City Tehsil: As per data available the water levels aregenerally shallow within 20 feet as shown in figure below.


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Comments: These points need detailed cross checks from location pointof view as these are all located along Butcher Kahna Distributary andmight have been installed from drainage point of view and may have to bereplaced .

4.2.1.7 Kasur District

There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 14 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of theselective/representative point shows the WL trends are as below:

Groundwater Level Trends - Kasur District

Available data shows that the water table in Kasur District ranges from 5

feet to more than 20 feet below the GLS. Monitoring points most likelyinstalled near the canals show flat to somewhat rising trend. Mean watertable stage also shows a slightly rising trend.

4.2.1.8 Okara District

There are 32 monitoring points in the district however continuous data forthe period 2003-08 is not available and the data for some of the pointsestablished in 2005 has been used to study the WL trends. Data reviewand analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trendsare as below:


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Groundwater Level Trends - Okara

Water table depth in Okara District (available data) ranges from 25 feet toaround 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years 2005 08) is more or less flat.

4.2.1.9 Pakpatan District

There are 5 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 2 points. Some of the points havecontinuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of theselective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below:

GWL Trends in Pakpatan District (feet)

Water table depth in Pakpatan District (available data) ranges from 20feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years2005 08) is more or less flat with a slight decline.


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General Comments: Initial review and analysis of water table data forLahore Zone indicates that the water tables have not shown any conspicuousdecline. The northern districts show some what rise and the southern districtsindicate a slightly declining trend. This needs further refinements which may bedone after the field run of June 2009.

4.2.2 Water Quality Trends

Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: In Lahore Irrigation zonehere are 584 waterquality monitoringpoints and for theyear 2008 continuousdata are available for389 points as shownin the Table 4.2.Some of the points

had to be abandonedand/or replaced withthe passage of time.At this stage - it hasbeen preferred to usethe data for thepoints withcontinuous record toascertain the meanwater quality trendson district-wise basis as discussed below.

Groundwater Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the indicators usedby FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the

quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Daska Tehsil inSailkot:

Jun-08 Oct-08

Sialkot 61 48 52

Narowal 48 39 45

Gujranwala 92 54 72

Hafizabad

Nankana 33 23 25

Sheikhupura 63 38 44

Lahore 79 36 42

Kasur 109 42 60

Okara 91 39 43

Pakpatan 8 3 6

Total 584 322 389

District Total PointsData available

Table 4.2: Water Quality Monitoring - Lahore Zone


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GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR LZ-89 Daska (Sailkot)

District-wise Water Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Based onthe initial review and analysis of field data district wise trends in

groundwater quality are discussed as below:

4.2.2.1 Sialkot District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 37 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends

are as below:

Groundwater Quality Trend in Sialkot District (EC dS/m)

Caution: At this stage to start the ball rolling only EC Value isbeing used to indicate WQ Trends other parameters (SAR & RSC)will be included in the subsequent reports.


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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerablechange in the last 6 years.

4.2.2.2 Gujranwala District

There are 92 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod 2003-08 is available for only 35 points. Data review and analysis ofthe selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trendsare as below:

Groundwater Quality Trend in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerablechange in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies.

4.2.2.3 Narowal District



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Groundwater Quality Trend in Narowal District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable

change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies.

4.2.2.4 Sheikhupura District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for theperiod, 2003-08 is available for only 21 points. Data review and analysisof the selective/representative points shows the groundwater qualitytrends are as below:

Groundwater Quality Trend in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement insome cases this needs further detailed studies.


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4.2.2.5 Nankana District


Groundwater Quality Trend in Nankana District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years.

4.2.2.6 Lahore District


Groundwater Quality Trend in Lahore District (EC dS/m)


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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points - withabnormal changes - need cross checks.

4.2.2.7 Kasur District


Groundwater Quality Trend in Kasur District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least fromsalinity point of view is marginal to saline and has not shown anyconsiderable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points e.g. DLRNumber LZ 314 need cross checks for abnormal changes.

4.2.2.8 Okara District



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Groundwater Quality Trend in Okara District (EC dS/m)

General Comments: This is the initial review and analysis of the data

further improvements will be done after the field run in June 2009 and exclusionof some bugs from the filed data by abandoning the points not representing thefield conditions.

4.3 FaisalabadZone

4.3.1 Water Table Trends

Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad andJhang districts. There are 430 water level monitoring points however the

data for the year 2008 are available for 319 points as some of thepiezometers were abandoned and/or had to be replaced in course of timesince 2003. Monitoring points and Data availability for districts and tehsilsfalling under the zone is shown in Table 4.3 as below.

4.3.1.1 Faisalabad District

There are 135 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 112 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:


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Water Table Trends in Faisalabad District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the:

Jun-08 Oct-08Chak Jhamra 19 13 15Faisalabad 27 18 18Jaranwala 52 39 37Samundri 27 19 19Tandianwala 10 5 5Hafizabad 49 36 35P. Bhattion 19 12 12Chiniot 23 19 19Jhang 14 14 13Shorkot 44 35 34Nankana 11 9 9Safdarabad 41 29 28

Sheikhupura 18 Sheikhupura 18 14 14Gojra 17 15 15Kamalia 40 35 34T.T. Sing 19 14 12

430 430 326 319

Faisalabad

Total

Points

WL DataDistrict Total

Points

Hafizabad 68

Tehsil

Table 4.3: Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone

135

Jhang 81

Nankana 52

T.T. Sing 76


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Depth to groundwater level ranges from less than 20 feet to morethan 50 feet; and

Water levels have shown mixed trends generally lowering andrise in some cases (Samundari Tehsil). The mean water tablestage shows a slightly lowering trend due to extensivegroundwater pumping by PTWs

4.3.1.2 Hafizabad District


Water Table Trends in Hafizabad District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater level range from less than 10 feet to more than 25feet below and ground surface; and

Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising anddecline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a moreor less flat trend.

4.3.1.3 Jhang District



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Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater level range from less than 20 feet to more than 40feet below and ground surface; and

Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising anddecline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a moreor less flat trend.

4.3.1.4. Nankana District

There are 52 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for

the year 2008 are available for 36 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:

Water Table Trends in Nankana District (Feet below GLS)


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Groundwater levels range from about 10 feet to more than 35 feetbelow the ground surface; and

Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along thecanals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table.The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend witha little rise after 2005.

4.3.1.5 Toba Tek Singh District


Water Table Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels range from about 20 feet to more than 40 feetbelow the ground surface; and

Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along thecanals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table.The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with

a little rise after 2005.

4.3.2 Groundwater Quality Trends

Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad andJhang districts. There are 630 water level monitoring points andironically continuous the data up to the year 2008 are also available for


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630 points. Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zoneis as below.

Table 4.4: Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone

WQ DataDistrict

TotalPoints

TehsilTotal

Points Jun-

07

Oct-

07

Jun-

08

231 Chak Jhamra 20 20 20 20

Faisalabad 68 68 68 68

Jaranwala 70 70 70 70

Samundari 38 38 38 38

Faisalabad

Tandianwala 35 35 35 35

Gujranwala 8 Wazirabad 8 8 8 8

80 Hafizabad 42 42 42 42Hafizabad

P.Bhattian 38 38 38 38

106 Chiniot 52 52 52 52

Jhang 41 41 41 41Jhang

Shorkot 13 13 13 13

64 Nankana 24 24 24 24Nankana

Safdarabad 40 40 40 40

Sheikhupura 19 Sheikhupura 19 19 19 19

122 Gojra 29 29 29 29

Kamalia 42 42 42 42T.T. Sing

T.T. Sing 51 51 51 51

630 630 630 630 630

District-wise distribution of monitoring points and the water quality trendsare discussed below - GIS Numbers with canal identification have beenused for this analysis.

Groundwater Quality Trends in Faisalabad Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not

considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointGIS 587 in Tehsil and District TT Singh:


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GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 587 in Tehsil & District TTSingh

4.3.2.1 Faisalabad District

There are 231 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 231 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

Water Quality Trends in Faisalabad District (EC = dS/m))

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the:

Groundwater is fresh to brackish in the area depending upon thelocation of individual tubewells. EC Values range from 0.50 dS/m to6.2 dS/m; and

General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes;

However, the immaculate data on the number of points andavailable data indicates some bugs which may be identified and


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removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filedformations.

4.3.2.2. Gujranwala District

There are 8 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of

which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 8 points (?).Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

Water Quality Trends in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the:

Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from0.50 dS/m to 1.5 dS/m;

General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is

more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; and

However, the immaculate data on the number of points andavailable data indicates some bugs which may be identified andremoved gradually as the confidence builds up in the filedformations.

4.3.2.3 Hafizabad District

There are 80 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 80 points.

Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points thewater table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:


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Water Quality Trends in Hafizabad District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that:

Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from0.50 dS/m to 2.4 dS/m;

General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; however, theimmaculate data on the number of points and available dataindicates some bugs which may be identified and removedgradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations.



Water Quality Trends in Jhang District (EC dS/m)


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Groundwater is generally fresh along the rivers/canals andbrackish in other parts. EC Values range from 0.30 dS/m to 4.9dS/m;

General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points ismore or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.

4.3.2.5 Nankana District

There are 64 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 64 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the

water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

Water Quality Trends in Nankana District (EC = dS/m))


Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal and brackish in someparts. EC Values range from 0.70 dS/m to 3.5 dS/m;



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4.3.2.6. Sheikhupura District


Water Quality Trends in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal. EC Values range from0.80 dS/m to 2.7 dS/m;

General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is

more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value ofgroundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculatedata on the number of points and available data indicates somebugs which may be identified and removed gradually as theconfidence builds up in the filed formations.

4.3.2.7 Toba Tek Singh District

There are 122 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out ofwhich continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 122 points).Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the

water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:


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Water Quality Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal along the main canalsand brackish in larger parts of the district. EC Values range from0.40 dS/m to 5.7 dS/m;


4.4 Sargodha Zone

4.4.1 Water Level Trends

Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Sargodha Zoneencompasses areas commanded by UJC and LJC canal systems inGujrat, MB Din, Sargodha and Jhang districts. Relevant details of theaerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability isas shown in Table 4.5 given below:


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Table 4.5: Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone

WL DataDistrict

TotalPoints

TehsilTotal

Points Jun-08 Oct-08

Gujrat 13 4 4Gujrat 26

Kharian 13 4 4

Chiniot 18 11 10Jhang 50

Jhang 32 14

Malakwal 32 25 25

MB Din 23 12 12MB Din 95

Phalia 40 26 26

Bhalwal 73 56 54

Kot Momin 25 17 14

Sahiwal 21 8 7

Sargodha 82 55 50

Shahpur 30 19 19

Sargodha 250

19 9 8

Total 421 421 177 156

The above table shows that under the existing conditions 156 points areoperative.

4.4.1.1 Gujrat District

There are 26 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 8 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):

Water Table Trends in Gujrat District (Feet/GLS)


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Perusal of the above figure shows that the water table is generally shallowand has shown some what rising trend.

4.4.1.2 Mandi Bahauddin District

There are 95 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data

for 48 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):

Water Table Trends - Mandi Bahauddin District (DTW feet)

Perusal of the data shows that the water table has shown somewhatrising trend = about 2feet to 4 feet in last six years.

4.4.1.3 Sargodha District


Water Table Trends - Sarghoda District (DTW feet)


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Water levels in Sargodha also show a general rising trend in the watertable particularly in the areas of Gujrat, MB Din and in the upperreaches of LJC in Sargodha. Downstream areas in Silanwali Tehsil showsomewhat stable trend.



Water Table Trends - Jhang District (DTW feet)


Groundwater levels range from 10 feet to more than 25 feet belowGLS; and

Water table has shown more or less stable trends during 2003-08.


Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Aerial distribution of themonitoring points and availability of data is shown in the Table 4.6 givenbelow:


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Perusal

of the above table shows that out of 288 points in Sargodha IrrigationZone data on water quality checks is available for 165 points for theyear 2008.

Groundwater Quality Trends in Sargodha Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointGIS 215 in Tehsil Sahiwal District Sargodha:

GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 215, Tehsil Sahiwal,District Sargodha

Table 4.6: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation Zone

Available DataDistrict Total Points Tehsil Total Points

Jun-08 Oct-08

Gujrat 12 8 12Gujrat 17

Kharian 5 5 4

Chiniot 21 17 13Jhang 51

Jhang 30 21 25

Malakwal 18 8 6

MB Din 24 23 24MB Din 61

Phalia 19 19 19

Bhalwal 34 25 23

Kot Momin 25 15 23

Sahiwal 18 14 16

Sargodha 40 20 19

Shahpur 20 17 16

Sargodha 159

Silanwali 22 11 15

Total 288 288 155 165


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District-wise Water Quality Trends: Based on the analysis of datawith continuous record time rate changes and the trends in water qualityfor each district is discussed below:

4.4.2.1 Gujrat District

There are 17 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor 12 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):

Water Quality Trends - Gujrat District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh and the trend is more or less constant.

4.4.2.2 Mandi Bahauddin District


Water Quality Trends MB Din District (EC dS/m)


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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to marginal and the trend is more or less constant.

4.4.2.3 Sargodha District

There are 159 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data

for 68 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(GIS numbers have been used for identification):

Water Quality Trends Sargodha District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant.



Water Quality Trends Jhang District (EC dS/m)


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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality isgenerally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant.

4.5 Multan Irrigation Zone


Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Multan Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and MailsiCanal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Okara, Vehari and Pakpatandistricts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring pointsand current data availability is indicated in the Table 4.7 given below:

Table 4.7: Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone

WL DataDistrict

TotalPoints

TehsilTotal


Jhang 45 Shorkot 45 39 36

Kasur 6 Pattoki 6 4 5

Jahania 17 16 16

Kabirwala 53 46 45

Khanewal 18 15 14

Khanewal 117

Mianchannu 29 25 23

Dunia Pur 7 3 3

Kehroor Pacca 21 16 15Lodhran 62

Lodhran 34 29 28

Jalalpur

Pirwala

12 10 10

Multan 86 53 53Multan 145

Shujabad 47 28 28

Depalpur 5 3 4

Okara 14 10 8Okara 42

Renala Khurd 23 22 23

Arifwala 11 10 10Pakpatan 28

Pakpatan 17 15 14

Chichawatni 40 38 36Sahiwal

82

Sahiwal 42 30 29

T.T.S 1 Kamalia 1 1 1

Burewala 9 6 7

Malsi 20 10 9

Vehari 35

Vehari 6 4 5

Total 563 563 433 422


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Perusal of the above table shows, that there are 563 water levelmonitoring points in Multan Irrigation Zone. Under the present conditionsWL data for 422 monitoring points is available. During the year 2003 therewere only 112 monitoring points, of which some had to be abandoned andwhereas a large number of monitoring points had to be established to fillin the data gaps. This process of augmentation of monitoring points is still

in progress.

District wise Water Table Trends: Based on the review andanalysis of the data for the monitoring points with continuous record forsix years or at least for the last four years water table behavior in thedistricts under Multan Irrigation Zones in discussed below.


There are 45 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 34 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the

district are shown in the figure given below:

Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are generally shallow - from less than 10 feetto about 20 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown mixed trends both some lowering and rise. The

mean water table stage shows a slightly rising trend due - perhaps- to the effect of the link canals.

4.5.1.2 Khanewal District



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Water Table Trends in Khanewal District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are generally deep - from 20 feet to more than60 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about onefoot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also showssome what decline.

4.5.1.3 Lodhran District

There are 62 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 38 points. Based on the analysis of

selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:

Water Table Trends in Lodhran District (Feet below GLS)



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Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet tomore than 60 feet below the land surface; and


.

4.5.1.4 Multan District


Water Table Trends in Multan District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet tomore than 70 feet below the land surface; and


4.5.1.5. Okara District

There are 42 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data forthe year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis of

selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:


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Water Table Trends in Okara District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are ranging from shallow to deep - from about10-15 below GLS feet to about 30 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with some rise insome areas. Mean water table stage in the district shows bothsome what decline and a little rise.

4.5.1.6 Pakpatan District

There are 28 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for

the year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis ofselective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in thedistrict are shown in the figure given below:

Water Table Trends in Pakpatan District (Feet below GLS)


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Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 40 below GLSfeet to about 70 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with - since 2005.Mean water table stage in the district shows some what decline.

4.5.1.7 Sahiwal District


Water Table Trends in Sahiwal District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 below GLSfeet to about 55 to 60 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularlysince 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows somewhat decline.

4.5.1.8 Vehari District



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Water Table Trends in Vehari District (Feet below GLS)


Groundwater levels are generally deep - from more 30 below GLSfeet to about 60 feet below the land surface; and

Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularlysince 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows somewhat decline.

In general, the groundwater levels in Multan Zone are relatively deep from groundwater pumping point of view and are showing declining trend.The aquifer underlying the area seems to be under stress.

4.5.2 Groundwater Quality Trends

Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Multan Irrigation Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and MailsiCanal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Toba Tek Singh, Sahiwal, Okara,Vehari and Pakpatan districts. Groundwater quality monitoring data for theyears 2003 to June 2008 are available at this stage. In the course of timea large number of points had to be discarded (e.g. due to closure ofprivate tubewells) and new points had to be established. Presently totalwater quality monitoring points are 858 - spread over in the abovedistricts.

Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points andcurrent data availability is indicated in the Table 4.8 given below:


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Perusal of the above table indicates that out of total 858 monitoring points generally private tubewells - the data for the year 2008 is available for696 water points. Based on the analysis of the data for monitoring withcontinuous data availability (Year 2003-08) distribution of groundwaterquality and its time rate changes in various districts are discussed below.

Groundwater Quality Trends in Multan Zone: Data collectedthrough field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zoneare analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability ofgroundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines byFAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed inSection-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technicalmanpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is notconsidered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values havebeen used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone.

Table 4.8: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone

GW Quality DataDistrict

TotalPoints

Tehsil Total PointsJun-07 Oct-07 Jun-08

Jhang 48 Shorkot 48 48 48 36

Kasur 4 Pattoki 4 4 4 3

Jahania 16 16 16 15

Kabirwala 98 98 98 75

Khanewal 31 31 31 28Khanewal 175

Mianchannu 30 30 30 30

Dunia Pur 36 24 24 24

KehroorPacca

23 19 19 19Lodhran 132

Lodhran 73 47 47 47

JalalpurPirwala

15 15 15 10

Multan 128 128 128 87

Multan 182

Shujabad 39 39 39 32

Depalpur 1 1 1 1

Okara 39 39 39 39Okara 58

Renala Khurd 18 18 18 18

Arifwala 31 28 28 28Pakpatan 64

Pakpatan 33 27 27 27

Chichawatni 34 33 34 34Sahiwal 82

Sahiwal 48 48 48 48

T.T.S 6 Kamalia 6 6 6 4

Burewala 24 21 21 21

Mailsi 53 46 46 46Vehari 107

Vehari 30 24 24 24

Total 858 858 790 791 696


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Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changeswill be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling thequality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in theexample given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring pointDLR HCC-300 in Tehsil Shujaabad, District Multan:

GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - HCC 300, Tehsil Shuajabad,District Multan

District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of themonitoring points with continuous record the behavior water qualityduring the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.


There are 48 groundwater quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out ofwhich the continuous data for 2003 08 are available for 35 points.Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water qualitytrend is shown in the figure given below:

Jhang District (EC dS/m)


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Perusal of the above figure shows that:

Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from 1.1 to 7.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and

Selective/representative points do not show any conspicuous

deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flattrend.

4.5.2.2. District Khanewal

There are 175 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 148 points for 2003 08. Based onthe analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:

Khanewal District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from 0.33 to 10.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and

Selective/representative points (in general) do not show anyconspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.

4.5.2.3 District Lodhran



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Lodhran District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 1.2 to more than 12 dS/m) from salinity point ofview; and

Selective/representative points (in general) do not show anyconspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.

4.5.2.4 District Multan

There are 182 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of whichthe continuous data are available for 129 points for 2003 08. Based on

the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend isshown in the figure given below:

Multan District (EC dS/m


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Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 0.40 to 11.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view;and

Selective/representative points (in general) do not show any

conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more orless flat trend.

4.5.2.5. District Okara


Okara District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (ECvalue from around 0.40 to 7.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view;and

Selective/representative points (in general) show a slightlyincreasing trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows amore or less increasing trend during the 2005 2006 but againthe over all salinity trends reduced.

4.5.2.6 District Pakpatan



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Pakpatan District (EC dS/m


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal(EC value from around 0.40 dS/m to 2.9 dS/m) from salinity pointof view; and

Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend.

4.5.2.7 District Sahiwal


Sahiwal District (EC dS/m)



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Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal tosaline(EC value from around 0.30 dS/m to 7.0 dS/m) from salinitypoint of view; and

Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend; and

Some data bugs need checking and cleaning (Monitoring PointDLR-675).

4.5.2.8 District Vehari


Vehari District Water Quality Trends (EC dS/m)


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal tosaline (EC value from around 0.50 dS/m to 7.5 dS/m) from salinitypoint of view; and

Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in thesalinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or lessstable/decreasing trend;

General Comments: Multan Irrigation Zone covers a large area and many

districts and tehsils.

Data handling by the field formation has greatly improved and is appreciated with advice for further refinements.

Data shows that the PTWs installed - generally near the major canals haveFGW where as in other parts of the Bari and Rechna Doabs the groundwaterquality is marginal to poor. Systematic monitoring and data processing willgreatly help in management of groundwater and its sustainability.


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4.6 Bahawalpur Zone


Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal,

Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpurand RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of themonitoring points and current data availability is as shown in Table 4.9given below:

Table 4.9: Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone

WL DataDistrict

TotalPoints

TehsilTotal

PointsJun-08 Oct-08

Bahawalnagar 55 42 42

Chishtian 14 12 12

Fort Abbas 17 15 27

Haroonabad 7 5 5

Bahawalnagar 144

Minchinabad 51 36 35

Ahmadpur 24 22 22

Bahawalpur 12 10 10

Hasilpur 10 8 8

Khairpur 6 4 4

Bahawalpur 72

Yazman 20 19 18

Khanpur 59 46 46

Liaquetpur 61 48 47

RY Khan 35 22 23RY Khan

181

Sadiqabad 26 13 14

Total 397 397 219 229

District wise Water Table Trends: Perusal of the above table

indicates that there are 397 monitoring points of which data for the year2008 are available for 229 points. Based on the data of the monitoringpoints with continuous record the behavior water table during the last 6years is discussed in the succeeding sections.


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4.6.1.1 Bahawalnagar District


Bahawalnagar District Water Table Trends (feet)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown an almost flat trend - with slight rise in some areas.

4.6.1.2 Bahawalpur District

There are 72 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor only 9 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):

Bahawalpur District Water Table Trends (feet)


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Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown rising trends some points need cross checks (?). Mean watertable has shown more or less a flat trend

4.6.1.3 Rahim Yar Khan District

There are 181 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous datafor only 104 points is available. Based on the analysis of theselective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below(DLR numbers have been used for identification):

Rahim Yar Khan District Water Table Trends (feet)

.

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels haveshown rising trends some points need cross checks (?).


Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zoneencompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal,Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpurand RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of themonitoring points and current data availability is as below:


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Table 4.10: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur IrrigationZone

WL DataDistrict

TotalPoints

TehsilTotal


Bahawalnagar 48 37 37

Chishtian 40 32 32Fort Abbas 56 41 41

Haroonabad 44 25 25

Bahawalnagar 222

Minchinabad 34 29 29

Ahmadpur 49 28 28

Bahawalpur 26 17 17

Hasilpur 35 29 29

Khairpur 14 11 11

Bahawalpur 168

Yazman 44 23 23

Khanpur 64 40 40

Liaquetpur 52 38 38

RY Khan 72 44 44

RY Khan 267

Sadiqabad 79 50 50

Total 657 657 312 312

Perusal of the above table shows that out of total 657 groundwater qualitymonitoring points the continuous data for 312 points is available. Basedon the analysis of the data with continuous records and consideringselective/representative points the water quality trends in the districtsunder BWP Irrigation Zone are discussed below.

GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - 280, Tehsil Minchinabad,District Bahawalnagar

District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of themonitoring points with continuous record the behavior water qualityduring the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.


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4.6.2.1 Bahawalnagar District

There are 222 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 113 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below:

Bahawalnagar District (EC dS/m)


Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackishfrom salinity point of view; and

Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005.

4.6.2.2 Bahawalpur District

There are 168 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 58 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below:

Bahawalpur District (EC dS/m)


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Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005.

4.6.2.3 Rahim Yar Khan District

There are 267 water points in the district however; consistent data areavailable only for 102 points. Based on the selective/representative pointsthe water quality trends are shown in the graph given below

Rahim Yar Khan District (EC dS/m)



Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005. Ingeneral the

Imp Time Rate Changes Gw Vol 1

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