Immunity & Disease

Immunity & DiseaseDisease

Note the hole in the skull in the image above. How would a hole in the head lead to more disease?

pathogens –Disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses

• have always caused illnesses.

• only during the last few hundred years scientists have understood the relationship between pathogens and diseases.

• Before then, little was known about disease and immunity, and superstitions were common.

EARLY RESEARCH

ON DISEASES

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, doctors learned a lot about the causes and treatment of diseases.

• EDWARD JENNER

• JOHN SNOW

• ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK

First VaccinationVaccination- a procedure that helps the body defend itselfagainst disease.

1796- Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination fro small pox.

Vaccinated Not Vaccinated

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How can we prevent people from getting small pox?Women who milked cows often got a mild disease called cowpox.These women did not get smallpox, a deadly disease related to cowpox.

Jenner thought people who have had cow pox could NOT get small pox.Jenner (a doctor) cut the arm of a young boy, placed pus from a cowpox sore in the cut. Two weeks later, Jenner infected the boy with smallpox.

The boy never got sick with small pox

Although the smallpox vaccine saved many lives, people did not understand why or how it

EARLY RESEARCH ON DISEASESIn the mid-1800s, people realized that there was a connection between pathogens and disease.

Cholera- a disease of the intestinal tract caused by a bacterium

Dr. John Snow • connected the disease cholera to a bacterium he found in water.• HOW? by tracking the origin of a cholera outbreak on a map

Connecting Disease With a Source

Not everyone agreed with Snow, but people were beginning to think that pathogens did exist.

Using the map1. Snow tracked the outbreak to a single

water pump in the city of London

2. Had the pump closed

3. Immediately, the number of new cholera cases decreased

4. Looked at the water and saw microscopic organisms.

5. Concluded that these organisms caused the disease.

EARLY RESEARCH

ON DISEASES

One of the reasons people were slow to accept the idea of pathogens is because people could not see the pathogens.However, the development of microscopes changed that.

• EDWARD JENNER

• JOHN SNOW

• ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

The Development of Microscopes

Late 1600s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (LAY vun hook)

• made one of the first microscopes.

• Using the microscope• observed pond water and saw moving organisms• had discovered bacteria

Von Leeuwenhoek Microscope Todays microscope

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Because he did not share how he made the lenses, bacteria were not observed again until the nineteenth century.

Scientist ActivityComplete the thinking map using your notes

Scientist

Year

Contribution

LabWhich well is contaminated?Imagine that you live in a town with four wells. You get your water regularly from one well, but sometimes you also drink water from another well. People are getting sick. Some suspect that the water in one well is causing the sickness. Which well is contaminated?

Procedure1. Take an envelope from your assignedwell. Do not look inside the envelope.2. Write your name on the envelope, andthen pass it to another person fromany well. You should also receive adifferent envelope from anotherperson..

3. Repeat step 2.4. Write your name on the third envelopeand open it. If there is an “X” on thecard inside, the three people whosigned the envelope drank from thecontaminated well and are sick. As aclass, compile the results in a table

BACTERIA

Connecting Bacteria to Disease

.Louis Pasteur found that infection-causing bacteria came from outside the body.He developed a process called pasteurization, in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.This led to the discovery of other methods to kill bacteria, which made surgery safer.

• Robert Koch developed a procedure to determine if a bacterium caused an illness

.• His research convinced

scientists that bacteria can cause diseases.

Discovering Disease Organisms

• Over time, scientists realized that other pathogens, such as viruses, could also cause diseases.

• Pathogens can be transmitted by food, water, insects, or between people.

• Diseases can be caused by pathogens, the environment, and choices you make about diet, exercise, and sleep.

• They can also be inherited.

Discovering Disease Organisms

• Diseases can be caused by pathogens, the environment, and choices you make about diet, exercise, and sleep.

• They can also be inherited.

How Can Disease be Caused?

Why do we get diseases?

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one person to another are infectious diseases.

A vector is a disease-carrying organism that does not develop the disease.

A disease that cannot pass from person to person is a noninfectious disease.

Types of Diseases

• Noninfectious diseases can be caused by genetics or environmental conditions, including lifestyle choices.

• Noninfectious diseases that affect children are primarily due to genetics.

• Cystic fibrosis is a disease children inherit in the form of a gene.

• Cystic fibrosis is a recessive trait, which means to have the disease a person must inherit the gene from each parent.

Types of Diseases

Inheritance of Cystic Fibrosis

• Many noninfectious diseases that affect adults are due primarily to environmental causes or life choices.

• Cancer is a disease in which cells reproduce uncontrollably without the usual signals to stop.

• Tumors form when cells reproduce uncontrollably.

Types of Diseases

How do infectious and noninfectious diseases differ?

QUIZ tomorrow

Lesson 1

• How a disease spreads depends on the pathogen. Some pathogens can be transmitted by a vector, such as a tick or a mosquito.

Lesson 1

• The two common causes of noninfectious diseases are environmental conditions and genetics.

• People might inherit forms of genes that make them more likely to develop cancer.

Lesson 1

A. microscopeB. vaccinationsC. diseaseD. pasteurization

Edward Jenner was the first to develop which of these?

Lesson 1

A. fluB. cancerC. chickenpoxD. AIDS

Which of the following is a noninfectious disease?

Lesson 1

A. cystic fibrosisB. virusC. pathogensD. cancer

Which of these is a disease characterized by cells reproducing uncontrollably?

Lesson 2

• What does the immune system do?• How do the parts of the immune

system work together?• How does the immune system interact

with other body systems?

The Immune System

Lesson 2

• inflammation• antigen• antibody• B cell• T cell

The Immune System

• allergy• immunity• active immunity• vaccination• passive immunity

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lesson 2

When pathogens get past your body’s initial barriers, your immune system has defenses to stop them from reaching the parts of your body where they can make you sick.

You can improve the effectiveness of your body’s natural prevention methods by making healthy choices such as eating healthy food, exercising, and getting enough sleep.

Functions of the Immune System

Lesson 2

Skin, hair, mucus, and acids are first-line defenses which help keep germs from reaching the parts of your body where they can make you sick.

Parts of the Immune System

Lesson 2

Your skin keeps dirt and germs from entering your body.

Sweat and acids from skin cells kill some bacteria, and natural oils make skin waterproof so you can easily wash it.

Parts of the Immune SystemSKIN

Lesson 2

• Hairs in your nose and hairlike structures called cilia trap pathogens in the upper respiratory system and move them out of your body.

• The digestive system is effective at stopping pathogens that enter your body on or in the food you eat.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

HAIR

The digestive system is effective at stopping pathogens that enter your body on or in the food you eat.Stomach acids destroy many

pathogens.Mucus traps pathogensNormal muscle contractions reverse

and cause vomiting.Normal muscle contractions speed

up and remove pathogens through diarrhea

Lesson 2Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

MUCUS AND ACIDS(cont.)

Lesson 2

• Pathogens can be moved through the circulatory system to organs that fight infections.

• The nervous and circulatory systems work together to produce a fever.– The high temperature kills many

pathogens and stimulates white blood cell production.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

LAB- How do different layers of your skin protect your body? Your skin has three layers.

The top layer, called the epidermis, is thin but tough. It helps prevent harmful microorganisms from getting into the tissues and provides physical protection.

The middle layer, called the dermis, is the thickest layer. It provides strength and elasticity.

The bottom layer, called the subcutaneous layer, insulates against heat and cold and helps cushion the skin.

In this activity, you will build a model of skin.

Activity

Worksheet pg 39

What does the immune system do?

Lesson 2

• White blood cells and inflammatory response make up your body’s second-line defenses.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Lesson 2

• Some white blood cells surround and destroy bacteria directly and others release chemicals that make it easier to kill the pathogens.

• Another type of white blood cell produces proteins that destroy viruses and other foreign substances.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Lesson 2

Inflammation is a process that causes the area around an injury to become red and swollen.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

inflammationfrom Latin inflammare, means “to set on fire”

Lesson 2

The inflammatory response cleans the area of the injury and keeps the infection from spreading, enabling the damaged tissue to heal.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Lesson 2

Lesson 2

• Third-line defenses are specific to foreign substances.

• An antigen is a substance that causes an immune response.

• Proteins called antibodies can attach to the antigen and make it useless.

• Certain white blood cells, called B cells and T cells, form antibodies.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Lesson 2

• B cells form and mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies into the blood.

• T cells form in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland, producing a protein antibody that becomes part of a cell membrane.

• Antibodies match with specific antigens.

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Lesson 2

Activity

Worksheet pg 38

Lesson 2Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

How do the parts of the immune system work together?

Lesson 2

• An allergy is an overly sensitive immune response to common antigens.

• The resistance to specific pathogens is immunity.– 2 types

• Passive Immunity• Active Immunity

Parts of the Immune System (cont.)

Active ImmunityYour body produces antibodies in

response to an antigen in active immunity.

Develop through illness or infection.Even after an infection or illness,

antibodies remain in your body.A vaccination causes the body to

develop specific antibodies that can rapidly fight a pathogen’s antigens when exposed to them.

Lesson 2A vaccination is weakened or dead pathogens placed in the body, usually by injection or by mouth.

• Passive immunity is the introduction of antibodies that were produced outside the body.

• For example, – a fetus can get antibodies from its

mother– Injections of some antibodies are

available for adults.

• Passive immunity is temporary because the body does not continue to make these antibodies.

Passive Immunity

Lesson 2

The immune system works with the circulatory system and respiratory system to protect your body against invaders and maintain homeostasis.

The Immune System and Homeostasis

ActivityComplete a Venn diagram with

active and passive immunityWrite a 5 or more sentence

paragraph comparing and contrasting Passive and Active Immunity,Passive

ImmunityActive Immunity

Lesson 2The Immune System and Homeostasis (cont.)

How does the immune system interact with other body systems?

QUIZ

TOMORROW

Lesson 2

• Inflammation may cause an injury to become warmer than the surrounding area due to increased blood flow to the area.

Lesson 2

• Antibodies produced by the white blood cells match with specific antigens, like a lock and key.

Lesson 2

• Immunity can be developed through different processes. If you have immunity to a particular pathogen, you will experience little or no effect from exposure to that pathogen.

Lesson 2

A. allergiesB. bacteriaC. pathogensD. antibodies

What is the term for proteins that can attach to an antigen and make it useless?

Lesson 2

A. T cellsB. B cellsC. antigensD. white blood cells

Which of these form and mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies into the blood?

Lesson 2

A. an allergyB. an immunityC. an inflammatory responseD. second-line defense

What is an overly sensitive immune response to common antigens often called?

Lesson 3

• How can healthful habits and healthful choices affect diseases?

• How do sanitation practices affect human health?

• How can chemicals affect the human body?

Staying Healthy

Lesson 3

• antibiotic• chemotherapy

Staying Healthy

Create a 2 tab Vocabulary foldable

Lesson 3Healthy Habits (cont.)

How can healthful habits and healthful choices affect diseases?

Lesson 3

Personal hygiene can limit the spread of pathogens and lessen the chance you will spread your germs to others.

Good hygiene can protect you from getting infectious disease.

If you eat a healthful diet, your immune system can react more efficiently against pathogens.

Healthy Habits

Lesson 3

• A healthful diet can protect you against noninfectious diseases such as osteoporosis and heart disease.

• A healthful diet, a healthful weight, and regular exercise have been linked with disease prevention.

• The ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun damage skin cells and can cause them to reproduce uncontrollably.

Healthy Habits (cont.)

Lesson 3Healthy Habits (cont.)

cellScience Use the basic unit of lifeCommon Use a room in a monastery or prison

Lesson 3

• Sunscreen blocks the UV rays and limits the damage from sunlight.

• Wearing a hat, long sleeves, pants, and sunglasses also help protect against UV damage.

• Healthful choices include not smoking or chewing tobacco and limiting or avoiding alcoholic beverages.

Healthy Habits (cont.)

How do sanitation practices affect human health?

Lesson 3 Florence Nightingale, a nurse who understood the connection

between cleanliness and health, is credited with improving cleanliness in hospitals.

Improved sanitation in food preparation has led to better health.

Both of these practices destroy pathogens.

Health and Sanitation

Lesson 3

Modern landfills and sewer systems keep our streets and households much cleaner and help slow the spread of infectious diseases.

Health and Sanitation (cont.)

Lesson 3Health and the Environment (cont.)

How can chemicals affect the human body?

Lesson 3

Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria.

Chemicals used in chemotherapy help fight cancer by killing the cells that are reproducing uncontrollably.

Some of the chemicals that make our life easier can harm our health if not properly disposed of.

Health and Chemicals

Lesson 3Health and Chemicals (cont.)

antibioticanti–, means “against”; and Greek biotikos, means “fit for life”

Lesson 3

Some chemicals that are harmful to our health, such as lead, are in our environment.

Inhaling lead-contaminated air can cause noninfectious kidney and nervous system diseases.

Some objects containing harmful chemicals like asbestos are safe until the object is broken.

Health and the Environment

Lesson 3

• Developing healthful habits and making healthful choices is one of the best ways you can stay healthy.

• Chemicals are used in medicines such as antibiotics. These may be used for common bacterial infections, such as strep throat or ear infections.

George Diebold/Getty Images

Lesson 3

• Life choices, such as whether or not you eat a healthful diet, can influence the development and severity of diseases.

Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images

Lesson 3

A. UV raysB. antibioticsC. pathogensD. antibodies

Washing your hands can help keep which of these from getting past your first-line defenses?

Lesson 3

A. antibioticsB. UV raysC. chemotherapyD. sanitation

Which of these is the type of medicines used to treat cancer?

Lesson 3

A. lungsB. cancer cellsC. skin cellsD. bacteria

Ultraviolet rays from the Sun can cause uncontrollable reproduction of which of these?

The BIG Idea

The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.

Key Concepts 1

Diseases can result from infection by pathogens, heredity, or the environment.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organism. Noninfectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and are not spread from one organismto another.

Lesson 1: Diseases

Key Concepts 2

The immune system protects against and defends the body from disease.

Your body has first-line, second-line, and third-line defenses against pathogens.

The immune system works with other body systems, including the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the digestive system, to protect against invaders.

Lesson 2: The Immune System

Key Concepts 3

Healthful habits, such as hand washing, can help prevent the spread of disease. Life choices, such as whether or not you eat a healthful diet or wear sunscreen, can influence the development and severity of diseases.

Sanitation practices, such as safe food preparation and waste management, limit human exposure to pathogens and toxic substances.

Chemicals can benefit human health when used as medicines, treatments for disease, and supplements. Some chemicals are harmful to human health and might cause diseases such as cancer.

Lesson 3: Staying Healthy

George Diebold/Getty Images

Chapter Review - MC

A. pathogenB. vectorC. tumorD. infectious disease

Which of these describes a disease-carrying organism?

Chapter Review - MC

A. antigenB. virusC. pathogenD. vector

What term describes a substance that causes an immune response?

Chapter Review - MC

A. vaccinationB. immunityC. inflammationD. allergy

Which term refers to resistance to specific pathogens?

Chapter Review - MC

A. antibodiesB. antigensC. T cellsD. B cells

Which of these forms in the bone marrow and matures in the thymus gland?

Chapter Review - MC

A. skin cancerB. heart diseaseC. osteoporosisD. lung cancer

Smoking or poor air quality causes most cases of which disease?

Chapter Review - MC

A. vaccinationsB. infectionsC. pathogensD. infectious diseases

Which of these refers to disease-causing agents, such as bacteria and viruses?

Chapter Review - MC

A. vectorB. infectious diseaseC. noninfectious diseaseD. pathogen

Which type of disease cannot pass from person to person?

Chapter Review - MC

A. vaccinesB. infectious diseaseC. bacteriaD. pathogens

Pasteurization is a process used on certain liquids to kill which of these?

Chapter Review - MC

A. an antibodyB. an allergyC. a T cellD. an immune response

An antigen is a substance that causes which of these?

Chapter Review - MC

A. vectorsB. antibodiesC. antibioticsD. pathogens

Which of these describes the types of medicines that kill bacteria?