Immunity and Infection Chapter 17. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter seventeen The Chain of Infection Links in the Chain Transmitted.

Immunity and InfectionImmunity and Infection

Chapter 17

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2Chapter seventeen

The Chain of InfectionThe Chain of Infection Links in the Chain

Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal or

environmental component Portal of Exit Means of transmission

Direct transmission Indirect transmission

Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation Ingestion

New host Breaking the Chain

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 3Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 4Chapter seventeen

Body’s Defense SystemBody’s Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract The Immune System

Immunological Defenders Neutrophils Macrophages Natural killer cells Dendritic cells Lymphocytes

T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor

B-cells Antibodies

Memory T and B cells

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 5Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 6Chapter seventeen

The Inflammatory ResponseThe Inflammatory Response Histamine.

Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling.

The immune response Phase 1 – Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply

Production of Killer T and B cells Cytokines – chemical messengers

Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike Cell-mediated immune Anti-body mediated immune response

Phase 4 – Last Phase – Suppressor T-cells Slow down activity

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 7Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 8Chapter seventeen

ImmunityImmunity

An infected person will never get the same illness again.

Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells

Symptoms and contagion Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or

when bacteria are actively multiplying Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the

immune response cycle Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired

immunity

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 9Chapter seventeen

ImmunizationImmunization The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an

encounter with a specific antigen. Types of vaccines

VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.

(active immunity). PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies

produced by other human beings or animals. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory

lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox).

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 10Chapter seventeen

Immunization IssuesImmunization Issues

Vaccine shortages in the U.S. Deaths from vaccine-preventable disease

worldwide Vaccine safety

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 11Chapter seventeen

Allergy: The Body’s Defense Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone HaywireSystem Gone Haywire The Body’s Defense System Gone

HaywireAllergiesAllergens

Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food, InsectsThe Allergic response

Immunoglobulin (IgE) Anaphylaxis

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 12Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 13Chapter seventeen

Dealing With AllergiesDealing With Allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 14Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 15Chapter seventeen

The Troublemakers: The Troublemakers: Pathogens and DiseasePathogens and Disease

Bacterium – Microscopic single celled organism Pneumonia Meningitis Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal Tuberculosis Lyme Disease and other tickborne infections Ulcers Other Bacterial infections

Tetanus Pertussis Urinary tract infections

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 16Chapter seventeen

Antibiotic TreatmentAntibiotic Treatment

Actions of Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage

Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick

Use antibiotics as directedNever take an antibiotic without an

prescription

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 17Chapter seventeen

Type of PathogensType of Pathogens Viruses – (parasites – take what they need)

Common Cold Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Viral encephalitis Viral Hepatitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Warts

Treatment

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 18Chapter seventeen

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 19Chapter seventeen

Types of PathogensTypes of Pathogens Fungi –

Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot, and ringworm Candida albicans

Protozoan – Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African sleeping sickness,

Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Parasitic worm –

Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm.

Prions - Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to “proteinaceous

infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 20Chapter seventeen

Emerging Infectious DiseasesEmerging Infectious Diseases Selected Infections of concern

West Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rotavirus Escherichia coli Hantavirus Ebola

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 21Chapter seventeen

Factors Contributing to Emerging Factors Contributing to Emerging InfectionsInfections Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviors Bioterrorism

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 22Chapter seventeen

Other Immune Disorders: Other Immune Disorders: Cancer and Autoimmune Cancer and Autoimmune DiseasesDiseases If the immune system breaks down

Getting older HIV infection Chemotherapy

Autoimmune diseasesRheumatoid arthritisSystemic lupus erythmatosus

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 23Chapter seventeen

Giving Yourself a Fighting Giving Yourself a Fighting Chance: How to Support Your Chance: How to Support Your Immune SystemImmune System

How to support your immune systemPublic HealthTaking care of yourself

Nutrition Exercise Rest Moderation of Lifestyle Controlling Stress

Immunity and InfectionImmunity and Infection

Chapter 17