Immune System Body’s way to maintain homeostasis (balance)

Immune SystemImmune System

Body’s way to maintain Body’s way to maintain homeostasis (balance)homeostasis (balance)

Pathogens- anything that causes Pathogens- anything that causes illness in our bodies illness in our bodies

Enter the body through many waysEnter the body through many ways The pathogens that cause the most The pathogens that cause the most

common illnesses are bacteria and common illnesses are bacteria and virusvirus

BacteriaBacteria

Are small living cellsAre small living cells Cause illnesses by damaging cells Cause illnesses by damaging cells

and produce toxinsand produce toxins

We need some bacteria to keep us We need some bacteria to keep us healthy (in the digestive tract)healthy (in the digestive tract)

BACTERIABACTERIA

Staphylococcus aureus

Syphilis

Streptococcus

VirusesViruses

Are NOT CELLS!!!!Are NOT CELLS!!!! They are DNA with a protein shellThey are DNA with a protein shell Very, very smallVery, very small Damage your cells by injecting their Damage your cells by injecting their

DNA into your cells…This causes DNA into your cells…This causes your cells to explodeyour cells to explode

VIRUSVIRUS

Influenza

HIV

Other PathogensOther Pathogens

FUNGIFUNGI

Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

PARASITE/PROTOZOANPARASITE/PROTOZOAN

Tapeworm Malaria

11stst line of defense line of defense

The skinThe skin ““you are not getting past me”you are not getting past me”

Also sweat, tears, saliva, membrane Also sweat, tears, saliva, membrane linings, mucus stomach, urine (body linings, mucus stomach, urine (body fluids)fluids)

SkinSkin Protective envelop for the bodyProtective envelop for the body

Bodily fluidsBodily fluids Chemicals in the fluids kill bacteriaChemicals in the fluids kill bacteria Helps flush the bacteria awayHelps flush the bacteria away

MucusMucus Traps the pathogens which then can be Traps the pathogens which then can be

removed from the bodyremoved from the body

Lab # “Snot”Lab # “Snot”

S- How does mucus work to protect S- How does mucus work to protect your body?your body?

P-P- I-Materials:I-Materials:

Gelatin, water, corn syrup, spoon and dustGelatin, water, corn syrup, spoon and dust Instructions:Instructions:

Add 50 ml hot water to gelatinAdd 50 ml hot water to gelatin Add 50 ml of corn syrupAdd 50 ml of corn syrup MixMix Add substances Add substances

C-C-

Description of what Description of what happenshappens

LiquidLiquid

DustDust

Large Large ParticlesParticles

E- EvaluateE- Evaluate Describe what you did in this lab Describe what you did in this lab

activity (2 sentences). activity (2 sentences). Describe how is mucus helpful in Describe how is mucus helpful in

protecting your body?protecting your body?

22ndnd line of defense line of defense

Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response When pathogens make it through the When pathogens make it through the

first line of defense your body responds first line of defense your body responds by trying to get rid of the pathogenby trying to get rid of the pathogen

Signs of inflammatory responseSigns of inflammatory response

Swelling, redness, warmth and painSwelling, redness, warmth and pain

What is actually happeningWhat is actually happening

The body sends out signals to cells- The body sends out signals to cells- WHITE BLOOD CELLS (phagocytes)WHITE BLOOD CELLS (phagocytes) Neutrophils Neutrophils MacrophagesMacrophages Attack and eat the pathogen causes pusAttack and eat the pathogen causes pus

33rdrd line of defense line of defense

The immune system- gets awakenedThe immune system- gets awakened Recognizes, attacks, destroys and Recognizes, attacks, destroys and

remembers the pathogenremembers the pathogen

The players…The players…

Memory Memory cells remember the cells remember the pathogenpathogen

AntibodiesAntibodies are made to attack the are made to attack the pathogenpathogen

They attach to the pathogen and They attach to the pathogen and inactivate itinactivate it

Antigens Antigens are possible pathogensare possible pathogens

Active immunity or Natural Active immunity or Natural immunityimmunity

Active immunity comes from first Active immunity comes from first hand experience with the diseasehand experience with the disease

Produces antibodies or T-CellsProduces antibodies or T-Cells

Get sick or vaccineGet sick or vaccine

Passive immunityPassive immunity

Get it from someone else like the Get it from someone else like the mother to the babymother to the baby

Vaccines and immunizationsVaccines and immunizations

Prevent your body from getting sick. Prevent your body from getting sick. Involves injecting dead pathogens into Involves injecting dead pathogens into

your body. your body. Your body responds to attack themYour body responds to attack them They can not harm you because they They can not harm you because they

dead but your body does not know that.dead but your body does not know that. Your memory cells will remember these Your memory cells will remember these

cells so that if you get the pathogen for cells so that if you get the pathogen for real your body will respondreal your body will respond

Spread of diseasesSpread of diseases

How do diseases get spread?How do diseases get spread? Some through air, contact, and bodily Some through air, contact, and bodily

fluidsfluids Each disease is a little differentEach disease is a little different

Spread of diseaseSpread of disease

Mini-Lab: One person in the room will Mini-Lab: One person in the room will be “infected” with a disease. You will be “infected” with a disease. You will exchange fluid with three people. This exchange fluid with three people. This exercise will show how easy it is for a exercise will show how easy it is for a disease to spread among populations. disease to spread among populations.

S- How easy is it for a disease to S- How easy is it for a disease to spread?spread?

P-(How many people do you think will P-(How many people do you think will be infected?)be infected?)

I- I- Materials: test tube, solution, pipette, indicatorMaterials: test tube, solution, pipette, indicator Procedures: You will exchange fluid with 3 Procedures: You will exchange fluid with 3

people in the classroom record who you people in the classroom record who you exchanged withexchanged with

C- C- Infected start: 1Infected start: 1 Fluid Exchange 1______________Fluid Exchange 1______________ Fluid Exchange 2______________Fluid Exchange 2______________ Fluid Exchange 3______________Fluid Exchange 3______________ Your status_____________Your status_____________ Infected end:____________Infected end:____________

E- E- Describe what happened to the Describe what happened to the

number of people infected?number of people infected? How easily is it for some of the How easily is it for some of the

diseases to be transmitted?diseases to be transmitted? Why is it important to use protection Why is it important to use protection

when engaging in sex?when engaging in sex?

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

AIDS is caused by the Human AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency VirusImmunodeficiency Virus

30 million people have been infected30 million people have been infected There is no vaccineThere is no vaccine There is no known cureThere is no known cure

HIVHIV

Is a virus that injects its DNA into Is a virus that injects its DNA into healthy host (human) cellshealthy host (human) cells

HIV can remain dormant for many HIV can remain dormant for many yearsyears

HIV targets cells responsible for HIV targets cells responsible for killing pathogens (T-Cells)killing pathogens (T-Cells)

Develops into AIDS- body can not Develops into AIDS- body can not defend itself against pathogensdefend itself against pathogens

AllergiesAllergies

Allergies are over reactions by the Allergies are over reactions by the immune system to harmless antigens immune system to harmless antigens or substancesor substances

Hayfever- reacts to the pollen, Hayfever- reacts to the pollen, creates increase in mucus and creates increase in mucus and histamineshistamines

Asthma- causes swelling of the Asthma- causes swelling of the bronchiolesbronchioles