IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: [email protected]Phone: (518) 442-4668 Opening Plenary Session Global Realities: Intersections and Transitions 2005 Expert Summit on Immigration American Psychological Association San Antonio, Texas, February 2, 2006 Acknowledgements: Suzanne Macartney
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IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic.
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IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis
American Indian (2000-2050 with NHOPI, Other)Asian/NHOPI (2000-2050 Asian alone, 2060-2100 includes American Indian)Black, Non-Hispanic Hispanic originWhite, Non-Hispanic
Figure 3. Percent of U.S. Children Ages 0-17 in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups, 1980-2100
Projections for 2000-2050 were released by the Census Bureau March 18, 2004. These projections take into account the much larger Hispanic population identified in Census 2000. Projections and estimates for other years are from an earlier series released by the Census Bureau January 13, 2000, and were based on the count of Hispanics in Census 1990.
61%50%
56%
84%72%70%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2000 2030
Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and over
Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age 2000 and 2030
Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Data is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.
Slide 5. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families: 1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000
28%
6%13%
20%
1910 1960 1990 2000
4/5 Citizen
s
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000, public use microdata files.
Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families by Region of Origin, 2000
87%
12%10%
2% 2%
62%
1%
22%
2% 1%
Europe North America Latin America Asia Africa Oceania
19102000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censuses 1990 and 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
Children in Immigrant Families
● 1st generation -- foreign-born
● 2nd generation -- U.S.-born, with at least one foreign-born parent
Children in Native Families
● 3rd (and later) generations -- U.S.-born, with U.S.-born parents
Slide 8. Children in Immigrant and Native Families
● American Indian/Alaskan (many tribes)
● Asian (countries or origin)
● Black
● Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (Pacific countries of origin)
● White
Slide 9. Race Categories in Census 2000
● Mexican
● Puerto Rican -- Mainland-origin -- (child and parents born on mainland) -- Island-origin -- (child or parent(s) born in Puerto Rico)
● Other specific countries of origin
Slide 10. Hispanic Origin Categories in Census 2000
● Country of birth (detailed)
● For children…parent’s country of birth available, if parents are in household
● U.S. citizenship
● No information on legal/refugee status
Slide 11. Country of Origin and Immigrant Status
in Census 2000
● Children ages 0-17
● Native race-ethnic groups as context
● 14 immigrant country/region groups with high poverty
Slide 13. Origins of Immigrant Groups with Especially High Child
Poverty
Slide 14. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living in Official Poverty, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
8%
32%
28%
34%
21%
21%
8%
17%
24%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Official Poverty
50% 100%
Slide 15. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living in Official Poverty, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
30%
22%
32%
23%
40%
34%
28%
25%
22%
29%
26%
19%
20%
20%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Official Poverty
50% 100%
Slide 16. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living in Basic Budget Poverty, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
27%
61%
60%
67%
51%
52%
28%
50%
53%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
BasicBugdetPoverty
50% 100%
Slide 17. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living in Basic Budget Poverty, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
76%
66%
75%
68%
84%
66%
65%
56%
50%
57%
65%
55%
46%
54%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
BasicBudgetPoverty
50% 100%
Slide 18. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living with Two-Parents, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
82%
44%
51%
62%
64%
62%
75%
67%
70%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Two-ParentFamily
50% 100%
Slide 19. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living with Two-Parents, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
85%
79%
63%
69%
90%
75%
85%
85%
86%
93%
88%
91%
88%
76%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Two-ParentFamily
50% 100%
Slide 20. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living with a Grandparent, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
5%
16%
14%
12%
17%
15%
13%
20%
13%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Grandparentin the home
50% 100%
Slide 21. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living with a Grandparent, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
13%
15%
16%
16%
20%
20%
20%
17%
15%
13%
9%
12%
12%
8%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Grandparentin the home
50% 100%
Slide 22. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Four
or More Siblings in the Home, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
11%
17%
14%
17%
16%
14%
9%
22%
18%
White
Black
Puerto Rican,mainland
Puerto Rican,island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ PacificIslander
Native American
4 ormoresiblings
50% 100%
Slide 23. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Four
or More Siblings in the Home, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
26%
16%
12%
21%
75%
32%
38%
28%
17%
20%
23%
26%
16%
25%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
4 or moresiblings
50% 100%
Slide 24. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living with Other Persons, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
18%
33%
30%
34%
34%
31%
26%
39%
32%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
OtherPersons inthe Home
50% 100%
Slide 25. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living with Other Persons, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
48%
47%
44%
47%
49%
50%
47%
40%
42%
37%
40%
34%
27%
36%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
OtherPersons inthe Home
50% 100%
Slide 26. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living with Working Fathers, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
96%
87%
93%
96%
92%
89%
93%
83%
91%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
FathersWorking
50% 100%
Slide 27. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living with Working Fathers, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
92%
93%
87%
89%
75%
76%
83%
80%
90%
95%
90%
85%
90%
92%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
FathersWorking
50% 100%
Slide 28. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Living with Working Mothers, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
75%
79%
71%
62%
74%
74%
76%
74%
73%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
MothersWorking
50% 100%
Slide 29. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Living with Working Mothers, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
53%
65%
64%
77%
55%
57%
65%
60%
67%
38%
44%
46%
64%
75%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
MothersWorking
50% 100%
Slide 30. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with
Another Worker in the Home, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
13%
16%
15%
14%
20%
17%
17%
23%
16%
White
Black
Puerto Rican,mainland
Puerto Rican,island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ PacificIslander
Native American
Anotherworker inthe home
50% 100%
Slide 31. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with
Another Worker in the Home, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
29%
29%
22%
23%
20%
20%
24%
18%
23%
18%
17%
18%
14%
16%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Anotherworker inhome
50% 100%
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
10%
22%
37%
24%
22%
6%
13%
21%
19%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Fathernot H.S.Grad
50% 100%
Slide 32. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
with Father Not a H.S. Graduate, 2000
Slide 33. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
with Father Not a H.S. Graduate, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
69%
53%
44%
33%
51%
48%
45%
33%
32%
15%
15%
38%
11%
8%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Fathernot H.S.Grad
50% 100%
Slide 34. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with
Father 0-8 Years of School, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
2%
2%
3%
12%
4%
4%
1%
2%
3%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Father 0-8Years ofSchool
50% 100%
Slide 35. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with
Father 0-8 Years of School, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
45%
30%
19%
10%
41%
30%
29%
24%
14%
4%
4%
18%
2%
4%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Father 0-8years ofschool
50% 100%
Slide 36. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
with Fathers Not Working Full-Time, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
33%
19%
29%
35%
26%
16%
26%
37%
27%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
FathersNotWorking Full-Time
50% 100%
Slide 37. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
with Fathers Not Working Full-Time, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
35%
31%
38%
32%
44%
42%
38%
37%
30%
30%
36%
34%
33%
32%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
FatherNotWorkingFull-Time
50% 100%
Slide 38. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Father Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
1%
1%
7%
37%
9%
8%
2%
5%
5%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
FatherLEP
50% 100%
Slide 39. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Father
Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
70%
60%
64%
48%
80%
70%
71%
55%
66%
35%
48%
48%
57%
18%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Father LEP
50% 100%
Slide 40. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Who Are
Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
1%
1%
11%
24%
9%
8%
2%
4%
4%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
ChildLEP
50% 100%
Slide 41. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Who Speak
English Very Well and Speak Another Language at Home, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
2%
2%
28%
54%
21%
21%
5%
12%
9%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
ChildPotentialBilingual
50% 100%
Slide 42. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Are
Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
38%
28%
29%
20%
51%
33%
34%
27%
37%
23%
20%
23%
27%
15%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Child LEP
50% 100%
Slide 43. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Speak English
Very Well, and Speak Another Language at Home,
2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
53%
56%
62%
52%
45%
49%
51%
42%
48%
61%
66%
53%
57%
28%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
ChildPotentialBilingual
50% 100%
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
0%
0%
4%
17%
4%
4%
1%
1%
2%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
LinguisticIsolation
50% 100%
Slide 44. Percent of U.S. Children in in Native-Born Families
in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000
Slide 45. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
37%
33%
33%
23%
39%
30%
28%
22%
39%
20%
20%
24%
31%
12%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
LinguisticIsolation
50% 100%
Slide 46. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Are Members of
Mixed-Citizen-Status Nuclear Families, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
66%
64%
55%
51%
55%
58%
57%
42%
34%
47%
43%
37%
34%
35%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Mixed-Citizen-StatusNuclearFamilies
50% 100%
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
61%
62%
57%
49%
48%
55%
65%
59%
55%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Pre/NurserySchool
50% 100%
Slide 47. Percent of U.S. Four-Year-Olds in Native-Born Families
Enrolled in Pre-k/Nursery School, 2000
Slide 48. Percent of U.S. Four-Year-Oldsin Immigrant Families
Enrolled in Pre-k/Nursery School, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
35%
43%
52%
60%
25%
29%
35%
50%
47%
47%
35%
43%
53%
61%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Pre/NurserySchool
50% 100%
Slide 49. Percent of U.S. 20-24 Year-Olds,
in Native-Born Families Who are High School Graduates, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.
91%
81%
73%
65%
79%
75%
94%
78%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Native American
H.S.Grad
50% 100%
Slide 50. Percent of U.S. 20-24 Year-Olds,
in Immigrant Families Who are High School Graduates, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.
40%
77%
54%
85%
68%
79%
Mexico 1st Gen
Mexico 2nd Gen
Central America1st Gen
Central America2nd Gen
Dominican Rep.1st Gen
Dominican Rep.2nd Gen
50% 100%
H.S. Grad
Slide 51. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with
Home Owned by Parents or Relatives, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
79%
42%
38%
34%
56%
56%
73%
50%
60%
White
Black
Puerto Rican,mainland
Puerto Rican,island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ PacificIslander
Native American
ParentsOwnHome
50% 100%
Slide 52. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with
Home Owned by Parents or Relatives, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
48%
42%
25%
49%
43%
44%
53%
57%
62%
45%
48%
61%
52%
41%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Parentsownhome
50% 100%
Slide 53. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Moderate or
Severe Housing Cost Burden, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
23%
40%
43%
46%
33%
34%
30%
36%
27%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
HousingCostBurden
50% 100%
Slide 54. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Moderate or
Severe Housing Cost Burden, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
39%
43%
50%
49%
38%
43%
34%
40%
38%
45%
58%
50%
39%
38%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
HousingCostBurden
50% 100%
Slide 55. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
7%
22%
23%
32%
29%
26%
16%
40%
26%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
Native American
Over-crowdedHousing
50% 100%
Slide 56. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, 2000
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.
67%
59%
48%
45%
82%
61%
61%
46%
47%
51%
41%
40%
37%
45%
Mexico
Central American
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Hmong
Cambodia
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan/ Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Iraq
former USSR
Africa, Blacks
Over-crowdedHousing
50% 100%
Slide 57. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families
Not Covered by Health Insurance, 2000
10%
18%
16%
15%
22%
16%
10%
14%
White
Black
Puerto Rican, mainland
Puerto Rican, island
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Asian
Native American
No healthinsurance
50% 100%
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.
Slide 58. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families
Not Covered by Health Insurance, 2000
35%
30%
21%
44%
18%
14%
23%
Mexico
Central American
DominicanRepublic
Haiti
Indochina
formerUSSR/ Yugoslavia
Black Africa
No healthinsurance
50% 100%
Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.
Slide 59. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families
immigrant resources:• Two-parent families with other adults in home • Strong work ethic• Bilingual skills for U.S. economy• Homeownership, commitment to community immigrant challenges:• Low educational attainments• Much part-time, part-year work• Low health insurance coverage• High Poverty• Limited English proficiency• Low pre-k/nursery school enrollment
Slide 59 ”A”. Short-Term Economic Consequences of
Immigration
• Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for earlier immigrants
• Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin
• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers
• Complementary immigrant job skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$10 billion per year
• Consumers benefit from lower cost goods and services produced by immigrants
Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Slide 59 ”B”. Long-Term Impact of Current Immigrants on
Government Taxes/Expenditures
For the average immigrant:
• State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000
• Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000
• All taxes exceed benefits by $80,000
Therefore, the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to government treasuries is $80,000 Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of
Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Slide 60. U.S. Infant Mortality Rate, 1989-1991
5.0
5.3
7.0
10.5
4.6
5.2
6.6
7.8
12.9
5.8Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
per 1,000 Births
Source: Nancy S. Landale, R.S. Oropesa, and Bridget K. Gorman (1999) “Immigration and infant health: Birth outcomes of immigrant and native-born women”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 244-285, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Slide 61. Percent of Adolescents with Asthma
11%
4%
17%
1%
4%
8%
8%
7%
17%
6%
11%
16%
12%
14%
18%
13%
20%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
4%
17%
24%
26%
22%
5%
19%
27%
39%
34%
27%
19%
23%
30%
30%
33%
21%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Slide 62. Percent of Adolescents Who are Overweight or Obese (BMI > 85th Percentile)
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
1 2 3 4
Slide 63. Mean Level of Psychological Distress among Adolescents (Index Ranges from 1 to 4)
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2.7
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
3.0
3.1Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen2nd Gen3+ Gen
1 2 3 4
Slide 64. Mean Level of Positive Emotional Well-Being among
Adolescents (Index Ranges from 1 to 4)
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
27%
32%
38%
33%
36%
19%
33%
35%
46%
43%
26%
16%
34%
37%
40%
41%
41%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Slide 65. Percent of Adolescents Who Missed School Last Month Due
to Health or Emotional Problem
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
10%
10%
18%
14%
14%
8%
21%
14%
26%
25%
31%
19%
22%
18%
30%
31%
34%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Slide 66. Percent of Adolescents Engaging in Four or More Types of
Non-Violent Delinquent Acts
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
8%
18%
26%
17%
17%
10%
16%
22%
28%
25%
25%
23%
19%
27%
32%
33%
30%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Slide 67. Percent of Adolescents Engaging in Three or More Types of
Violent Acts
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
18%
7%
16%
9%
9%
5%
20%
5%
16%
20%
18%
7%
25%
9%
20%
30%
30%
Europe/ Canada/ Australia
Africa/ Carribean
Puerto Rico
Mexico
Central/ South America
Vietnam
1st Gen
2nd Gen
3+ Gen
50% 100%
Slide 68. Percent of Adolescents Using Three or More Controlled
Substances
Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Slide 68”A”. New Child-Based Indicators for States and Local Communities
Children in America’s Newcomer Families:Local Area Results from Census 2000
conducted by Donald J. Hernandez & Nancy A. Denton
Slide 69. Community Data Useful for Policies, Programs, Advocacy, and Philanthropy
funded by…• William and Flora Hewlett Foundation• Annie E. Casey Foundation• Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation• William T. Grant Foundation• Center for Law and Social Policy community data for…• 15 counties in California• 15 metropolitan area across U.S.• Additional selected states and cities, including … Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia … Atlanta, Boulder, Miami, New York City
Slide 70. Community Data for Children in Specific Immigrant and Native Groups
Children distinguished by
• Country of Origin, Immigrant Generation
• Race-Ethnicity, Age Topics include
• Language Proficiency, Citizenship
• Family Composition
• Schooling, Educational Attainments
• Employment, Occupation, Earnings, Poverty
• Housing, Neighborhood Situations
IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis