1 1 Immigration and American Identity 2 America as Nation of Immigrants ! “Give me your tired, your poor, ! Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, ! The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, ! Send these, the homeless, the tempest- tost to me, ! I lift my lamp beside the golden door!” ! Emma Lazarus A gift from France, the Statue of Liberty was erected in 1886. 3 Welcoming the Uprooted ! Land of Freedom - politics ! Melting Pot - culture ! Upward Mobility - economics ! Immigration as modernization process - tradition-bound peasant to modern capitalist individuals 4 Reevaluating Immigration ! Economic Opportunity vs. Stratification ! Political Freedom vs. Discrimination ! Cultural Assimilation vs. Diversity ! Individual vs. family/kinship/community networks 5 Who are the Immigrants? ! 24 mill. From 1860-1920 ! Old Immigrants ! pre-1880, 85% from Western and Northern Europe ! New Immigrants ! post-1880 80% from Eastern and Southern Europe ! More New Immigrants ! approx. 1 million immigrants from Asia 1850-1934 ! approx. 1 million from Latin America, mostly after 1910 6 Why did they immigrate? Push Factors ! economic motivations ! global expansion of capitalism ! “The capitalist form of production, under which goods are produced for sale in order to make the largest profit possible and workers receive wages for selling their labor.” " Sucheng Chan ! disruption of agricultural economy ! “After 1850 the spread of industrialization and commercialized agriculture let to further declines in the number of landholdings that could support families.” ! John Bodnar, The Transplanted ! core-periphery movement
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Immigration and American Identity
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America as Nation of Immigrants! “Give me your tired, your poor,! Your huddled masses yearning to
breathe free,! The wretched refuse of your teeming
shore,! Send these, the homeless, the tempest-
tost to me,! I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”
! Emma LazarusA gift from France, the Statue of Liberty was erected in 1886.
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Welcoming the Uprooted
! Land of Freedom -politics
! Melting Pot - culture! Upward Mobility -
economics! Immigration as
modernization process -tradition-bound peasant to modern capitalist individuals
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Reevaluating Immigration
! Economic Opportunity vs. Stratification! Political Freedom vs. Discrimination! Cultural Assimilation vs. Diversity! Individual vs. family/kinship/community
networks
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Who are the Immigrants?
! 24 mill. From 1860-1920! Old Immigrants
! pre-1880, 85% from Western and Northern Europe
! New Immigrants! post-1880 80% from
Eastern and Southern Europe
! More New Immigrants! approx. 1 million
immigrants from Asia 1850-1934
! approx. 1 million from Latin America, mostly after 1910
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Why did they immigrate?Push Factors! economic motivations! global expansion of capitalism
! “The capitalist form of production, under which goods are produced for sale in order to make the largest profit possible and workers receive wages for selling their labor.”
" Sucheng Chan
! disruption of agricultural economy! “After 1850 the spread of
industrialization and commercialized agriculture let to further declines in the number of landholdings that could support families.”
! John Bodnar, The Transplanted
! core-periphery movement
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Political Upheaval and Persecution
! Pogroms in the Pale! Jewish family migration - settlement! only 3% return rate! 1.4 million in NYC’s Lower East Side by 1915
! Mexican Revolution 1910-11! 1900-1930 Mexican American population in
Southwest grew from 375,000 to 1,160,000
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Family Decision
! Male migratory wage-earners! Return migration approx. 50%
! Chain migration! Extended kinship network! Adopted/fictive kin
! Family reunification! Esp. women
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Pull Factors:Looking for Gold Mountain
! “‘America’ was in everybody’s mouth. Businessmen talked of it over their accounts; the market women made up their quarrels that they might discuss it from stall to stall; people who had relatives in the famous land went around reading their letters for the enlightenment of less fortunate folks….all talked of it, butscarcely anybody knew one true fact about this magic land.” ! Mary Antin, Russian Immigrant
! “Heroes were sitting right there in the room and telling what creatures they met on the road, what customs the non-Chinese follow….Nuggets cobbled the streets in California, the loose stones to be had for the stopping over and picking them up….In their hunger the men forgot that the gold streets had not been there when they’d gone to look for themselves.”
! From Chinamen, by Maxine Hong Kingston! Labor recruiters! Incorporation of America and the demand for labor 10