Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

Prepared by :Rahand Saman Tahir

Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

• Imidazothiazole are bicyclic heterocycles consisting of an imidazole ring fused to a thiazole ring , any derivative of this compound . Especially one that is any of a class of anthelminthic .

Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics

Tetramisole Levamisole

Examples of Imidazothiazole Anthelmintics drug

• marketed under the trade name Ergamisol, isa medication used to treat parasitic worm infections• Levamisole acts on the roundworm nervous system

and is not ovicidal.

Levamisole

• It has nicotine-like action, stimulating and subsequently blocking the neuromuscular junctions .

Mechanism of Action

Levamisole is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver it's excretion is primarily through the kidneys, with about 70% being excreted over 3 days. Only about 5% is excreted as unchanged Levamisole

Metabolism

• Its time to peak plasma concentration is 1.5–2 hours. The metabolite half-life is 16 hours and The plasma elimination half-life is fairly quick at 3–4 hours which can contribute to not detecting Levamisole intoxication.

Metabolism

•Ruminants : levamisole (pour-on, injectable, and oral formulations) is highly effective against the common adult GI nematodes and lungworms and many larval stages. It lacks efficacy against arrested larvae, such as those of Ostertagia ostertagi.

Levamisole according to animals

• Inject subcutaneously in the mid-neck region at the rate of 2 mL per 100 lb body weight. It is recommended that not more than 10 mL be injected at one site.

Levamisole according to animals

After pour on administration absorption through the skin depends a lot on the outside temperature: the hotter the faster it is absorbed. By hot weather the risk of overdosing increases considerably .

Levamisole pour_ons must no be administratedto animals with a wet coat.

note

•Swine : Levamisole (injectable and oral formulations) is highly effective against both adult and immature stages of Ascaris suum. Levamisole is also highly effective against other adult swine nematodes, except for Trichuris suis.

Levamisole according to animals

•Dogs : In some countries, levamisole is available as an oral formulation for treatment of Toxocara canisinfections.

Levamisole according to animals

•Birds : In poultry, levamisole is mainly used to remove ascarid infections. Because it is water soluble, it is available as an oral formulation for administration through drinking water.

Levamisole according to animals

•Gastrointestinal: hypersalivation , vomit ,colic , diarrhea•Restlessness• skin eruptions.•Respiratory: dyspnea , tachypnea.

Side effects:

•merckvetmanual.com•drugs.com•en.wikipedia.org

References

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