UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception (MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction – SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, Information Technology in Management – Decisions support system –Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) – Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) – Supply Chain Management (SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective - Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, Information
Technology in Management – Decisions support system –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) –
(SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective -
Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages.
CONTENTS:
• Definition of MBO
• Objectives
• Types of objectives
• Steps in setting up of MBO
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
Definition
• MBO is peter ducker's concept.
• MBO is defined as a comprehensive managerial system that
integrated many key managerial activities in a systematic
manner and consciously directed towards all levels of
hierarchy for effective and efficient achievement of
organizational & individual objectives.
Overview:
Management by Objectives (MBO) is a strategy wherein the management
sets specific goals for the employees to accomplish within a fixed time period.
Regular feedback is taken on the work progress in the aforesaid time period.
MBO operationalizes the process of consolidating objective centric work
atmosphere in the organization. It also facilitates performance management of
individual employees.
Management by objectives is a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the
company’s need to clarify and achieve its profit and growth goals with the
manager’s need to contribute and develop himself. It is a demanding and
rewarding style of managing a business.
MBO PROCESS CYCLE:
First, companies need to set corporate objectives.
Some goals are then set for the employees to meet those
objectives.
The employee performance is then measured through the
performance cycle and evaluated at the end.
Finally, the employee is rewarded for his or her
performance and the cycle is repeated.
DEFINITION & CONCEPT:
Many approaches have been utilized to integrate individual and group goals with overall goals of an enterprise.
MBO is a process whereby the superior and subordinates of an enterprise jointly, a.Identify its common goals,
b.Define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and
c.Use these measures as guides for operating the unit (or enterprise) and assessing the contribution of each of its members.
The goals are jointly established by the manager and his subordinates and agreed upon in advance.
At the end of the pre-decided time period, the subordinates performance is reviewed in relation into present goals. Both superior and the subordinates participate in this review/evaluation.
If, after evaluation, it is found that there is some discrepancy between the work planned (to be done) and the work accomplished, steps are suggested to overcome the problems or to make necessary adjustments in the original plan.
To conclude, MBO implies managing by properly identifying the objectives of an organization.
Objectives may be
a.Short term
Example : Expediting the works lagging behind the schedule
a.Long term
Example : Planning for diversification
b.Specific
Example : Decision of pricing policies
c.General
Example : Objective of increment of productivity
Types:
1.Broad objectives:
It is also known as corporate objectives
It is a wordy statement of the standing the company wishes to achieve.
2.Major objectives:
It set the tactical areas into which company wishes to move
It may include Market shares, product plans and plans to expand the
customer population.
3.Lesser objectives:
These are targets, budgets and departmental objectives, including those
governing the performance standards of managers and other members of
the staff.
STEPS IN SETTING UP MBO:
Performance appraisal system (PAS): PAS helps the management to
fix targets in identified key responsibly area (KRA) or key performance
areas.
Steps in PAS:
Fixing of KRA based on role and need (by appraiser to appraisee)
1.Goal setting by appraiser based on organizational goals
2.Agreements on KRAs and goal setting (between appraiser to appraise)
3.Recording of performance by appraise.
4.Mid team review
5.Employee performance appraisal by task accomplishment .
6.Rating of performance and communicating the same to employee.
7. Appeal, if any,
8.Final rating of employee for the current year
9.Rating is given in varies scale such as very poor, poor, good, very bad,
superior, excellent.
USES OF MBO
For identification of training needs of employees based on their rating
For identifying people for promotions, incentives, foreign training or
any special / additional responsibility.
Benefits of MBO to Organization
Improvement of managing process by effective control.
Classification of organizational roles and structures
Encouragement of personel commitment
Development of effective controls at all levels
ADVANTAGES OF MBO:
It keeps company objectives/targets constantly in view
It coordinates the efforts of various departments of an organization
It provides motivation for people because they work on objectives decided with
their consent
It forces management to think ahead in respect of its short term and long term
goals
It helps an enterprise to focus on the areas where it is vital that management
should be effective and isolate the problems preventing the progress towards
company objectives
It leads to better understanding between superiors and the subordinates.
LIMITATIONS:
Management working by objectives may follow too rigid a
pattern in thinking and action
There is always need for flexibility in management thinking
and the provisions of written objectives should not be allowed
to affect it adversely.
Contents:
•Definition
•Characteristics
•Disadvantages
•Remedies
Definition:
It is a concept which states that routine decisions and decision
making process should be handled by lower level managers only.
They have to report exceptionally important cases only to their
higher managers.
The principal aim of this concept is to free managers from
ordinary and insignificant matters that adds as a hurdle.
An organizational system in which managers
intervene only when employees fail to meet
performance standards or when plans or budgets
go awry. Managers compare results with plans and
take action when serious differences occur.
Characteristics of MBE:
It is a major time saver
It is a career development process
It motivates / encourages the subordinates
It helps managers to evaluate their subordinates on the job
It avoids delay
Disadvantages of MBE:
Sometimes, poor decision making by subordinates leads to heavy loss
Subordinates may fail miserably problem solving due to their inexperience Potential problems sometimes may not come to the manager’s attention
Management relations may some time suffer
Remedy :
Clarify the level of authority Make sure the lower level managers are comfortable in decision making and problem solving by proper training
Have constant review
Summary:
MBO
– concept
-Characteristics
-Objectives
-Advantages and disadvantages
MBE
-Definition
-Characteristics
-Disadvantages
-Remedies
Thank you
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, information
technology in management – Decisions support system –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering(BPR) –
(SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective -
Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages.
•
IT in ManagementData once processed becomes information and processed information becomes knowledge.Process means to make it more usable.
Characteristics of IT in management
• Use of IT is most prevalent in management today
• It helps managers to communicate, to control, to create a knowledge society, to make easy access to information at low cost, for wide spread ease of using global e-commerce and online trading, digital auction, etc.
Management and Use of ITManagement Domain Use of IT and PC
Planning Scenario PlanningDSS and MISConsumer Access to Product & ServiceInformation on JV (Joint venture)Merger and Amalgamation
Organizing OutsourcingOnline organizingLesser supervisionManufacturing process improvementInternet and Intranet
Staffing Helps in knowledge workers upward mobilityConsultancy workOutsourcing man powerTraining and Educating people
Leading IT gives power to knowledge workers, consumersLower communication costHelps team work
Controlling Ease of controlTimely deduction and deviationWorldwide sellingPromoting partnershipControlled intranetFinancial control made easy byElectronic spreadsheets
Use of IT at different levels : Supervisory level (Junior management grade) :
Very wide spread use, high programmable, very often repetitive
Middle level managers:
Very widely used for administration, co-ordination, information
system, controlling subordinates
Top level managers:
It can be used for formulating strategies, polices, information and
knowledge and apply of decision models
Challenges of IT• Resistance to computerization (use of graphics, uses friendly software, etc.,)
• Speech recognition devices (Use voice or speech instead of keyboard)
• Networking (using LAN, WAN, at a which are cost effective)
• Telecommuting - working with computers at home instead of office.
• It helps in mobilizing more time of reason and avoids cost and delay in
transportation
• Other networks (Intranet, Internet, Groupware it is teleconferencing by
three or more people of time)
• IT in management is a welcome feature. However, the information security
(using firewalls, etc.,) should always be taken care of and has to be
embedded into each IT application.
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, information
technology in management – Decisions Support System –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering(BPR) –
2 MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION PLANNING , COST CONTROL ANALYSIS
3 LOGISTICS PLANNING AND CONTROL
4 FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING
COST ANALYSIS , PLANNING , INCOME MEASUREMENT
5 TOP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC PLANNING , POLICY , RESOURCE ALLOCATION
APPLICATION OF MISTO PROVIDE : Planning and control Sales forecasting Effective managerial activities Long term plans Government policy and regulation Allocate resources To find out new opportunities Help management decision about quality, quantity
and market price, etc
MANAGEMENT AND MIS
OPERTIONAL CONTROL
• It provides detailed information and accurate on a daily and weekly basis
• A market manager must know of past and present sales, record , consumers behaviour, advertising budjet
• It provide him timely and detailed information obtained from daily operations
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
• Middle level managers such as department heads are concerned with the current anf future performance
• Information about marketing level problems with customer reduction in sales, quantity of product.
• They required information from within and outside organisation
TOP LEVEL STRATEGIC PLANNING
• MIS must provide information to top management for strategic planning and control
External source of informationEconomic condition
Technological conditions
Government policy
Actions of competitors
MISINTERTNAL SOURCE OF INFORMATION Sales volume Financial analysis Human resources Product quality , customers satisfaction
The top managers receive overall financial analysis and summarised comparisons of departmental performance.
Decision Support Systems
• Decision support systems (DSS)– Offer potential to assist in solving both semi-
structured and unstructured problems
Characteristics of a DSS
• Handles large amounts of data from different sources
• Provides report and presentation flexibility• Offers both textual and graphical orientation.• Supports drill down analysis• Performs complex, sophisticated analysis and
comparisons using advanced software packages• Supports optimization, satisfying, and heuristic
approaches
Characteristics of a DSS
• Performs different types of analyses– “What-if” analysis
• Makes hypothetical changes to problem and observes impact on the results
– Simulation• Duplicates features of a real system
– Goal-seeking analysis• Determines problem data required for a given result
Integration of MIS and DSS• In many organizations they are integrated
through a common database• Separation of DSS transactions in the database
from MIS transactions may be important for performance reasons
Characteristics MIS DSS
1) Focus
2) Emphasis
3) Access
4) Reliance
5) Understanding
MIS focuses on structured
and routine decisions
Data storage and general
efficiency
Indirect access to
managers & direct access
to technical people.
MIS defends on a
computer expert
MIS managers need not
understand the full nature
of data &decisions
Focuses on semi-structured
tasks also and requires
managerial judgment
Emphasis on data manipulation
Also emphasis on general
effectiveness.
Direct data and access by
strategies managers only
Depends on managers own
judgment
DSS managers know the
decision environment in a
better way
THANK YOU
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, information
technology in management – Decisions support system –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering(BPR) –
(SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective -
Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages
•
Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP is defined as the process of system integration through network that is capable of planning all the resource of the enterprise to achieve specified goals. ERP integrates all the departments and functions of organizations from supplies to end users, depts. like HR, finance, Marketing, QC, etc.
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING
Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs) integrate all
data and processes of an organization into a unified system.
A typical ERP system will use multiple components of
computer hardware and software to achieve the integration.
A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified
database to store data for various system modules.
WHAT IS ERP ?
ERP systems are large computer systems that integrate application
programs in accounting (i.e., accounts receivable), sales (i.e., order
booking), manufacturing (i.e., product shipping) and the other functions in
the firm.
This integration is accomplished through a database shared by all the
application programs.
The first software that was designed to assist the manufacturing process happens to be the MRP (Material Resource Planning) in the year 1975.
This was followed by another advanced version namely MRP2 which is the acronym for Manufacturing Resource Planning.
None of them yielded benefit of ERP.
ERP HISTORY IN DEPTH
These Software's were helpful in manufacturing processes
only.
Their benefits do not extend to other sectors.
The MRP solutions did not render the expected results due to
exorbitant costs and practical work problems.
MRP systems required huge pool of technical expertise in
terms of manpower and machines.
DRAWBACKS OF MRP SYSTEMS
Complete integration of systems across the departments in a company as
well as across the enterprise as a whole.
Only solution for better project management.
Better customer service.
Automatic introduction of latest technologies.
Expertise database.
WHY ERP?
Material Shortages
Productivity Enhancements
Customer Service
Cash Management
Inventory problems
Quality Problems
PROBLEMS TACKLED BY ERP SYSTEMS
Check whether all functional aspects of business are duly covered.
Check whether all the business functions and processes are fully
integrated.
Check whether all the latest IT trends have been covered.
Check whether the vendor has customizing and implementing
capabilities.
ERP SELECTION
Ease of use.
Readymade solutions for most of the problems.
Integration of all functions already established.
Dependency on human resources eliminated.
Easy enterprise wide information sharing.
Suppliers and customers can be online communication.
Automatic adaptation to new technologies.
Knowledge transfer between industries guarantees innovation.
ADVANTAGES OF ERP PACKAGES
Why ERP Is Required
• It is very essential is this competitive world to perform better, to increase market share, thereby increase efficiency.
• ERP helps organizations to be cost effective by re-engineering the present business process.
• It utilities information technology and communication and uses them for organizational effectiveness.
Business modeling for ERP:
• It consists of process mapping of business process and subprocess.
• Diagrammatic representation of business process indicating the sequence, flow, interconnection, path of all subsystem to the main sysytem.
• Making a cost effective ERP model by planning in line business objectives.
ERP features• Role of consultants is very important here.• ERP is managed by the strategy of bringing
people together by making available information to everybody for effective DM.
• It is time bound.• ERP success depends on functionality,
technology, cost to ERP package (whether customized or not).
Steps in ERP• Identification of ERP needs (quick info flow, effective,
eliminating paper work and networking)• Evaluate the present business situation understanding
the present info system, present procedures and methods , present process & technology.
• Re-engineer the present business process(reduction of cycle time downtime, reducing no. of decision points and stream lining information to flow at all levels)
• Evolution of various ER package (cost vise, local or global presence, R& D investments, cost of implementing, ease of implementation, etc).
Steps in ERP
• Finalisation of ERP Package• Finalize the consultant• Implement ERP in a phased manner followed
(SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective -
Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages
•
Supply Chain Management (SCM) System It is an extension of distribution logistics and was earlier referred to as physical distribution management.It is primarily an integration of material management, manufacturing and physical distribution by network using information technology.SCM is often interpreted as network of production, distribution and marketing.
Four major drivers of SCM
1. Transportation 2. inventory 3. Facilities and 4. Information
SCM s also seen as a trade off between efficiency and responsiveness.
• SCM facilities management of high quality inventory most efficiently and
effectively (from manufacturing point to sale point)
• It is embedded with policies, procedures and organizational structures
(manufacturing organizations spend nearly 54 % of money on raw materials,
components of maintenance.)
• SCM success depends on effective integration of various aspects such as
Key areas of SCM • Ways and means of minimizing uncertainty • Reduction of Lead time• Improving flexibility &process Quality• Minimize variety to maximize economic of
sales• Proper demand management • Taking care of product differentiation • Improving the major drivers
Eg of SCM:
• Just in time: JIT is maintaining adequate inventory and not keeping stocks more than the requirement.
• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation improved their profits by improving supply chain, optimizing procurement process, lower freight charges, etc.
Definition
• A supply chain is a network of facilities and
distribution options that performs the functions
of procurement of materials, transformation of
these materials into intermediate and finished
products, and the distribution of these finished
products to customers.
112
115
116
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, information
technology in management – Decisions support system –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) –
tooling of machines, cost of advertising, publicity, etc are
separately calculated.
• ABC provides decision makes a much more accurate breakdown
of the cost data and the time taken for each item.
• Such as analysis can help mangers to understand the
significance levels of activities within a process and help them
to reduce cost.
Activity base Management (ABM):
Characteristics of ABMABM based on ABC is adopted• where there is increase in overhead levels• where increasing in labour cost • Eg. Of overhead charges : Salaries for
employees, electricity and maintenance, taxes and other duties to be paid to government., rent for premises, etc.,
Steps in ABC
• Costing of each activity is taken up• Identity cost driver for each of the activity• Establish cost driver rate• Apply required rate to the products
Advantages of ABC• It supports cost control measures• It produces products with better cost for
managers to make proper decisions
UNIT V MODERN CONCEPTS
Management by Objectives (MBO), Management by Exception
(MBE), Strategic Management - Planning for Future direction –
SWOT Analysis – Evolving development strategies, information
technology in management – Decisions support system –
Management Games – Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) –
(SCM) – Activity Based Management (ABM) – Global Perspective -
Principles and Steps – Advantages and disadvantages
Global Perspective of Management
Global perspective consists of
1) International management or Oversees management:
International or oversees business takes place between a
parent country and host countries
2) Global or trans-national corporations: Views the world as
one market irrespective of place of functioning
3) MNC (Multi-national corporations): MNC’s have their
head quarters in one country but operate in many countries
Eg: Ford of USA operates in INDIA, UK etc.
Types of International Business:
The various types are• Exports• Licensing • Management contracts • JV (joint venture)• Strategic alliances • Subsidiaries
Transformation of International Business
1. Ethnocentric:
It is an approach found in international firms where nationals
from the parent country dominate the organization at home
and abroad.
In terms of decision-making, the subsidiaries have very little
autonomy, and control resides in head office.
This ethnocentric attitude stems from the belief that the
parent-country nationals are best suited to run the business,
irrespective of the local circumstances.
EG: Earth movers.
Polycentric :
These are foreign subsidiaries staffed by local people who have
great managerial freedom Eg: Hyundai motors
It is an approach found in international firms where host-country
nationals manage the subsidiaries.
Decision-making is given to the subsidiaries, although head office in
the parent country controls the overall business strategy.
From this perspective, host-country nationals are considered
important because they can bring local knowledge and
understanding to the day-to-day operations of the subsidiary
businesses.
3. Geocentric: Geocentric management involves a global view of the
organization's international operations. Here the entire organization is viewed as inter dependent
system operating in many countries. The top level managers are either from local countries or other
nations. However, a two way communication is a must (between head
quarters & other locations Eg: Philips, Asea Brown Boveri (ABB)
The best managers, regardless of their nationality or location, are selected for the assignments that fit their skills and abilities, the various units are connected by a coordinated plan that allows for local needs and actions in the context of overall organizational performance.
Adv of global management• Money can be easily raised throughout the world by its
operations at different locations Eg: Hyundai
• It utilities the business opportunities available in many
countries
• Cost effective products can be made (by using low cost labor)
• Large MNC & can receive managers and personals from a world