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2017/09/13
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АМЬСГАЛЫН ЗАМЫН ШИНЭ
ТӨРЛИЙН ХҮНД ХАЛДВАРУУДЫН
ЭМНЭЛЗҮЙ, ОНОШИЛГОО, ЭМЧИЛГЭЭНИЙ ЧИГ ХАНДЛАГА
ЗАРЧИМ
Ш.ЭНХТӨРАУ-НЫ ДОКТОР, КЛИНИКИЙН ПРОФЕССОР
УДИРТГАЛ
Сургамж, жишээТомуугийн A (H1N1) 2009v, Мексик улс, 2009 оны хавар
… expected to be similar to those of seasonal influenza: via thelarge droplet or contact (either direct or indirect) route, with acontribution by particle airborne route, or a combination ofboth.
Incubation Period and Infectivity of Pandemic Influenza
Incubation period: 1 – 3 days
Latent period: 0.5 – 2 days
Duration of infectiousness: about 5 days in adults andpossibly longer in children
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Шинж тэмдгийн өрнөлт ба өртөх хувь (Symptom Development and Clinical Attack Rate)
About two-thirds of people with pandemic influenza areexpected to develop clinical symptoms.
Uncomplicated clinical symptoms of pandemic influenza areexpected to be similar to those of seasonal influenza:respiratory symptoms; fever and abrupt onset of muscle acheand headache or backache.
Averaged overall (across all age groups), population clinicalattack rates are expected to be 25% to 45%.
The most common etiology is Respiratory Syncytial Virus, with the highest incidence ofinfection occurring between Dec – March in North America; however, regional variationsoccur.
90% of children are infected with RSV in the first 2 years of life, and up to 40% willexperience lower RTI during the initial infection. Infection with RSV does not grantpermanent or long-term immunity, with reinfections common throughout life.
Other viruses: human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, adenovirus,coronavirus, parainfluenza viruses.
AAP, CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE, 2014THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF
Bronchiolitis as a constellation of clinical signs and symptoms occurring in children younger than 2years, including a viral upper respiratory tract prodrome followed by increased respiratory effortand wheezing.
Infants with non-RSV bronchiolitis, appear to have a shorter courses. PCR assay results should beinterpreted cautiously, given that the assay may detect prolonged viral shedding from anunrelated previous illness, particularly with rhinovirus.
In contrast, RSV detected by PCR assay almost always is associated with disease.
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AAP, CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE, 2014THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF
BRONCHIOLITIS
TREATMENT
2. Clinicians should not administer albuterol (or salbutamol) to infants and children witha diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Strong Recommendation).
3. Clinicians should not administer epinephrine to infants and children with a diagnosisof bronchiolitis (Strong Recommendation).
4a. Nebulized hypertonic saline should not be administered to infants with a diagnosisof bronchiolitis in the ED (Moderate Recommendation).
4b. Clinicians may administer nebulized hypertonic saline to infants and childrenhospitalized for bronchiolitis (Weak Recommendation).
5. Clinicians should not administer systemic corticosteroids to infants with adiagnosis of bronchiolitis in any setting (Strong Recommendation).
AAP, CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE, 2014THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF
BRONCHIOLITIS
TREATMENT
6a. Clinicians may choose not to administer supplemental oxygen if theoxyhemoglobin saturation exceeds 90% in infants and children with a diagnosis ofbronchiolitis (Weak Recommendation).
6b. Clinicians may choose not to use continuous pulse oximetry for infants andchildren with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis (Weak Recommendation).
7. Clinicians should not use chest physiotherapy for infants and children with adiagnosis of bronchiolitis (Moderate Recommendation).
8. Clinicians should not administer antibacterial medications to infants and childrenwith a diagnosis of bronchiolitis unless there is a concomitant bacterial infection, ora strong suspicion of one (Strong Recommendation).
9. Clinicians should administer nasogastric or IV fluids for infants with a diagnosis ofbronchiolitis who cannot maintain hydration orally (Strong Recommendation).
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AAP, CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE, 2014THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF
BRONCHIOLITIS
PREVENTION
10a. Clinicians should not administer palivizumab to otherwise healthy infants with agestational age of 29 weeks, 0 days or greater (Strong Recommendation).
10b. Clinicians should administer palivizumab during the first year of life to infants withhemodynamically significant heart disease or chronic lung disease of prematuritydefined as preterm infants < 32 weeks 0 days gestation who require > 21% oxygen forat least the first 28 days of life (Moderate Recommendation).
10c. Clinicians should administer a maximum 5 monthly doses (15 mg/kg/dose) ofpalivizumab during the RSV season to infants who qualify for palivizumab in the firstyear of life (Moderate Recommendation).
11a. All people should disinfect hands before and after direct contact with patients, aftercontact with inanimate objects in the direct vicinity of the patient, and after removinggloves (Strong Recommendation).
11b. All people should use alcoholbased rubs for hand decontamination when caringfor children with bronchiolitis. When alcoholbased rubs are not available, individualsshould wash their hands with soap and water (Strong Recommendation).
AAP, CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE, 2014THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF
BRONCHIOLITIS
PREVENTION
12a. Clinicians should inquire about the exposure of the infant or child to tobacco smokewhen assessing infants and children for bronchiolitis (Moderate Recommendation).
12b. Clinicians should counsel caregivers about exposing the infant or child toenvironmental tobacco smoke and smoking cessation when assessing a child forbronchiolitis (Strong Recommendation).
13. Clinicians should encourage exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months todecrease the morbidity of respiratory infections (Moderate Recommendation).
14. Clinicians and nurses should educate personnel and family members on evidence-based diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in bronchiolitis (ModerateRecommendation).
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OFFICIAL CDC HEALTH ADVISORYDISTRIBUTED VIA THE CDC HEALTH ALERT NETWORK, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2016, 08:50 EST (8:50 AM EST)
CDCHAN-00387
Influenza activity is increasing across the country and CDC has received reports of severe influenzaillness. Clinicians are reminded to treat suspected influenza in high-risk outpatients, those withprogressive disease, and all hospitalized patients with antiviral medications ASAP,regardless of negative rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) results and withoutwaiting for RT-PCR testing results. Early antiviral treatment works best, buttreatment may offer benefit when started up to 4-5 days after symptom onset inhospitalized patients. Early antiviral treatment can reduce influenza morbidity and mortality.
Since October 2015, CDC has detected co-circulation of influenza A(H3N2),A(H1N1)pdm09, and influenza B viruses. However, H1N1pdm09 viruses havepredominated in recent weeks. CDC has received recent reports of severe respiratoryillness among young- to middle-aged adults with H1N1pdm09 virus infection, some of whom requiredintensive care unit (ICU) admission; fatalities have been reported. Some of these patients reportedlytested negative for influenza by RIDT; their influenza diagnosis was made later with molecularassays. Most of these patients were reportedly unvaccinated. H1N1pdm09 virus infection in the pasthas caused severe illness in some children and young- and middle-aged adults.
Clinicians should continue efforts to vaccinate patients this season for as long asinfluenza viruses are circulating, and promptly start antiviral treatment of severely ill and high-riskpatients if influenza is suspected or confirmed.
OFFICIAL CDC HEALTH ADVISORYDISTRIBUTED VIA THE CDC HEALTH ALERT NETWORK, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2016, 08:50 EST (8:50 AM EST)
CDCHAN-00387
Treatment with an appropriate neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs(oral oseltamivir, inhaled zanamivir, or intravenous peramivir) isrecommended as early as possible for any patient with confirmed orsuspected influenza who is hospitalized; has severe, complicated, or progressive illness; or is at higher risk for influenza complications. This list includes:
children aged younger than 2 years; adults aged 65 years and older; persons with chronic pulmonary (including asthma), cardiovascular (except hypertension
alone), renal, hepatic, hematological (including sickle cell disease), metabolic disorders(including diabetes mellitus), or neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions (includingdisorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle such as cerebral palsy,epilepsy [seizure disorders], stroke, intellectual disability [mental retardation], moderate tosevere developmental delay, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injury);
persons with immunosuppression, including that caused by medications or by HIV infection; women who are pregnant or postpartum (within 2 weeks after delivery); persons aged younger than 19 years who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy; American Indians/Alaska Natives; persons who are morbidly obese (i.e., body-mass index is equal to or greater than 40); and residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities.