Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]ILRI is a Future Harvest Centre ILRI International Livestock Research Instit Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith Sones & Philip Thornton
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Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty
Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott,
Keith Sones & Philip Thornton
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Report of a consultancy to identify priority research
opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases
Report of a consultancy to identify priority research
opportunities that improve the livelihoods of the poor through better control of animal diseases
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on
behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on
Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World
Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID) of the Government of the United Kingdom, on
behalf of the Interagency Group of Donors Supporting Research on
Livestock Production and Health in the Developing World
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
IntroductionIntroduction
• Why this study?
– Better donor coordination
– Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon?
– What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation?
• Why this study?
– Better donor coordination
– Can priorities for livestock health be assembled, and acted upon?
– What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty alleviation?
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
FrameworkFramework• Study conducted by the Epidemiology &
Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!)
• 5 month study• Independent and objective; poverty focus• Widest possible consultation• Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East
Asia and South Asia• Quantitative where possible• Time frame of 15 years
• Study conducted by the Epidemiology & Disease Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of hundreds!)
• 5 month study• Independent and objective; poverty focus• Widest possible consultation• Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East
Asia and South Asia• Quantitative where possible• Time frame of 15 years
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
20002000 20252025
POVERTYPOVERTY
6 billion people
2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day
1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day
2 more billion people by 2025
97% of these in developing countries
6 billion people
2.8 billion on less that US$ 2 per day
1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day
2 more billion people by 2025
97% of these in developing countries
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1How to attack poverty1
• Promoting opportunity– Expanding economic opportunities for
the poor– Building the assets of the poor– Increasing return on assets by market
and non-market actions
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
• Promoting opportunity– Expanding economic opportunities for
the poor– Building the assets of the poor– Increasing return on assets by market
and non-market actions
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1How to attack poverty1
• Facilitating empowerment
– Making state institutions more accountable
– Making state institutions more responsive to the poor
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
• Facilitating empowerment
– Making state institutions more accountable
– Making state institutions more responsive to the poor
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1How to attack poverty1
• Enhancing security
– Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc.
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
• Enhancing security
– Reducing poor peoples’ vulnerability to ill health, to economic shocks, the crop failures, etc.
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How to attack poverty1How to attack poverty1
Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
Summary: A change of focus from development that supports the national economy to a direct focus on the the ailments of the poor
1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335 pp.
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
So where do livestock and their diseases fit in?
So where do livestock and their diseases fit in?
• Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999).
• Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers
• Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable
• Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important• Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may
be more severe
• Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of 70% of the world’s poor (LID, 1999).
• Livestock support the livelihoods of poor farmers, but also consumers of livestock products, traders in livestock and their products, and labourers
• Disease is an every day occurrence to all of these people; animals of the poor are more vulnerable
• Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important• Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when disease may
be more severe
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Study Design Study Design
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Study design• Defining and quantifying the location and extent of
poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems
• Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods
• The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases• What have been the constraints to delivering animal health
services?• What are the research opportunities in animal health?• Pulling it all together; disease impact, research
opportunities, and poverty alleviation
• Defining and quantifying the location and extent of poverty, and its association with livestock farming systems
• Livestock and the poor; which species are most important to their livelihoods
• The poor, their livestock, and the impact of diseases• What have been the constraints to delivering animal health
services?• What are the research opportunities in animal health?• Pulling it all together; disease impact, research
opportunities, and poverty alleviation
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved?How were they achieved?
• Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
• Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock– Derived from global poverty maps developed
in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001).
• Describe and quantify the distribution and extent of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
• Determine the association of poverty with different agricultural production systems that involve livestock– Derived from global poverty maps developed
in the companion study of Thornton et al. (2001).
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved?How were they achieved?
• Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system
• Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them– Regional workshops in West Africa,
Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia
• Determine the priority species to the poor in each region and production system
• Identify the disease constraints to these species, and rank them– Regional workshops in West Africa,
Eastern& Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
OIETHAILAND
LAOS
FAO
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
VIETNAMMYANMAR
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved?How were they achieved?
• Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions– Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan &
Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses)
• Review published literature on the impact of livestock diseases and of their control in the target regions– Commissioned reviews: Pilling, Heffernan &
Rushton (diseases), Permin & Madsen (poultry diseases, and delivery of services for poultry), McLeod & Wilsmore (delivery of animal health services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases), Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses)
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved?How were they achieved?
• Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints– Generic research opportunities identified by
workshops– Disease/syndrome specific research
opportunities identified by workshops– Disease specific research opportunities for
selected diseases identified and described by experts
• Identify research opportunities to alleviate these constraints– Generic research opportunities identified by
workshops– Disease/syndrome specific research
opportunities identified by workshops– Disease specific research opportunities for
selected diseases identified and described by experts
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
How were they achieved?How were they achieved?
• Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction
• Identify priority research opportunities in different categories that take into consideration of the likely impact on poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Quantitative assessmentQuantitative assessment
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Qualitative approachQualitative approach
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving themObjectives & steps to achieving them
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Poverty IndicatorsPoverty Indicators
• P-adjusted number of rural poor– Combines “extent” with “severity”– Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the
skewness in income distribution– …and relates it to the poverty line– P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above
poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line)
• P-adjusted number of rural poor– Combines “extent” with “severity”– Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the
skewness in income distribution– …and relates it to the poverty line– P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above
poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well below poverty line)
2
6000$
11
yG
P
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Poverty IndicatorsPoverty Indicators• Number of rural poor
• P-adjusted number of rural poor
• Number of rural poor
• P-adjusted number of rural poor
Rural Poor
PRural
Poor * P
Kenya 3.1 m 0.79 2.4 m
Ghana 5.3 m 0.48 2.5 m
NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor.
NOTE: Has no direct interpretation as an indicator – is simply used as a weighting factor.
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives & steps to achieving themObjectives & steps to achieving them
Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Livestock Production SystemsLivestock Production SystemsGROUPS SYSTEMS
• Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January)
• Revised & used by participants during regional consultations
• Scoring system devised during initial methodology workshop (January)
• Revised & used by participants during regional consultations
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index
Assessing disease impacts: Development of a composite index
Economic25%
Social25%
National25%
Zoonotic25%
Economic85%
Economic85%
National 15%National 15%
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index
Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index
Economic
Productionlosses 70%
National 15%
Control 15%
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of
clinical diseasex
Degree of severity of impact within the
herd/flock
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of
clinical diseasex
Degree of severity of impact within the
herd/flock
Current cost of prevention & treatment
% health expenditureson that species
Current cost of prevention & treatment
% health expenditureson that species
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Final composite index
Economic
Productionlosses 70%
National 15%
Control 15%
Market effectson the poor
10%
Market effectson the poor
10%
Public expenditure5%
Public expenditure5%
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index
Assessing disease impacts: Zoonoses index
Zoonotic100%
Zoonotic100%
Impact in affectedindividuals
50%
Impact in affectedindividuals
50%
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of
clinical diseasex
Scope of incidence50%
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of
clinical diseasex
Scope of incidence50%
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia
Example: Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia
Economic
Productionlosses 70%
National 15%
Control 15%
Incidence: 1%Herd impact: 2 (out of 5)Losses 0.02Normalized 0.03 x 0.70
Incidence: 1%Herd impact: 2 (out of 5)Losses 0.02Normalized 0.03 x 0.70
Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05
Market impacts: 4 (of 5) x 0.10Public expend.: 0 (of 5) x 0.05
Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15
.021.021
.000.000
.400
.000
.400
.000
Sdijk TOTAL: .421Sdijk TOTAL: .421
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Qualitative approachQualitative approach
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• … and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems
Global poverty and its association with agricultural systems
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line
(From Thornton et al., 2001) (Rural Poverty Rate)
. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty Line
(From Thornton et al., 2001) (Rural Poverty Rate)
Study areas:
Sub-Saharan Africa,
South Asia and South East Asia
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
All Four Regions
MIH14%
MRA26%
MRH24%
MIT0%
MRT7% LL
1%
MIA23%
LGA4%
LGH1%
LGT0%
Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = aridLxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humidLL = land-less systems xxT = temperate
Mxx = mixed systems xRx = rainfed xxA = aridLxx = pastoral systems xIx = irrigated xxH = humidLL = land-less systems xxT = temperate
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Rural poor
SA57%
SEA16%
ECSA16%
WA11%
Rural poor adjusted by P
SA57%
SEA9%
ECSA20%
WA14%
Poor livestock keepers
SA49%
SEA15%
ECSA21%
WA15%
Livestock keepers adjusted by P
SA47%
SEA8%
ECSA26%
WA19%
Regional distribution of poverty, as the poverty measure is refined
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
South Asia (SA)
MIA40%
MIH18%
MRA23%
MRH16%
Other3%
South East Asia (SEA)
MIH28%
MRH68%
Other4%
Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa (ECSA)
MRA30%
MRT32%
Other4%
MRH23%
LGA11%
West Africa (WA)
MRA43%
MRH48%
Other4%LGA
5%
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: some key points
The distribution of poverty: some key points
• The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5%
• The majority of poor live in South Asia– 57% located there.
• A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined– Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa– P-adjustment: 34%– Poor livestock keepers: 36%– P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45%
• The majority of poor associated with livestock are found in mixed crop-livestock systems (94%)………..pastoralists account for 5%
• The majority of poor live in South Asia– 57% located there.
• A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan Africa as the poverty measure is refined– Headcount: 27% in S-S Africa– P-adjustment: 34%– Poor livestock keepers: 36%– P-adjusted livestock keepers: 45%
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: future trends?
The distribution of poverty: future trends?
• Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa
• Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Rest of World
-6.0%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998(Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000))
Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998(Average per annum; source: World Bank (2000))
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The distribution of poverty: future trends?
The distribution of poverty: future trends?
• Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth
• Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change
• Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at the expense of pastoralist systems due to population growth
• Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor
The association of livestock species with the poor
• Issues of data availability & quality• Issues of data availability & quality
Livestock demography data:
the example of disease dynamics,
disease impact and pig production in SE
Asia
Livestock demography data:
the example of disease dynamics,
disease impact and pig production in SE
Asia
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor
The association of livestock species with the poor
• The poor usually keep more than one species
• Each species serves multiple roles for the household
• The “livestock ladder”
• The poor usually keep more than one species
• Each species serves multiple roles for the household
• The “livestock ladder”
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor
The association of livestock species with the poor
• Pastoral systems, several species, dominance of sheep & goats over cattle
• Agro-pastoral systems, cattle predominate (except W. Africa)
• Peri-urban landless, poultry, sheep goats and pigs
• Pastoral systems, several species, dominance of sheep & goats over cattle
• Agro-pastoral systems, cattle predominate (except W. Africa)
• Peri-urban landless, poultry, sheep goats and pigs
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
The association of livestock species with the poor
The association of livestock species with the poor
• SE Asia, pigs & poultry dominate• S Asia, cattle and buffalo; yaks in
Nepal• ECS Africa, cattle in agro-pastoral• W Africa, sheep & goats, then poultry
in agro-pastoral
• SE Asia, pigs & poultry dominate• S Asia, cattle and buffalo; yaks in
Nepal• ECS Africa, cattle in agro-pastoral• W Africa, sheep & goats, then poultry
in agro-pastoral
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
• Types of diseases– Endemic global (tropical & temperate)
– Endemic tropical
• Types of diseases– Endemic global (tropical & temperate)
– Endemic tropical
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
• Types of diseases– Epidemic
– Zoonotic
– Food-borne
• Types of diseases– Epidemic
– Zoonotic
– Food-borne
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
Animal diseases and their impact on the poor
• Impacts of overt disease• Loss of production• Treatment costs• Farm productivity• Market opportunities• Human health• Human welfare
• Impacts of overt disease• Loss of production• Treatment costs• Farm productivity• Market opportunities• Human health• Human welfare
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Animal disease
Overt disease Disease risk
Livestock productivity - production losses - treatment costs
Other income activities - crop production (manure, draught) - fuel, transport
Livestock productivity“Lost potential”
Natural resources - land use - settlement & migration - ecosystem sustainability
Risk management - species & breed choice - management practices - preventive control costs
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Why the impacts of animal diseases are greater on the poor
Why the impacts of animal diseases are greater on the poor
• Impacts of disease risk• More disease
– Tropics/unrestricted movement/production system
• Less disease control– Technologies/services/evolving systems
• Less capacity to bear risk– Close to survival threshold/ risk averse/no chance
• Impacts of disease risk• More disease
– Tropics/unrestricted movement/production system
• Less disease control– Technologies/services/evolving systems
• Less capacity to bear risk– Close to survival threshold/ risk averse/no chance
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
A typology of disease impact on the poor
A typology of disease impact on the poor
• Diseases that exacerbate asset insecurity– Threaten & degrade asset base of poor household
under current livestock use conditions– Poor trapped in poverty trap
• Diseases that limit market opportunities– Restrict the poor from exploiting market
opportunities for livestock products
• Diseases that limit livestock-based intensification of farming systems
• Diseases that exacerbate asset insecurity– Threaten & degrade asset base of poor household
under current livestock use conditions– Poor trapped in poverty trap
• Diseases that limit market opportunities– Restrict the poor from exploiting market
opportunities for livestock products
• Diseases that limit livestock-based intensification of farming systems
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
POVERTYPOVERTY
Enhancing market
opportunities
IntensificationSecuring assets
Endemic diseases, zoonoses
Zoonotic, food-borne and transboundary
diseases
Endemic diseases that
prohibit intensification
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
ZOONOSES
Informal meat markets
Meat condemnation
Food borne
CysticercosisBrucellosisTuberculosis
Livestock producers
Poor urbanconsumers
Low product prices
Infectious
Tuberculosis
Livestock producers
Ruralconsumers
Ruralpopulation
Poor urbanpopulation
Vector borne
TrypanosomiasisRVF
Rabies
Poor health and low incomes
Impact on the poor of zoonotic disease
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Zoonotic diseases and their impact on the poor: key points
Zoonotic diseases and their impact on the poor: key points
• The poor are particularly at risk– E.g. cysticercosis, leptospirosis….
• The lower down the poverty scale, the more likely to be at risk to MULTIPLE zoonoses
• Prevention is through control in animals– Sleeping sickness, rabies, brucellosis,
neurocysticercosis
• The poor are particularly at risk– E.g. cysticercosis, leptospirosis….
• The lower down the poverty scale, the more likely to be at risk to MULTIPLE zoonoses
• Prevention is through control in animals– Sleeping sickness, rabies, brucellosis,
neurocysticercosis
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Animal disease impact on the poor: study results
Animal disease impact on the poor: study results
Government health warning!!• Mixture of diseases & syndromes• No homogeneity of knowledge on impacts• Experiences, opinions• Incidence and impacts on poor poorly understood• Global rankings weighted by poor (S. Asia)• RANKINGS OF DISEASES/SYNDROMES,
NOT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
Government health warning!!• Mixture of diseases & syndromes• No homogeneity of knowledge on impacts• Experiences, opinions• Incidence and impacts on poor poorly understood• Global rankings weighted by poor (S. Asia)• RANKINGS OF DISEASES/SYNDROMES,
NOT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
Perry, Randolph, McDermott, Sones & Thornton, 2001. Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty.
ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Disease impact ranking: globalDisease impact ranking: global