Illinois Motorcycle Operator Manual

♻ Printed on recycled paper. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois. September 2010 — 50M — DSD X 140.9

ILLINOISMOTORCYCLEOPERATORMANUAL

For more information about motorcycle licensing or examination, con-

tact your local Secretary of State Driver Services facility,

or call:

800-252-8980

Currently, there are nearly348,000 motorcycles on Illinoisroads, and this number isincreasing every year. Becauseof their size and vulnerability ina crash, it is important to takespecial precautions when ridinga motorcycle. Learning and thenpracticing proper cycling skillscan significantly reduce the riskof an accident.

This Illinois Motorcycle Operator Manualprovides infor-mation that will help you learn how to operate yourmotorcycle safely and skillfully. Information needed forthe Illinois Secretary of State motorcycle licenseexams also is included. I hope you will use thisresource not only as a study aid, but as a tool to devel-op your motorcycling skills.

In addition to studying this manual when preparing foryour motorcycle exams, please review the IllinoisRules of the Roadbooklet as well. The booklet pro-vides an overview of important traffic safety laws.Motorcycle riders have the same rights and responsi-bilities as other motorists. By obeying traffic laws andpracticing good motorcycling skills, you will ensurenot only your safety but the safety of others whoshare the road with you.

Jesse WhiteSecretary of State

Currently, there are nearly344,000 motorcycles on Illinoisroads, and this number isincreasing every year. Becauseof their size and vulnerability ina crash, it is important to takespecial precautions when ridinga motorcycle. Learning and thenpracticing proper cycling skillscan significantly reduce the riskof an accident.

This Illinois Motorcycle Operator Manual providesinformation that will help you learn how to operateyour motorcycle safely and skillfully. Informationneeded for the Illinois Secretary of State motorcyclelicense exams also is included. I hope you will use thisresource not only as a study aid, but as a tool todevelop your motorcycling skills.

In addition to studying this manual when preparing foryour motorcycle exams, please review the IllinoisRules of the Road booklet as well. The bookletprovides an overview of important traffic safety laws.Motorcycle riders have the same rights andresponsibilities as other motorists. By obeying trafficlaws and practicing good motorcycling skills, you willensure not only your safety but the safety of otherswho share the road with you.

Jesse WhiteSecretary of State

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OverviewMotorcycle Classification . . . . . . . . . 2Instruction Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2License Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Motorcycle Traffic Laws. . . . . . . . . . . 3

Preparing to RideHelmet Use/Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eye and Face Protection . . . . . . . . . . 5Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Know Your Motorcycle and Your ResponsibilitiesBorrowing and Lending . . . . . . . . . . . 6Get Familiar with the Controls . . . . . 6Check Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . 7Your Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Motorcycle Control and OperationBody Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Keeping Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . 11Lane Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Following Another Vehicle. . . . . . . . 12Being Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Passing and Being Passed . . . . . . . . 13Lane Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Merging Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Vehicles Alongside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15SIPDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Passing Parked Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Parking at the Roadside and Curbs 18

Being SeenClothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Headlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Brake Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Using Your Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Head Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Riding at Night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Crash AvoidanceQuick Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Swerving or Turning Quickly. . . . . . 23Cornering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Dangerous SurfacesUneven Surfaces and Obstacles . . . 25Slippery Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Tracks and Pavement Seams. . . . . . 27Grooves and Gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Mechanical ProblemsTire Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Stuck Throttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Wobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chain Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Engine Seizure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

ObstaclesAnimals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Flying Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Getting off the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Carrying Passengersand CargoEquipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Instructing Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . 31Riding with Passengers . . . . . . . . . . 31Carrying Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Protect Yourself and OthersGroup Riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Alcohol and Other Drugs . . . . . . . . . 33Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Earning Your MotorcycleLicenseRider Skill Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Required Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Knowledge Test —Sample Questions/Answers . . . . . 44

Motorcycle Rider Safety Training Program Regional Centers . . . . . . 45

Classification CriteriaMotorcycles, Mopeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Two-Wheel, and Three-WheelMotorcycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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OVERVIEWMotorcycle ClassificationIllinois driver’s licenses are classified according to the type andweight of the vehicles to be driven. There are two classifications formotorcycle licenses:

Class L: Any motor-driven cycle with lessthan 150cc displacement.

Class M: Any motorcycle or motor-driven cycle.

To obtain a motorcycleclassification on your driver’slicense, you must pass a separatemotorcycle examination (seepages 37-42). Drivers ages 16 and 17also must successfully complete amotorcycle training course approvedby the Illinois Department ofTransportation (IDOT). Persons age18 and older who successfullycomplete an IDOT Motorcycle RiderEducation Course are not required to pass awritten or driving examination at a DriverServices facility.

Instruction PermitsMotor-Driven Cycle— Persons ages 16 and 17 who have successfullycompleted driver education and passed the motorcycle written testmay apply for a 24-month instruction permit to operate a motor-driven cycle (under 150cc). The permit allows driving only duringdaylight hours, under the direct supervision of a licensed motor-driven cycle operator age 21 or older with at least one year drivingexperience.

Motorcycle— Persons age 18 or older may apply for a 12-monthinstruction permit to operate a motorcycle other than a motor-drivencycle. The permit allows driving only during daylight hours, under thedirect supervision of a licensed motorcycle operator age 21 or olderwith at least one year driving experience. A 24-month instructionpermit for a Class M license may be issued to an applicant under age18 only after successful completion of an approved driver educationcourse and successful completion of an IDOT Motorcycle RiderEducation Course.

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Rental/Out-of-State Drivers — A person must have a valid driver’slicense with the appropriate motorcycle classification to rent amotorcycle or motor-driven cycle. Out-of-state drivers may drive forthe period during which they are in Illinois, provided they have a validdriver’s license for motorcycle operation from their home state orcountry.

Moped Operators— Mopeds are low-speed, two-wheeled vehicles.They can be pedaled like a bicycle or driven like a motorcycle.Mopeds are intended for limited use on public roadways. Mopeddrivers must carry a valid driver’s license and obey all signs, signalsand traffic laws. If the moped meets all four criteria listed on page 46,the moped operator is not required to obtain a motor-driven cycleclassification.

License PlatesAll motorcycles and motor-driven cycles must have a license platewhen operated on streets or highways. Different license plate seriesare assigned to motorcycles and motor-driven cycles; therefore, thecorrect piston displacement must appear on your license plateregistration application. If trading from one classification to another(less than 150cc or 150cc and over), the license plate must be sent tothe Secretary of State, along with applications for transfer, title andthe appropriate fee.

Motorcycle Traffic LawsMotorcycle drivers must obey all traffic laws, signs and signals in thesame way as other drivers. Motorcycle drivers are prohibited frompassing between two other vehicles going in the same direction unlessthere is an unobstructed traffic lane available to permit such passingsafely. They also are prohibited from passing on the right unless thereis unobstructed pavement at least 8-feet wide to the right of thevehicle being passed. Any person who operates a motorcycle on onewheel is guilty of reckless driving.

PREPARING TO RIDEBefore taking off on any trip, asafe rider makes a point to: • Wear the right gear. • Become familiar with the motorcycle.

• Check the motorcycle equipment.

• Be a responsible rider.

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You have a far better chance of avoiding serious injury in a crash if youwear:• Helmet (A helmet is not required under Illinois law; however, a riderwho wears a properly fitted helmet greatly reduces the chance of afatal head injury in an accident.)

• Face or eye protection, and• Protective clothing.

Helmet Use/SelectionMotorcycle crashes are common, particularly among beginning riders.One out of every five motorcycle crashes results in head or neckinjuries. Crash analyses show that head and neck injuries account fora majority of serious and fatal injuries to motorcyclists. Research alsoshows that, with few exceptions, head and neck injuries are reducedby the proper wearing of an approved helmet.

Some riders do not wear helmets because they think helmets will limittheir view to the sides. Others wear helmets only on long trips orwhen riding at high speeds. Following are some facts to consider:• An approved helmet lets you see as far to the sides as necessary. Astudy of more than 900 motorcycle crashes, where 40 percent of theriders wore helmets, did not find even one case in which a helmetkept a rider from spotting danger.

• Most crashes happen on short trips (less than five miles long), justa few minutes after starting out.

• Most riders are riding slower than 30 mph when a crash occurs. Atthese speeds, helmets can cut both the number and the severity ofhead injuries by half.

No matter what the speed, helmeted riders are three times more likelyto survive head injuries than those not wearing helmets at the time ofthe crash.

There are two primary types ofhelmets providing two levels ofcoverage: three-quarter and full face.You get the most protection by makingsure that any helmet:• Meets U.S. Department ofTransportation and state standards.

• Fits snugly all the way around.• Has no obvious defects, such as cracks, loose padding or frayedstraps.

Whatever helmet you wear, keep it securely fastened on your headwhen you ride. Otherwise, if you are involved in a crash, it is likely tofly off your head.

Helmets

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Eye and Face ProtectionA plastic, shatter-resistant faceshield can help protect your whole facein a crash. It also protects you from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects andpebbles thrown from cars ahead. These problems are distracting andcan be painful, and divert your attention from concentrating on theroad.

Goggles protect your eyes, although they will not protect the rest ofyour face like a faceshield does. A windshield is not a substitute for afaceshield or goggles. Most windshields will not protect your eyesfrom the wind. Neither will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses will notkeep your eyes from watering and they may blow off when you turnyour head while riding.

To be effective, eye or faceshield protection must:• Be free of scratches.• Be resistant to penetration.• Give a clear view to either side.• Fasten securely so it does not blow off.• Permit air to pass through to reduce fogging.• Permit enough room for eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other timewhen little light is available.

ClothingThe right clothing protects you in a crash. It also provides comfort aswell as protection from heat, cold, debris, and hot and moving partsof the motorcycle.• Jacket and pants should cover arms and legs completely. Theyshould fit snugly enough to keep from flapping in the wind, yetloosely enough to move freely. Leather offers the most protection.Sturdy synthetic material also provides a lot of protection. Wear ajacket even in warm weather to prevent dehydration. Many aredesigned to protect without getting you overheated, even onsummer days.

• Boots or shoes should behigh and sturdy enough tocover your ankles and givethem support. Soles shouldbe made of hard, durable,slip-resistant material. Keepheels short so they do notcatch on rough surfaces.Tuck in laces so they won’tcatch on your motorcycle.

A plastic, shatter-resistant face shield:a. Is not necessary if you have a

windshield.b. Only protects your eyes.c. Helps protect your whole face.d. Does not protect your face as

well as goggles.

Answer — page 44

1. Test Yourself

• Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands in a crash.Your gloves should be made of leather or similar durable material.

In cold or wet weather, your clothes should keep you warm and dry, as well as protect you from injury. Riding for long periods in cold weather can cause severe chill and fatigue. A winter jacket should resist wind and fit snugly at the neck, wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits designed for motorcycle riding resist tearing apart or ballooning up at high speeds.

KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLEAND YOUR RESPONSIBILITIESMany things on the highway can cause you trouble. Your motorcycleshould not be one of them. To make sure your motorcycle won’t letyou down:• Read the owner’s manual first.• Start with the right motorcycle for you. Your motorcycle should fityou. Your feet should reach the ground while you are seated on themotorcycle.

• Be familiar with the motorcycle controls.• Check the motorcycle before every ride.• Keep it in safe riding condition between rides.• Avoid add-ons and modifications that make your motorcycle harder tohandle.

Borrowing and LendingBorrowers and lenders of motorcycles beware. Crashes are fairlycommon among beginning riders, especially in the first months ofriding. Riding an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the problem. If youborrow a motorcycle, get familiar with it in a controlled area. And ifyou lend your motorcycle out, make sure the driver is licensed andknows how to ride. No matter how experienced you may be, ride extra carefully on anymotorcycle that is new or unfamiliar to you. More than half of allcrashes occur on motorcycles ridden by the operator with less thansix months of experience.

Get Familiar with theControlsFamiliarize yourselfcompletely with themotorcycle and review theowner’s manual before youtake the motorcycle out onthe street (see diagram onpage 7). This is particularly

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More than half of all crashes:a. Occur at speeds greater than 35 mph.b. Happen at night.c. Are caused by worn tires.d. Involve riders who have ridden their

motorcycles less than six months.

Answer — page 44

2. Test Yourself

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important if you are riding a borrowed motorcycle.

If you are going to use an unfamiliar motorcycle:• Make all the checks you would on your own motorcycle.• Find out where everything is, particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-control valve and engine cut-off switch. Findand operate these items without having to look for them.

• Know the gear pattern. Work the throttle, clutch and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. All controls react a little differently.

• Ride very cautiously and be aware of your surroundings. • Accelerate gently, take turns more slowly and leave extra room forstopping.

Check Your MotorcycleA motorcycle needs more frequent attention than a car. If something iswrong with the motorcycle, you will want to find out about it before youget in traffic. Make a complete check of your motorcycle before everyride. Before mounting the motorcycle, make the following checks:• Tires— Air pressure, general wear and tread.• Fluids— Oil and fluid levels. At a minimum, check hydraulic fluidsand coolants weekly. Look under the motorcycle for signs of an oilor gas leak.

• Headlights and Taillight— Test your switch to make sure bothhigh and low beams are working.

Light Switch(High-Low)

ElectricStart Button

ThrottleEngine Cut-Off Switch

Left TurnSignal Switch

Right Turn Signal Switch

Gear Change Lever

Rear Brake Pedal

Kick Starter(if equipped)

Fuel Supply Valve

ClutchLever

Front BrakeLever

Tachometer(if equipped)

Speedometerand Odometer

Ignition Key

Horn

Motorcycle Controls

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• Turn Signals— Turn on both turn signals. Make sure all lights areworking properly.

• Brake Light— Try both brake controls, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.

Once you have mounted the motorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:• Clutch and Throttle— Make sure they work smoothly. The throttleshould snap back when you let go. The clutch should feel tight andsmooth.

• Mirrors— Clean and adjust both mirrors before starting. It isdifficult to ride with one hand while you try to adjust a mirror.Adjust each mirror so you can see the lane behind you and as muchas possible of the lane next to you. When properly adjusted, amirror may show the edge of your arm or shoulder, but it is theroad behind and to the side that is most important.

• Brakes— Try the front and rear brake levers one at a time. Makesure each one feels firm and holds the motorcycle when the brakeis fully applied.

• Horn— Try the horn to make sure it works.

In addition to the checks you should make before every trip, checkthe following items at least once a week: wheels, cables, fasteners andfluids. Follow your owner’s manual for recommendations.

Your ResponsibilitiesAs a motorcycle rider, you cannot be sure that other motorists willsee you or yield the right of way. To lessen your risk of a crash:• Be visible— wear proper clothing, use your headlight, ride in thebest lane position to see and be seen.

• Communicate your intentions— use the proper signals, brake lightand lane position.

• Maintain an adequate space cushion— following, being followed,lane sharing, passing and being passed.

• Scan your path of travel 12 seconds ahead.• Identify and separate multiple hazards.• Be prepared to act— remain alert and know how to carry outproper crash-avoidance skills.

The ability to ride aware, make critical decisions and carry them outseparates responsible riders from all the rest. Remember, it is up toyou to keep from being the cause of, or an unprepared participant in,any crash.

MOTORCYCLE CONTROL AND OPERATIONThis manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed orbalance. Those are things you can learn only through practice. But

control begins with knowing your abilities and riding within them,along with knowing and obeying the rules of the road.

Body PositionTo control a motorcycle well, follow these guidelines:• Posture— Sit so you can use your arms to steer the motorcyclerather than to hold yourself up.

• Seat— Sit far enough forward so your arms are slightly bent whenyou hold the handlegrips so you press on the handlebars withouthaving to stretch.

• Hands— Hold the handlegripsfirmly to keep your grip overrough surfaces. Start with yourright wrist flat. This will helpyou keep from accidentally usingtoo much throttle. Also, adjustthe handlebars so your handsare even with or below yourelbows in order to use theproper muscles for precisionsteering.

• Knees— Keep your kneesagainst the gas tank to help you keep your balance as themotorcycle turns.

• Feet— Keep your feet firmly on the footpegs to maintain balance. Donot drag your feet. If your foot catches on something, you could beinjured and it could affect your control of the motorcycle. Keep yourfeet near the controls so you can get to them fast if needed. Also,don’t let your toes point downward — they may get caught betweenthe road and the footpegs.

Shifting GearsThere is more to shifting gears than simply getting the motorcycle topick up speed smoothly. Learning to use the gears when downshifting,turning or starting on hills is important for safe motorcycle operation.• Shift down through the gears with the clutch as you slow or stop.Remain in first gear while you are stopped so you can move outquickly if you need to.

• Make certain you are riding slowly enough when you shift into alower gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch and the rear wheel mayskid.

• Use the brakes to slow enough before downshifting when ridingdownhill or shifting into first gear. Work toward a smooth, evenclutch release, especially when downshifting.

• It is best to change gears before entering a turn. However, sometimesshifting while in the turn is necessary. If so, remember to do so smooth-ly. A sudden change in power to the rear wheel may cause a skid.

9

Holding Handlegrips

RIGHT

WRONG

1 0

BrakingYour motorcycle has two brakes: one each for the front and rearwheel. Use both of them at the same time. The front brake is morepowerful and can provide at least three-quarters of your totalstopping power. The front brake is safe to use if used properly.• Use both brakes every time you slow or stop. Using both brakes foreven normal stops will permit you to develop the proper habit orskill of using both brakes properly in an emergency. Squeeze thefront brake and press down on the rear. Grabbing at the front brakeor jamming down on the rear can cause the brakes to lock, resultingin control problems.

• If you know the technique, using both brakes in a turn is possible,although it should be done very carefully. When leaning themotorcycle some of the traction is used for cornering; less tractionis available for stopping. A skid can occur if you apply too muchbrake. Also, using the front brake incorrectly on a slippery surfacemay be hazardous. Use caution and squeeze the brake lever —never grab.

• Some motorcycles have integrated braking systems that link thefront and rear brakes together by applying the rear brake pedal.(Consult the owner’s manual for a detailed explanation on theoperation and effective use of these systems.)

TurningApproach turns and curves with caution. Riders often try to take curvesor turns too fast. When they can’t hold the turn, they end up crossinginto another lane of traffic or going off the road. Or, they overreact andbrake too hard, causing a skid and loss of control. Use the followingfour steps for better control:1. SLOW— Reduce speed before the turn by closing the throttle and,if necessary, applying both brakes.

2. LOOK— Look through the turn to where you want to go. Turn justyour head, not your shoulders, and keep your eyes level with thehorizon.

In normal turns, therider and themotorcycle should leantogether at the sameangle.

In slow tight turns,counterbalance byleaning the motorcycleonly and keeping yourbody straight.

Normal Turns Slow Turning

1 1

3. LEAN— To turn the motorcycle must lean. To lean the motorcycle,press on the handlegrip in the direction of the turn. Press left, leanleft, go left. Press right, lean right, go right. Higher speeds and/ortighter turns require the motorcycle to lean more.

4. ROLL— Roll on the throttle through the turn to stabilizesuspension. Maintain steady speed or accelerate gradually throughthe turn. This will help keep the motorcycle stable.

Keeping Your DistanceThe best protection you can have on the road is distance — a cushion of space — all around your motorcycle. If someone elsemakes a mistake, distance permits you time to react and space tomaneuver.

Lane PositionsIn some ways the size of themotorcycle can work to youradvantage. Each traffic lanegives a motorcycle threepaths of travel. Your laneposition should:• Increase your ability to seeand be seen.

• Avoid others’ blind spots.• Avoid surface hazards.• Protect your lane fromother drivers.

• Communicate your intentions.• Avoid wind blast from other vehicles.• Provide an escape route.

Select the appropriate path to maximize your space cushion and makeyourself more easily seen by others on the road.

In general, there is no single best lane position for riders to be seenand to maintain a space cushion around the motorcycle. No portion ofthe lane need be avoided, including the center.

Position yourself in the portion of the lane where you are most likelyto be seen and you can maintain a space cushion around you. Changeposition as traffic situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles andother potential problems are on your left only. Remain in path 1 or 2 ifhazards are on your right only. If vehicles are being operated on bothsides of you, the center of the lane, path 2, is usually your best option(see illustration above).

The oily strip in the center portion that collects drippings from cars is

Lane Positions

usually no more than two feet wide. Unless the road is wet, theaverage center strip permits adequate traction to ride on safely. Youcan operate to the left or right of the grease strip and still be withinthe center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big build-ups ofoil and grease usually found at busy intersections or toll booths.

Following Another VehicleFollowing too closely could be a factor in crashes involvingmotorcyclists. In traffic, motorcycles need as much distance to stop ascars. Normally, a minimum four-second following distance should bemaintained behind the vehicle ahead. To gauge your following distance:• Pick out a marker, such as a pavement marking or lamp post, on ornear the road ahead.

• When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the marker,count off the seconds: one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two.

• If you reach the marker before you reach a count of four, you arefollowing too closely.

A four-second following distance leaves a minimum amount of spaceto stop or swerve if the driver ahead stops suddenly. It also permits abetter view of potholes and other hazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space is needed if your motorcycle will take longerthan normal to stop. If thepavement is slippery, if youcannot see through thevehicle ahead, or if traffic isheavy and someone maysqueeze in front of you,increase your followingdistance.

Keep well behind the vehicleahead even when you arestopped. This will make it

1 2

Following

When riding you should:a. Turn your head and shoulders.b. Keep your arms straight.c. Keep your knees away from the

gas tank.d. Turn just your head and eyes to

look where you are going.

Answer — page 44

3. Test Yourself

1 3

easier to get out of the way if someone bears down on you from behind.It will also give you a cushion of space if the vehicle ahead starts to backup for some reason.

When behind a vehicle, ride where the driver can see you in the rearviewmirror. Riding in the center portion of the lane should put your image in themiddle of the rearview mirror where a driver is most likely to see you (seeillustration on page 12).

Riding at the far side of a lane may permit a driver to see you in asideview mirror; however, most drivers don’t look at the sideviewmirrors as often as they check the rearview mirror. If the trafficsituation allows, the center portion of the lane is usually the bestplace for you to be seen by the drivers ahead and to prevent lanesharing by others.

Being FollowedSpeeding up to lose someone following too closely only ends up withsomeone tailgating you at a higher speed. A better way to handletailgaters is to get them in front of you. When someone is following tooclosely, change lanes and let them pass. If you cannot do this, slow downand open up extra space ahead of you to allow room for both you and thetailgater to stop. This will also encourage them to pass. If they do notpass, you will have given yourself and the tailgater more time and spaceto react in case an emergency does develop ahead.

Passing and Being PassedBe sure other drivers see you and that yousee potential hazards when passing andbeing passed. Passing— When passing, follow these steps:1. Ride in the left portion of the lane at a safefollowing distance to increase your line ofsight and make you more visible. Signaland check for oncoming traffic. Use yourmirrors and turn your head to look fortraffic behind.

2.When safe, move into the left lane andaccelerate. Select a lane position that does notcrowd the car you are passing and providesspace to avoid hazards in your lane.

3. Ride through the blind spot as quickly aspossible.

4. Signal again and complete mirror and headchecks before returning toyour original lane and then cancel the signal. Remember, passes mustbe completed within posted speed limits and only where permitted. Knowyour signs and road markings.

Passing

1 4

Being Passed— When you are being passed, stay in the centerportion of your lane. Riding any closer to the passing vehicle couldput you in a hazardous situation. Avoid being hit by:

• The other vehicle— A slight mistake by you or the passing driver could cause a sideswipe.

• Extended mirrors— Some drivers forgetthat their mirrors hang out farther than their fenders.

• Objects thrown from windows— Even if the driver knows you are there, a passenger may not see you and might toss something on you or the road aheadof you.

• Blasts of wind from larger vehicles— They can affect your control. You have more room for error if you are in the middle portion when hit by this blast than if you are on either side of the lane.

Do not move into the portion of the lane farthest from the passingvehicle. It may invite the other driver to cut back into your lane tooearly.

Lane SharingAutomobiles and motorcycles need a full lane to operate safely. Lanesharing is usually prohibited. Riding between rows of stopped ormoving cars in the same lane can leave you vulnerable to theunexpected. A hand could come out of a window; a door could open; acar could turn suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by others. Keep acenter-portion position whenever drivers might be tempted tosqueeze by you. Drivers are most tempted to do this:• In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.• When they want to pass you.• When you are preparing to turn at an intersection.• When you are getting in an exit lane or leaving a highway.

Merging VehiclesDrivers on an entrance ramp may not seeyou on the highway. Give them plenty ofroom. Change to another lane if one isopen. If there is no room for a lane change,adjust speed to open up space for themerging driver.

Merging

Being Passed

1 5

Vehicles AlongsideDo not ride next to vehicles in other lanes if youdo not have to. You might be in the blind spot of avehicle in the next lane, which could switch intoyour lane without warning. Vehicles in the nextlane also block your escape if you come upondanger in your own lane. Speed up or drop back tofind a place clear of traffic on both sides.

Scan, Identify, Predict, Decide, Execute (SIPDE)Good experienced riders remain aware of what is going on aroundthem. They improve their riding strategy by using SIPDE, a five-stepprocess used to make appropriate judgements, and apply themcorrectly in different traffic situation.

Scan— Search aggressively ahead, to the sides and behind to avoidpotential hazards even before they arise. How assertively you searchand how much time and space you have can eliminate or reduceharm. Focus even more on finding potential escape routes in oraround intersections, shopping areas, school zones and constructionzones.

Be especially alert in areas with limited visibility. Visually busysurroundings could hide you and your motorcycle from others.

Scan for:• Oncoming traffic that may turn left in front of you.• Traffic coming from the left and right.• Traffic approaching from behind.• Hazardous road conditions.

Identify— Locate hazards and potential conflicts.• Vehicles and other motorcycles may move into your path andincrease the likelihood of a crash.

• Pedestrians and animals may be unpredictable and make short,quick moves.

• Stationary objects likepotholes, guard rails,bridges, roadway signs,hedges or trees will notmove into your path butmay influence your ridingstrategy.

Predict— Consider speed,distance and direction ofhazards to anticipate how

Usually, a good way to handletailgaters is to:a. Change lanes and let them pass.b. Use your horn and make obscene

gestures.c. Speed up to put distance between

you and the tailgater.d. Ignore them.

Answer — page 44

4. Test Yourself

Blind Spots

1 6

they may affect you. Cars moving into your path are more critical thanthose moving away or remaining stationary. Predict where a collisionmay occur. Completing this “what if...?” phrase to estimate results ofcontacting or attempting to avoid a hazard depends on yourknowledge and experience.

Decide— Determine what you need to do based on your prediction.The mental process of determining your course of action depends onhow aggressively you searched. The result is your action and knowingwhich strategy is best for the situation. You want to eliminate orreduce the potential hazard. You must decide when, where and how totake action. Your constant decision-making tasks must stay sharp tocope with constantly changing traffic situations.

The decisions you make can be grouped by types of hazards youencounter:• One hazard • Two hazards• Multiple hazards

Execute— Carry out your decision. To create more space andminimize harm from any hazard:• Communicate your presence with lights and/or horn.• Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping or slowing.• Adjust your position and/or direction.

Apply the old adage, “one step at a time,” to handle two or morehazards. Adjust speed to permit two hazards to separate. Then dealwith them one at a time as single hazards. Decision-making becomesmore complex with three or more hazards. Weigh the consequences ofeach and give equal distance to hazards.

In potential high-risk areas, school zones and construction zones,cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the time you need to react.

IntersectionsThe greatest potential forconflict between you and othertraffic is at intersections. Anintersection can be in themiddle of an urban area or at adriveway on a residential street— anywhere traffic may crossyour path of travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/automobilecrashes are caused by driversentering a rider’s right-of-way.

To reduce your reaction time, youshould:a. Ride slower than the speed limit.b. Cover the clutch and brakes.c. Shift into neutral when slowing.d. Pull the clutch when turning.

Answer — page 44

5. Test Yourself

1 7

Vehicles that turn left in front of you,including those turning left from the laneto your right, and those on side streetsthat pull into your lane, are the biggestdangers. Using SIPDE (see pages 15-16) atintersections is critical.

There are no guarantees that others seeyou. Never count on eye contact as asign that a driver will yield. Too often, adriver looks right at a motorcyclist and still fails to see him/her. Theonly eyes that you can count on are your own. If a car can enter yourpath, assume that it will. Good riders are always looking for troublenot to get into it, but to stay out of it.

Increase your chances of being seen at intersections. Ride with yourheadlight on in a lane position that provides the best view ofoncoming traffic. Provide a space cushion around the motorcycle thatpermits you to take evasive action.

Large Intersections — As youapproach the intersection, select alane position to increase yourvisibility to the driver. Cover theclutch and both brakes to reducereaction time. Reduce your speed asyou approach an intersection. Afterentering the intersection, move awayfrom vehicles preparing to turn. Donot change speed or positionradically. The driver might think youare preparing to turn.

Blind Intersections — If you approach a blind intersection, move tothe portion of the lane that willbring you into another driver’sfield of vision at the earliestpossible moment. In theillustration at right, the rider hasmoved to the left portion of thelane, away from the parked car, sothe driver on the cross street cansee him/her as soon as possible.Remember, the key is to see asmuch as possible and remainvisible to others while protectingyour space.

Small Intersection

Large Intersection

Blind Intersection

1 8

If you have a stop sign or stop line,stop there first. Then edge forwardand stop again, just short of where thecross-traffic lane meets your lane (seeillustration). From that position, leanyour body forward and look aroundbuildings, parked cars or bushes tosee if anything is coming. Make sureyour front wheel stays out of the crosslane of travel while you are looking.

Passing Parked CarsWhen passing parked cars, stay toward the leftof your lane. You can avoid problems caused bydoors opening, drivers getting out of cars orpeople stepping from between cars. If oncomingtraffic is present, it is usually best to remain inthe center-lane position to maximize your spacecushion.

A bigger problem can occur if the driver pullsaway from the curb without checking for trafficbehind. Even if the driver does look, he/she mayfail to see you.

In either event, the driver might cut into yourpath. Slow down or change lanes to make room for someone cuttingin.

Vehicles making a sudden U-turn are the most dangerous. They maycut you off entirely, blocking the entire roadway and leaving you withno place to go. Because you cannot tell what adriver will do, slow down and get the driver’sattention. Sound your horn and continue withcaution.

Parking at the Roadside and CurbsPark at a 90-degree angle to the curb with therear wheel touching the curb.

BEING SEENIn crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say they never saw themotorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s outline is muchsmaller than that of another vehicle. Also, it is difficult to seesomething you are not looking for, and most drivers are not lookingfor motorcycles. More likely, they are looking through the skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search of cars that may pose a problem to them.

Blind Intersection

Parked Cars

Parking

1 9

Even if a driver does see you coming, you are not necessarily safe.Smaller vehicles appear farther away and seem to be traveling slowerthan they actually are. It is common for drivers to pull out in front ofmotorcyclists, thinking they have plenty of time. Too often, they arewrong.

You can do many things to make it easier for others to recognize youand your motorcycle:

ClothingMost crashes occur in broad daylight. Wear bright-colored clothing toincrease your chances of being seen. Remember, your body is half ofthe visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow or green jackets or vests are your bestoptions for being seen. Your helmet can do more than protect you in acrash. Brightly colored helmets also may help others see you. Anybright color is better than drab or dark colors. Reflective, bright-colored clothing (helmet and jacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest and on the sides of the helmet will helpdrivers coming from the side to spot you. Reflective material also canbe a big help for drivers coming toward you or from behind.

HeadlightThe best way to help others see your motorcycle is to keep theheadlight on at all times (although motorcycles sold in the U.S. since1978 automatically have the headlights on when running). Illinois lawrequires that the headlight be on when operating on streets andhighways.

Use of the high beam during the day increases the likelihood thatoncoming drivers will see you. Use the low beam at night and incloudy weather.

SignalsThe signals on a motorcycle are similar to those on a car. They tellothers what you plan to do. Due to a rider’s added vulnerability,however, signals are even more important. Use them anytime you planto change lanes or turn. Use them even when you think no one else isaround. It is the car you do not see that is going to give you the mosttrouble. Your signal lights also make you easier to spot. That is why itis a good idea to use your turn signals even when what you plan to dois obvious.

When you enter a freeway, drivers approaching from behind are morelikely to see your signal blinking and make room for you.

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Turning on your signal light before each turnreduces confusion and frustration for trafficaround you. Once you turn, make sure yoursignal is off, or a driver may pull directly intoyour path thinking you plan to turn again.Use your signals at every turn so drivers canreact accordingly. Do not make them guesswhat you intend to do.

Brake LightA motorcycle’s brake light is usually not asnoticeable as the brake lights on a car, particularly when the taillight ison. (It goes on with the headlight.) If the situation permits, help othersnotice you by flashing your brake light before you slow down. It isespecially important to flash your brake light before you:• Slow more quickly than others might expect (turning off a high-speed highway).

• Slow where others may not expect it (in the middle of a block or atan alley).

If you are being followed closely, it is a good idea to flash your brakelight before you slow. The tailgater may be watching you and not seesomething ahead that will make you slow down. This will hopefullydiscourage them from tailgating and warn them of hazards ahead theymay not see.

Using Your MirrorsWhile it is most important to scan what is happening ahead, youcannot afford to ignore situations behind. Traffic conditions changequickly. Knowing what is going on behind is essential for you to makea safe decision about how to handle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks should be part of your normal scanningroutine. Make a point of using your mirrors:• When stopped at an intersection. Watch cars coming up frombehind. If the driver is not paying attention, he/she could be on topof you before he/she sees you.

• Before changing lanes. Make sure no one is about to pass you.• Before slowing down. The driver behind may not expect you toslow, or may be unsure about where you will slow. For example, yousignal a turn and the driver thinks you plan to turn at a distantintersection, rather than at a nearer driveway.

Some motorcycles have rounded (convex) mirrors. These provide awider view of the road behind than flat mirrors. They also makevehicles seem farther away than they really are. If you are not used toconvex mirrors, get familiar with them. (While you are stopped, pick

Signaling

2 1

out a parked car in yourmirror. Form a mental imageof how far away it is. Then,turn around and look at it tosee how close you came.)Practice with your mirrorsuntil you become a goodjudge of distance. Even then,allow extra distance beforeyou change lanes.

Head ChecksChecking your mirrors is notenough. Motorcycles have“blind spots” like othervehicles. Before changinglanes, turn your head andlook to the side for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes, check the far lane and the one next toyou. A driver in the distant lane may head for the same space youplan to take.

Frequent head checks also should be your normal scanning routine.Only by knowing what is happening all around you are you fullyprepared to deal with it.

HornBe ready to use your horn to get someone’s attention quickly. It is agood idea to give a quick beep before passing anyone who may moveinto your lane. Following are some situations:• A driver in the lane next to you is driving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

• A parked car has someone in the driver’s seat.• Someone is in the street, riding a bicycle or walking.

In an emergency, press thehorn button loud and long. Beready to stop or swerve awayfrom the danger. Keep in mindthat a motorcycle’s horn isnot as loud as a car’s;therefore, use it, but don’trely on it. Other strategiesmay be appropriate alongwith the horn.

Using Mirrors

Making eye contact with other drivers:a. Is a good sign they see you. b. Is not worth the effort it takes.c. Does not mean the other driver

will yield.d. Guarantees that the other driver

will yield to you.

Answer — page 44

6. Test Yourself

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Riding at NightAt night it is harder for you to see and be seen. Picking your headlightor taillight out of the car lights around you is not easy for otherdrivers. To compensate: • Reduce Your Speed— Ride even slower than you would during the day, particularly on roads you do not know well. This will increaseyour chances of avoiding a hazard.

• Increase Distance— Distances are harder to judge at night thanduring the day. Your eyes rely upon shadows and light contrasts todetermine how far away an object is and how fast it is coming.These contrasts are missing or distorted under artificial lights atnight. Open up your following distance and allow more distance topass and be passed.

• Use the Car Ahead— The headlights of the car ahead can give you a better view of the road than even your high beam can. Taillights bouncing up and down can alert you to rough pavement.

• Use Your High Beam— Get all the light you can. Use your highbeam whenever you are not following or meeting a car.

• Be Flexible About Lane Position— Change to whatever portion ofthe lane is best to help you see, be seen and keep an adequatespace cushion.

• Be Visible— Wear reflective materials when riding at night.

CRASH AVOIDANCE No matter how careful you are, there will be times when you findyourself in a tight spot. Your chances of getting out safely depend onyour ability to react quickly and properly. Crashes often occurbecause a rider is not prepared for crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Knowing when and how to stop or swerve are two skills critical inavoiding a crash. It is not always desirable or possible to stop quicklyto avoid an obstacle. Riders also must be able to swerve around anobstacle. Determining the skills necessary for the situation isimportant as well. Studies show most crash-involved riders: • Underbrake the front tire and overbrake the rear. • Did not separate braking from swerving or did not choose swerving when it was appropriate.

Quick StopsTo stop quickly, apply bothbrakes at the same time.Don’t be shy about using thefront brake, but don’t grab iteither. Squeeze the brakelever firmly and progressively.If the front wheel locks,release the front brake

Reflective clothing should:a. Be worn at night .b. Be worn during the day.c. Not be worn.d. Be worn day and night.

Answer — page 44

7. Test Yourself

2 3

immediately then reapply it firmly. Atthe same time, press down on the rearbrake. If you accidentally lock the rearbrake on a good traction surface, keepit locked until you have completelystopped. Even with a locked rear wheel,you can control the motorcycle on astraight away if it is upright and goingin a straight line.

Always use both brakes at the same time to stop. The front brake canprovide 70 percent or more of the potential stopping power. If youmust stop quickly while turning or riding a curve, the best techniqueis to straighten the bike upright first and then brake. However, it maynot always be possible to straighten the motorcycle and then stop. Ifyou must brake while leaning, apply light brakes and reduce thethrottle. As you slow, you can reduce your lean angle and apply morebrake pressure until the motorcycle is straight and maximum brakepressure is possible. You should straighten the handlebars in the lastfew feet of stopping. The motorcycle should then be straight up and inbalance.

Swerving or Turning QuicklySometimes you may not have enoughroom to stop, even if you use bothbrakes properly. An object mightappear suddenly in your path or thecar ahead might squeal to a stop. Theonly way to avoid a crash may be toturn quickly or swerve around it.

A swerve is any sudden change indirection. It can be two quick turns or arapid shift to the side. Apply a smallamount of hand pressure to thehandlegrip located on the side of yourintended direction of escape.This will cause themotorcycle to lean quickly.The sharper the turn(s), themore the motorcycle mustlean. Keep your body uprightand allow the motorcycle tolean in the direction of theturn while keeping your kneesagainst the tank and your feetsolidly on the pegs. Let the

The best way to stop quickly is to:a. Use the front brake only.b. Use the rear brake first.c. Throttle down and use the front

brake.d. Use both brakes simultaneously.

Answer — page 44

8. Test Yourself

Stopping Distance

Swerve, Then Brake

2 4

motorcycle move underneath you.

Make your escape route the target ofyour vision. Press on the oppositehandlegrip once you clear the obstacleto return to your original direction oftravel. To swerve to the left, press theleft handlegrip, then press the right torecover. To swerve to the right, pressright, then left. If braking is required,separate it from swerving. Brakebefore or after, never while swerving.

CorneringA primary cause of single-vehicle crashes is motorcyclists runningwide in a curve or turn and colliding with the roadway or a fixedobject. Every curve is different. Be alert to whether a curve remainsconstant, gradually widens, gets tighter or involves multiple turns.Ride within your skill level and posted speed limits. Your best pathmay not always follow the curve of the road.

Change lane position depending on traffic, road conditions and curveof the road. If no traffic is present, start at the outside of a curve toincrease your line of sight and the effective radius of the turn. As youturn, move toward the inside of the curve, and as you pass the center,move to the outside to exit.

Another alternative is to move to the center of your lane beforeentering a curve and stay there until you exit. This permits you tospot approaching traffic as soon as possible. You can also adjust fortraffic crowding the center line or debris blocking part of your lane.

Brake, Then Swerve

Constant Curves Multiple Curves

2 5

DANGEROUS SURFACESYour chance of falling or being involved in a crash increases wheneveryou ride across uneven surfaces or obstacles, slippery surfaces,railroad tracks, and grooves and gratings.

Uneven Surfaces and ObstaclesWatch for uneven surfaces such asbumps, broken pavement, potholes orsmall pieces of highway trash.Try to avoid obstacles by slowing orgoing around them. If you must go overthe obstacle, first determine if it ispossible. Approach it at as close to a90-degree angle as possible. Look whereyou want to go to control your path oftravel. If you have to ride over the obstacle, you should:• Slow down as much as possible before contact.• Make sure the motorcycle is straight.• Rise slightly off the seat with your weight on the footpegs to absorbthe shock with your knees and elbows and avoid being thrown offthe motorcycle.

• Just before contact, roll on the throttle slightly to lighten the frontend.

If you ride over an object on the street, pull off the road and checkyour tires and rims for damage before riding any farther.

Slippery SurfacesMotorcycles handle better when ridden on surfaces that permit goodtraction. Surfaces that provide poor traction include:• Wet pavement, particularly just after it starts to rain and beforesurface oil washes to the side of the road.

• Gravel roads, or where sand and gravel collect.

Widening CurvesDecreasing Curves (Tighter Turns)

Obsta cles

2 6

• Mud, snow and ice.• Lane markings, steel plates and manhole covers, especially when wet.

To ride safely on slippery surfaces:• Reduce your speed— Slow down before you get to a slipperysurface to lessen your chances of skidding. Your motorcycle needsmore distance to stop. It is particularly important to reduce speedbefore entering wet curves.

• Avoid sudden moves— Any sudden change in speed or directioncan cause a skid. Be as smooth as possible when you speed up,shift gears, turn or brake.

• Use both brakes— The front brake is still effective, even on aslippery surface. Squeeze the brake lever gradually to avoid lockingthe front wheel. Remember, use gentle pressure on the rear brake.

• Avoid the center of a lane— When it starts to rain, ride in the tiretracks left by cars. Often, the left tire track will be the best position,depending on traffic and other road conditions as well.

• Watch for oil spots— Be careful when you put your foot down tostop or park. You may slip and fall.

• Watch for dirt and gravel— Dirt and gravel collect along the sidesof the road, especially on curves and ramps leading to and fromhighways. Be aware of what is on the edge of the road, particularlywhen making sharp turns and getting on or off freeways at highspeeds.

• Watch for ice patches— Ice develops more quickly on somesections of a road than on others. Patches of ice tend to form in lowor shaded areas and on bridges and overpasses. Wet surfaces orwet leaves are just as slippery. Ride on the least slippery portion ofthe lane and reduce speed.

Cautious riders steer clear of roads covered with ice or snow. If youcannot avoid a slippery surface, keep your motorcycle straight up andproceed as slowly as possible. If you encounter a large surface soslippery you must coast ortravel at a walking pace,consider letting your feetskim along the surface. Ifthe motorcycle starts tofall, you can catchyourself. Be sure to keepoff the brakes. If possible,squeeze the clutch andcoast. Attempting thismaneuver at anythingother than the slowest ofspeeds could provehazardous.

Beware of Slippery Roads

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Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks and Pavement SeamsIt is usually safer to ride straight within your lane to cross tracks.Turning to take tracks head on (at a 90-degree angle) can be moredangerous and may carry you into another lane of traffic. For trackand road seams that run parallel to your course, move far enoughaway from tracks, ruts or pavement seams to cross at an angle of atleast 45 degrees. Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across couldcatch your tires and throw you off balance.

Grooves and GratingsRiding over rain grooves or bridgegratings may cause a motorcycle toweave. The uneasy, wandering feeling isgenerally not hazardous. Relax, maintain asteady speed and ride straight across.Crossing at an angle forces riders tozigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is farmore hazardous than the wanderingfeeling.

MECHANICAL PROBLEMSYou can find yourself in an emergency the moment something goeswrong with your motorcycle. In dealing with any mechanical problem,take into account the road and traffic conditions you face. Followingare some guidelines that can help you handle mechanical problemssafely.

Tire FailureYou will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the motorcycle starts handlingdifferently, it may be a tire failure. This can be dangerous. You should

Crosstracks — RIGHT

Crosstracks — WRONG

Parallel Tracks — RIGHT

Parallel Tracks — WRONG

Grate Crossings — RIGHT

Grate Crossings — WRONG

2 8

be able to tell from the way the motorcycle reacts. If one of your tiressuddenly loses air, react quickly to keep your balance. Pull off andcheck the tires.

If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel heavy. A front-wheel flatis particularly hazardous because it affects your steering. You have tosteer well to keep your balance.

If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the motorcycle may jerk or swayfrom side to side.

If either tire goes flat while riding:• Hold handlegrips firmly, ease off the throttle, and keep a straightcourse.

• If braking is required, however, gradually apply the brake of the tirethat is not flat, if you are sure which one it is.

• When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the road, squeezethe clutch and stop.

Stuck ThrottleTwist the throttle back and forth several times. If the throttle cable isstuck, this may free it. If the throttle stays stuck, immediately operatethe engine cut-off switch and pull in the clutch at the same time. Thiswill remove power from the rear wheel, although engine noise may notimmediately decline. Once the motorcycle is under control, pull offand stop. After you have stopped, check the throttle cable carefully tofind the source of the trouble. Make certain the throttle works freelybefore you start to ride again.

WobbleA wobble occurs when the front wheel and handlebars suddenly startto shake from side to side at any speed. Most wobbles can be tracedto improper loading, unsuitable accessories or incorrect tire pressure.If you are carrying a heavy load, lighten it. If you can’t, shift it. Centerthe weight lower and farther forward on the motorcycle. Make suretire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks and dampers are at thesettings recommended forthat much weight. Make surewindshields and fairings aremounted properly. Check forpoorly adjusted steering;worn steering parts; a frontwheel that is bent, misalignedor out of balance; loose wheelbearings or spokes; andswingarm bearings.

When it starts raining it is usuallybest to:a. Ride in the center of the lane.b. Pull off to the side until the rain

stops.c. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.d. Increase your speed.

Answer — page 44

9. Test Yourself

If none of these are determined to be the cause, have the motorcyclechecked out thoroughly by a qualified professional. Trying toaccelerate out of a wobble will only make the motorcycle moreunstable. You should instead:• Grip the handlebars firmly, but do not fight the wobble.• Close the throttle gradually to slow down. Do not apply the brakes;braking could make the wobble worse.

• Move your weight as far forward and down as possible.• Pull off the road as soon as you can to fix the problem. Chain ProblemsA chain that slips or breaks while you are riding could lock the rearwheel and cause your motorcycle to skid. Chain slippage or breakagecan be avoided by proper maintenance.• Slippage— If the chain slips when you try to speed up quickly orride uphill, pull off the road. Check the chain and sprockets.Tightening the chain may help. If the problem is a worn or stretchedchain or worn or bent sprockets, replace the chain, the sprockets orboth before riding again.

• Breakage— You will notice an instant loss of power to the rearwheel. Close the throttle and brake to a stop.

Engine SeizureWhen the engine locks or freezes it is usually low on oil. The engine’smoving parts cannot move smoothly against each other and theengine overheats. The first sign may be a loss of engine power or achange in the engine’s sound. Squeeze the clutch lever to disengagethe engine from the rear wheel. Pull off the road and stop. Check theoil. If needed, oil should be added as soon as possible or the enginewill seize. When this happens, the effect is the same as a locked rearwheel. Let the engine cool before restarting.

OBSTACLESAnimalsNaturally, you should do everything you safely can to avoid hitting ananimal. If you are in traffic, however, remain in your lane. Hittingsomething small is lessdangerous to you thanhitting something big, like acar.

Motorcycles seem to attractdogs. If you are chased,downshift and approach theanimal slowly. As youapproach it, accelerate awayand leave the animal behind.

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If your motorcycle starts to wobbleyou should:a. Accelerate out of the wobble.b. Use the brakes gradually.c. Grip the handlebars firmly and

close the throttle gradually.d. Downshift.

Answer — page 44

10. Test Yourself

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Do not kick at an animal. Keep control of your motorcycle and look towhere you want to go. For larger animals (deer, cattle, etc.), brake andprepare to stop; they are unpredictable.

Flying ObjectsOccasionally, riders are struck by insects, cigarettes thrown from carsor pebbles kicked up by the tires of the vehicle ahead. If you arewearing face protection, it might get smeared or cracked, making itdifficult to see. Without face protection, an object could hit you in theeye, face or mouth. Whatever happens, keep your eyes on the roadand your hands on the handlebars. When safe, pull off the road andrepair the damage.

Getting off the RoadIf you need to leave the road to check the motorcycle (or need torest):• Check the roadside— Make sure the surface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is soft grass, loose sand or you are just notsure about it, slow down before you turn onto it.

• Signal— Drivers behind might not expect you to slow down. Give aclear signal that you will be slowing down and changing direction.Check your mirror and make a head check before you take anyaction.

• Pull off the road— Get as far off the road as you can. It can bevery hard to spot a motorcycle by the side of the road. You do notwant someone else pulling off at the same place you are.

• Park carefully— Loose and sloped shoulders can make setting theside or center stand difficult.

CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGOOnly experienced riders should carry passengers or large loads. Theextra weight changes the way the motorcycle handles, balances,speeds up and slows down. Before taking a passenger or a heavy loadon the street, practice away from traffic.

EquipmentTo carry passengers safely:• Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.

• Instruct the passenger before you start.

• Adjust your riding technique for the added weight.

If you are chased by a dog you should:a. Kick it away.b. Stop until the animal loses

interest.c. Swerve around the animal.d. Approach the animal slowly, then

speed up.

Answer — page 44

11. Test Yourself

Equipment should include:• Proper seat— large enough to hold both of you without crowding.You should not sit any farther forward than you usually do.

• Footpegs for passenger— firm footing prevents your passengerfrom falling off and pulling you off too.

• Protective equipment— the same as recommended for motorcycleoperators.

Adjust the suspension to handle the additional weight. You willprobably need to add a few pounds of pressure to the tires if youcarry a passenger. (Check your owner’s manual for appropriatesettings.) While your passenger sits on the seat with you, adjust themirror and headlight according to the change in the motorcycle’s angle.

Instructing PassengersEven if your passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide completeinstructions before you start.

Tell your passenger to:• Get on the motorcycle only after you have started the engine.• Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you.• Hold on firmly to your waist, hips or belt.• Keep both feet on the footpegs, even when stopped.• Keep legs away from the muffler(s), chains or moving parts.• Stay directly behind you, leaning as you lean.• Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.

Also, tell your passenger to tighten his/her hold when you:• Approach surface problems.• Are about to start from a stop.• Warn that you will make a sudden move.

Riding with PassengersYour motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger on board.The heavier your passenger, the longer it will take to slow down andspeed up, especially on a light motorcycle. • Ride slower, especially when taking curves, corners or bumps.• Start slowing earlier as you approach a stop.• Open up a larger cushion of space ahead and to the sides.• Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter or merge in traffic.

Carrying LoadsMost motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo. Small loadscan be carried safely if positioned and fastened properly.• Keep the load low— Fasten loads securely or put them insaddlebags. Piling loads against a sissybar or frame on the back of theseat raises the motorcycle’s center of gravity and disturbs its balance.

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• Keep the load forward— Place the load over, or in front of, therear axle. Tankbags keep loads forward, but use caution whenloading hard or sharp objects. Make sure the tankbag does notinterfere with handlebars or controls. Mounting loads behind therear axle can affect how the motorcycle turns and brakes. It canalso cause a wobble.

• Distribute the load evenly— Load saddlebags with about the sameweight. An uneven load can cause the motorcycle to drift to oneside.

• Secure the load— Fasten the load securely with bungee cords ornets. Elastic cords with more than one attachment point per sideare more secure. A tight load will not catch in the wheel or chain,causing it to lock up and skid. Rope tends to stretch and knotscome loose, permitting the load to shift or fall.

• Check the load— Stop and check the load every so often to makesure it has not worked loose.

PROTECT YOURSELF AND OTHERSGroup RidingIf you ride with others, do it in a way that promotes safety and doesnot interfere with the flow of traffic. Small groups make it easier andsafer for car drivers who need to get around them. A small number isnot separated as easily by traffic or red lights. Riders will not alwaysbe hurrying to catch up. If your group is larger than four or five riders,divide it into two or more smaller groups.• Plan ahead— The leader should look ahead for changes and signalearly. Start lane changes early to permit others to follow.

• Put beginners up front— Place inexperienced riders just behindthe leader where more experienced riders can watch them from theback.

• Follow those behind— Let the tailender set the pace. Use yourmirrors to keep an eye on the person behind. If a rider falls behind,everyone should slow to stay with the tailender.

• Know the route— Make sure everyone knows the route so ifsomeone is separated they will not have to hurry to keep fromgetting lost or taking a wrong turn. Plan frequent stops on longrides.

Maintain close ranks but at the same time keep a safe distance toallow each rider in the group time and space to react to hazards. Aclose group takes up less space on the highway, is easier to see and isless likely to be separated. However, it must be done properly.• Don’t pair up— Never operate directly alongside another rider.There is no place to go if you have to avoid a car or something onthe road. To talk, wait until you are both stopped.

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• Staggered formation— This is the bestway to keep ranks close yet maintain anadequate space cushion. The leader ridesin the left side of the lane, while the secondrider stays one second behind in the rightside of the lane. A third rider maintains inthe left position, two seconds behind thefirst rider. The fourth rider would keep atwo-second distance behind the secondrider. This formation keeps the group closeand permits each rider a safe distance fromothers ahead, behind and to the sides.

• Passing in formation— Riders in astaggered formation should pass one at atime. First, the lead rider should pull out and pass when it is safe.After passing, the leader should return to the left position andcontinue riding at passing speed to open room for the next rider.After the first rider passes safely, the second rider should move upto the left position and watch for a safe chance to pass. Afterpassing, this rider should return to the right position and open uproom for the next rider.

Some people suggest that theleader should move to the rightside after passing a vehicle. Thisis not a good idea. It encouragesthe second rider to pass and cutback in before there is a largeenough space cushion in front ofthe passed vehicle. It is simplerand safer to wait until there isenough room ahead of the passed vehicle to allow each rider to moveinto the same position held before the pass. It is best to move into asingle-file formation when riding curves, turning, entering orleaving a highway.

Alcohol and OtherDrugsYour ability to perform andrespond to changing road andtraffic conditions isinfluenced by how fit andalert you are. Alcohol andother drugs, more than anyother factor, decrease yourability to think clearly andride safely. As little as one

Passengers should:a. Lean as you lean.b. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.c. Sit as far back as possible.d. Never hold on to you.

Answer — page 44

12. Test Yourself

Staggered Formation

Group PassingStage 1

Group PassingStage 2

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drink can have a significant effect on your performance. Studies showthat nearly half of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes had beendrinking. Only one-third of those riders had a blood-alcoholconcentration (BAC) above the illegal limit (.08). The rest had only afew drinks in their systems, enough to impair riding skills.

Injuries occur in 90 percent of motorcycle crashes and 33 percent ofautomobile crashes that involve drinking or drugs. Annually, morethan 2,000 motorcyclists are killed and about 50,000 seriously injuredin alcohol-related crashes. Motorcycle riding and substance abuse donot mix. Alcohol and drugs make you less able to think clearly andperform physical tasks skillfully. Judgment and the decision-makingprocesses needed for vehicle operation are affected long before theillegal BAC limit is reached. Many over-the-counter prescription drugsand illegal drugs have side effects that increase the risk of a crashwhile riding. And the combined effects of alcohol and other drugs aremore dangerous than either is alone.

Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly. Unlike most foods andbeverages, it does not need to be digested. Within minutes after beingconsumed, it reaches the brain and begins to affect the drinker.Alcohol slows down and impairs bodily functions — both mental andphysical.

BAC— Blood-alcohol concentration is the amount of alcohol inrelation to blood in the body. Generally, alcohol can be eliminated inthe body at the rate of about one drink per hour. But a variety of otherfactors also may influence the level of alcohol retained. The morealcohol in your blood, the greater the degree of impairment.

Three factors play a major part in determining BAC:• Amount of alcohol consumed.• How fast you drink.• Body weight.

Other factors also contribute to the way alcohol affects your system.Your gender, physicalcondition and food intake arejust a few that may causeyour BAC level to be evenhigher. Alcohol may stillaccumulate in your bodyeven if you are drinking at arate of one drink per hour.Abilities and judgment canbe affected by that onedrink.

When riding in a group, inexperiencedriders should position themselves:a. Just behind the leader.b. In front of the group.c. At the tail end of the group.d. Beside the leader.

Answer — page 44

13. Test Yourself

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A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed drink with a 1.5-ounce shot of hardliquor and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain the same amount ofalcohol.

The faster you drink, the more alcohol accumulates in your body. Ifyou drink two drinks in one hour, at the end of that hour, at least onedrink remains in your bloodstream. Without taking into account any ofthe other factors, the formula below illustrates the LEAST amount ofdrinks remaining in the bloodstream:

A person drinking:• 8 drinks in 4 hours would have at least 4 drinks remaining in his/her system.

• 7 drinks in 3 hours would have at least 4 drinks remaining in his/her system.

There are times when a larger person may not accumulate a highconcentration of alcohol for each drink consumed because they havemore blood and other bodily fluids. Because of individual differencesit is better not to risk that your abilities have not been affected.Whether or not you are legally intoxicated is not the real issue.Impairment of judgment begins well below the illegal BAC limit.

DUI— In Illinois, a person with a BAC of .08 is consideredintoxicated. It is illegal to drive if your BAC is .08 or greater. However,you can be convicted of DUI if your BAC is less than .08 percent andyour driving ability is impaired.

Alcohol Concentration

Total DrinksConsumed

Number ofHours SinceLast Drink

Drinks Leftin the BodyLESS

- =

EQUALS

12-oz. Beer 5-oz. Wine

1.5-oz. ShotHard Liquor

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Drunk drivers face stiff, mandatory penalties. If you are convicted ofdriving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, you may receive any ofthe following:• Driver’s license suspension— Mandatory suspension/revocationfor conviction, arrest or refusal to submit to a breath test.

• BAIID— Breath-alcohol device required to start your vehicle. • Fines— Severe fines, usually levied with a driver’s licensesuspension/revocation.

• Community service— Performing tasks such as picking up litteralong the highway, washing cars in the motor-vehicle pool orworking at an emergency ward.

In addition, you face attorney’s fees, lost work time spent in court orin alcohol-education programs, public transportation costs (whileyour driver’s license is suspended/revoked) and the psychologicalcosts of being tagged a drunk driver.

Don’t Drink or Don’t Ride— If you have not controlled your drinking,you must control your riding. Leave the motorcycle so you will not betempted to ride. Arrange another way to get home. Once you start,your resistance becomes weaker. Setting a limit or pacing yourself arepoor alternatives. Your ability to exercise good judgment is one of thefirst things affected by alcohol. Even if you try to drink in moderation,you may not realize to what extent your skills have suffered fromalcohol’s effects.

People who have had too much to drink are unable to make aresponsible decision. It is up to others to step in and keep them fromtaking too great a risk. There are several ways to keep friends fromhurting themselves:• Arrange a safe ride— Provide alternative ways for them to gethome.

• Slow the pace of drinking— Involve them in other activities.• Keep them there— Use any excuse to keep them from getting ontheir motorcycle. Serve them food and coffee to pass the time.Explain your concerns for their risks of getting arrested or hurt orhurting someone else.

• Get friends involved— Usepeer pressure from a groupof friends to intervene.

FatigueRiding a motorcycle is moretiring than driving a car. On along trip, you will tire soonerthan you would in a car. Avoid

If you wait an hour for each drinkbefore riding:a. You cannot be arrested for

drinking and driving.b. Your riding skills will not be affected.c. Effects from drinking may still remain.d. You will be okay as long as you

ride slowly.Answer — page 44

14. Test Yourself

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riding when tired. Fatigue can affect your control of the motorcycle.• Protect yourself from the elements— Wind, cold and rain makeyou tire quickly. Dress warmly. A windshield is worth its cost if youplan to ride long distances.

• Limit your distance— Experienced riders seldom try to ride morethan six hours a day.

• Take frequent rest breaks— Stop and get off the motorcycle atleast every two hours.

• Don’t drink or use drugs— Artificial stimulants often result inextreme fatigue or depression when they start to wear off. Ridersare unable to concentrate on the task at hand.

EARNING YOUR MOTORCYCLE LICENSESafe riding requires knowledgeand skill. To earn your license,you must pass both theknowledge test and skills testcovering information in thismanual. To pass you must studythis manual thoroughly andpractice the skills and techniquesdiscussed.

Rider Skill TestThe Illinois Secretary of State’s office administers the Rider Skill Test.Applicants for a Class L or Class M license are required to pass thisexamination.

Exception: Persons age 18 and older who hold a valid Illinois driver’slicense and have successfully completed a motorcycle training courseapproved by IDOT are not required to pass this test at a DriverServices facility. Those persons already will have passed a skills testat the end of the training course and must show an IDOT MotorcycleRider Education Course completion card dated after Jan. 1, 1993, inaddition to proper identification. IDOT Motorcycle Rider EducationCourse completion cards are valid for one year after the issue date.For information about a Motorcycle Rider Education Course in yourarea, please call one of the toll-free numbers on page 45 of thismanual.

The Rider Skill Test is designed to measure vehicle handling skills inan off-street paved area approximately 30 feet by 75 feet. Lines arepainted within this area to delineate the following six exercises. Anequipment check is conducted prior to the examination.

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Two-Wheel Rider Skill TestEngine Stalling

• Points are assessed if you stall your engine at any time during anyexercise.

• Stalling the engine four times during this test is an automatic failure.

Exercise 1 — Cone weave, normal stop

• When signaled, ride to the right of the first cone, to the left of thesecond, and so on. Weave past all five cones without touching orskipping a cone.

• Turn left and ride toward this side of the course. Make a smooth,non-skidding stop with your front tire inside the box.

• When stopped, your front tire must not touch the painted lines.Remain stopped.

Exercise 2 — Turn from a stop, U-turn

• When signaled, make a right turn between the boundary lines. Donot touch either line.

• Diagonally, cross to the opposite side of the range and make a left U-turn inside the painted box at the far end of the range.

• Do not touch the solid line (motorcycles 600cc or more) or the dashed line (motorcycles less than 600cc) or put a foot down.

• Stop with your front tire inside the box and wait for furtherinstructions.

Exercise 3 — Quick stop

• Position your motorcycle on the Start T.• When signaled, accelerate straight up this path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 and 20 mph by the time you reach the first line.

• Maintain a steady speed.• When your front tire crosses the second line, stop as fast as yousafely can. You will not lose points if you skid.

• Once stopped, do not allow your motorcycle to roll in eitherdirection.

Exercise 4 — Obstacle swerve

• Start at the same Start T.• When signaled, accelerate straight up this path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 and 18 mph by the time you reach the first line.

• Maintain a steady speed.• When your front tire passes the second line, swerve to theright/left.

• Avoid the obstacle line and stay inside the sideline. Do not toucheither line.

• Stop smoothly and wait for further instructions.

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1 2

43

Cone Weave, Normal Stop

Quick Stop Obstacle Swerve

Turn From a Stop, U-turn

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Three-Wheel/Four-Wheel Rider Skill Test

Engine Stalling

• Points are assessed if you stall your engine at any time during anyexercise.

• Stalling the engine four times during this test is an automatic failure.

Exercise 1 — Left turn, normal stop

• Accelerate straight ahead and make a sharp left turn between theoutside boundary lines and the cone marker. Do not touch lines orthe cone.

• Ride toward the end of the course. Make a smooth, non-skiddingstop with your front tire inside the box (left front tire on vehicleswith two front tires).

• When stopped, your front tire must not touch the painted lines.Remain stopped.

Exercise 2 — Cone weave, turn from a stop

• When signaled, ride to the left of the first cone, to the right of the second, and to the left of the third. Weave past all three withouttouching or skipping any of the cones.

• Turn right at the end of the course and stop at the Start T facing theother side of the course.

• When signaled, make a right turn between the boundary lines and the cone. Do not touch the outside boundary lines or the cone.

• Make a smooth, non-skidding stop with your front tire inside thebox and wait for further instructions.

Exercise 3 — Quick stop

• Position your motorcycle on the Start T.• When signaled, accelerate straight up this path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 and 20 mph by the time you reach the first line.

• Maintain a steady speed.• When your front tire/overhang crosses the second line, stop as fastas you safely can. You will not lose points if you skid.

• Once stopped, do not allow your vehicle to roll in either direction.

Exercise 4 — Obstacle swerve

• Start at the same Start T.• When signaled, accelerate straight up this path. Stabilize yourspeed between 12 and 18 mph by the time you reach the first line.

• Maintain a steady speed.• When your front tire/overhang passes the second line, swerve tothe right/left.

• Avoid the obstacle line and stay to the inside of the sideline. Do nottouch either line.

• Stop smoothly and wait for further instructions.

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1 2

43

Left Turn, Normal Stop

Quick Stop Obstacle Swerve

Cone Weave, Turn From a Stop

To receive a motorcycle license with full privileges, Illinois law requiresthe maneuvers be performed as designed.

If you test on a three-wheeled vehicle, a J-11 restriction (three-wheeledmotorcycle only) will be added until completion of a two-wheeled test.If you test on a four-wheel vehicle, a J-17 restriction (four-wheeledmotorcycle only) will be added.

You also may be tested on your ability to:• Know your motorcycle and your riding limits.• Accelerate, brake and turn safely.• See, be seen and communicate with others.• Adjust speed and position to the traffic situation. • Stop, turn and swerve quickly.• Make critical decisions and carry them out.

Examiners may score on factors related to safety such as:• Selecting safe speeds to perform maneuvers.• Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.• Completing normal and quick stops.• Completing normal and quick turns or swerves.

The test will be terminated if the driver:• Falls or drops the motorcycle at any time.• Commits an unsafe act (i.e., loses control, raises the front wheel offthe ground, uses excessively high speed, etc.).

• Obtains enough points (11 or more) to constitute a failure.• Testing time exceeds a reasonable time limit.

REQUIRED EQUIPMENTNo motorcycle or motor-driven cycle may be legally operated on astreet or highway without the following required equipment:

Brakes— Motorcycles must have brakes on both wheels, with aseparate means of application for each wheel or two separate meansof application on the rear wheel. Motor-driven cycles must have eithera hand-operated or foot-operated brake on at least one wheel,preferably the rear wheel.

Eye protection— Both driver and passenger must be protected byglasses, goggles or a transparent windshield.

Footrests— No passengers may be carried except in a sidecar orenclosed cab, unless the vehicle is equipped for passengers withfootrests adjusted to fit the passenger.

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Handlebars— Handlebars should not be higher than the height of theshoulders of the operator when seated in the normal driving positionastride that portion of the seat or saddle occupied by the operator.

Headlights— At least one white light, visible for 500 feet, must belighted whenever the motorcycle is being operated on streets orhighways. A device to modulate the high beam of the head lamp maybe used except when lighted lamps are required for all vehicles.

Horn— Must be heard for 200 feet.

License plate light— One white license plate light must be lightedwhenever the headlight is on and must make the license plate visibleat least 50 feet away.

Muffler— Must be in constant operation and properly maintained toprevent any excessive or unusual noise. Modification of an exhaustsystem for the purpose of increasing the noise level is prohibited by law.

Rearview mirror— Must reflect a view of at least 200 feet.

Seat— Drivers are prohibited from carrying passengers unless thevehicle has been designed to carry two people. Everyone riding amotorcycle must sit astride the seat, face forward, with one leg oneach side of the motorcycle.

Stoplight— One red light, actuated by the brake and visible for 500feet.

Taillight— One red light, visible for 500 feet.

Note: Although a helmet is not required equipment under Illinoislaw, a rider who wears a properly fitted helmet greatly reduces thechance of receiving a fatal head injury in an accident, regardless ofthe vehicle’s traveling speed.

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Answers to above Knowledge Test:1-b 2-c 3-c 4-b

Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages):1-c 2-d 3-d 4-a 5-b 6-c 7-d8-d 9-c 10-c 11-d 12-a 13-a 14-c

KNOWLEDGE TEST — SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. It is MOST important to flash your brake light when:a. Someone is following too closely.b. You will be slowing suddenly.c. There is a stop sign ahead.d. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies how much of the potential stopping power?a. About one-quarter.b. About one-half.c. About three-quarters.d. All the stopping power.

3. To swerve correctly:a. Shift your weight quickly.b. Turn the handlebars quickly.c. Press the handlegrip in the direction of the turn.d. Press the handlegrip in the opposite direction of the turn.

4. In the illustration at right, the car at left is waiting to enter the intersection. It is best to:a. Make eye contact with the driver.b. Reduce speed and be ready to react.c. Maintain speed and position.d. Maintain speed and move right.

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Motorcycle Rider Safety Training ProgramRegional Centers

ANorthern Illinois UniversityMotorcycle Safety ProjectDivision of Continuing EducationDeKalb, IL 60115-2854800-892-9607815-753-1683www.online.niu.edu/mcycle

BIllinois State UniversityMotorcycle Safety EducationHealth Science DepartmentNormal, IL 61790-5221800-322-7619309-438-2352www.ilstu.edu/depts/mcsafety/

CUniversity of IllinoisMotorcycle Rider ProgramDept. of Community Health#4 Gerty Dr.Mail Code 678Champaign, IL 61820800-252-3348217-333-7856www.mrc.uiuc.edu

DSouthern Illinois University-CarbondaleMotorcycle Rider ProgramCenter for Injury Control and Work Site Health PromotionCarbondale, IL 62901-6731800-642-9589618-453-2877www.siu.edu/~cycle

For course dates, times and locations, please contact your Regional Center.

Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White thanks the Motorcycle Safety Foundation for its assistance with this manual.

Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are not to correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

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• A moped is a motor-driven cycle with speeds attainable in one mile of between 20 mph and 30 mph.

• Equipped with a motor that produces 2 brake horsepower or less.• If an internal combustion engine is used, the displacement shall not exceed 50cc.

• Power drive system does not require the operator to shift gears.

All four criteria must be met, otherwise it is a motor-driven cycle anda Class L is required.

A moped may be operated with any current, valid driver’s license of anyclassification.

CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

Motorcycle: 150cc and over(two-wheel or three-wheel)

CLASS M

Motor-Driven Cycle: 1cc-149cc

CLASS L

MOPED

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MOTORCYCLETwo-wheel/single track

MOTORCYCLE W/SIDECARThree-wheel/double track

TRIKEThree-wheel/triple track

Two-Wheel and Three-Wheel MotorcyclesMany variations of vehicles are commercially available and have driventhe need for different tests. Understanding the differences among thesevehicles is important when selecting or administering a Rider Skill Test.A common term is “track” and refers to the number of separate wheelimpressions on a soft surface if the vehicle was driven in a straight linethrough it.

♻ Printed on recycled paper. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois. September 2011 — 75M — DSD X 140.10

ILLINOISMOTORCYCLEOPERATORMANUAL

For more information about motorcycle licensing or examination, con-

tact your local Secretary of State Driver Services facility,

or call:

800-252-8980

Currently, there are nearly348,000 motorcycles on Illinoisroads, and this number isincreasing every year. Becauseof their size and vulnerability ina crash, it is important to takespecial precautions when ridinga motorcycle. Learning and thenpracticing proper cycling skillscan significantly reduce the riskof an accident.

This Illinois Motorcycle Operator Manualprovides infor-mation that will help you learn how to operate yourmotorcycle safely and skillfully. Information needed forthe Illinois Secretary of State motorcycle licenseexams also is included. I hope you will use thisresource not only as a study aid, but as a tool to devel-op your motorcycling skills.

In addition to studying this manual when preparing foryour motorcycle exams, please review the IllinoisRules of the Roadbooklet as well. The booklet pro-vides an overview of important traffic safety laws.Motorcycle riders have the same rights and responsi-bilities as other motorists. By obeying traffic laws andpracticing good motorcycling skills, you will ensurenot only your safety but the safety of others whoshare the road with you.

Jesse WhiteSecretary of State