Co-funded by the European Union Semantic CMS Community Designing Interactive Knowledge- supported Ubiquitous Information Systems Results from the IKS AmI Case Copyright IKS Consortium 1 Lecturer Organization Date of presentation
May 14, 2015
Co-funded by the European Union
Semantic CMS Community
Designing Interactive Knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems
Results from theIKS AmI Case
Copyright IKS Consortium1
LecturerOrganization
Date of presentation
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Page:
Copyright IKS Consortium
Introduction of Content Management
Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies
Storing and Accessing Semantic Data
Knowledge Interaction and Presentation
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Semantic Lifting
Designing Interactive Ubiquitous IS
Requirements Engineering for Semantic CMS
Designing Semantic CMS
Semantifying your CMS
Part I: Foundations
Part II: Semantic Content Management
Part III: Methodologies
(2) (1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
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What is this Lecture about?
We have introduced ... ... software engineering methods
for semantic CMS as „traditional“ information systems.
What‘s next? Methods for the development of
ubiquitous information systems need to consider additional aspects, like characteristics of the physical environment.
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Designing Interactive Ubiquitous IS
Requirements Engineering for Semantic CMS
Designing Semantic CMS
Semantifying your CMS
Part III: Methodologies
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
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Copyright by Nike
Designing Information Systems
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"What developers think makes a good system - it works, it's technically elegant, and it's easy to use - is not necessarily what makes people want to use it
- a good fit with their natural incentives and motivation.“ (Markus & Keil, 1994)
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Designing Information Systems Design process deals with 3 components (Walls et al., 1992)
(1) Design method - describes procedure(s) for the construction of the artifact
(2) Kernel theories - from the natural or social sciences inform the design method, e.g., domain knowledge
(3) Design process hypotheses - as testable results of design process, e.g., theorems or proofs
“A good design of an information system is not only concerned with technically issues but also with managerial ones that affect organizations and their individuals.” (ibid.)
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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems
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P1 IS has to be "linked“ within the real world, e.g., specification of requirements, use cases and scenarios
P2 Design method has to integrate diverse design steps and stakeholders
P3 Option of discussions about diverse design proposals, e.g., supported by feedback loops
P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes
P5 Formalization of system design
P6 Development of functional (rapid) prototypes and their iteration
P7 Guidance through development process in all design steps
(Markus et al., 2002)
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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems
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P1 IS has to be "linked“ within the real world, e.g., specification of requirements, use cases and scenarios
P2 Design method has to integrate diverse design steps and stakeholders
P3 Option of discussions about diverse design proposals, e.g., supported by feedback loops
P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes
P5 Formalization of system design
P6 Development of functional (rapid) prototypes and their iteration
P7 Guidance through development process in all design steps
User requirements derived from kernel theories
Methodical development process
Methodical development process
Design of System
(Markus et al., 2002)
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Design Method Pattern 5 generalized phases taken from leading design science
approaches(1) Identification of problem and needs
(2) Design of solution based on scenarios, use cases or requirements
(3) Development of solution
(4) Evaluation of solution and resulting design
(5) Specification of design theory based on experiences and results during application of design method
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(Hevner et al., 2004; March & Smith, 1995; Pfeffers et al., 2006; Rossi & Sein, 2003; Kuechler & Vaishnavi, 2008)
Identification of Problem and Needs
Design of Solution based on Scenarios,
Use cases, Requirements
etc.
Development of Solution
Evaluation of Solution
Specification of Design
Theory
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Analysis of 12 Existing Design Methods
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P(1) P(2) P(3) P(4) P(5) P(6) P(7)Taylor & Swan, 2005 ● ● n/a - - - -
Ross & Keyson, 2007 ● ○ n/a ● - - ●
Le Rouge & Niederman, 2006
● ● ● - ● - ○
Crabtree & Rodden, 2004
● ● n/a - - - -
Schmidt et al., 2007 ● ● ○ - ● ● ○Peronne et al., 2005 ● ● ○ - ● ● ○Strömberg et al., 2004 ● ● n/a - - - -Mackay, 2004 ● ○ n/a - - - -Maiden et al., 2004 ● ● ● - - - -Buur et al., 2004 ● ● ● - - - -Chung et al., 2004 - - ● ● - - ○Aaen, 2008 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a ○
(● =Complete; ○ =Partly; - =No match; n/a =Not applicable)
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Design Method for Interactive Knowledge-supported Ubiquitous Information Systems
Requirements:(1) Focus on social interactions between agents supported by
technical services
(2) Consideration of physical objects
(3) Environments of Ubiquitous Information System (UIS) cannot be fully specified, i.e. UIS designs should be flexible enough to cope with a range of unpredictable events and entities.
(4) Flexibility is supported by strongly modularized computing environments (Yoo 2010)
Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)
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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)
Methodological approach of SiDIS is based on three Conceptual Model (CM) types
Abstract from technical issues and focus on aspects of situations in which users and user groups perform activities supported by information and communication services (Wand et al., 1995)
Shared understandings and vocabularies between different stakeholders during design process (Wand et al., 1995; March & Smith, 1995)
Described by various notations conceptual modeling language (CML) , e.g., Entity-Relationship (Chen,1976) models; Unified Modeling Language (UML) etc.
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Towards Explicit Domain Knowledge
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Implicit domain knowledge
Explicit domain knowledge expressed by
a non-formal language
Explicit domain knowledge expressed by a formal
language
Individual Conceptual Modeling Conceptual Modeling
System Design, Implementation, Execution
Translation 1 Translation 2
Languages: vocabularies, thesaurus, class diagrams, OWL Light, UML in particular diagrammatic languages
Languages: natural language, ‘language of thought’ In particular natural languages
Languages: OWL-DL, OWL2, OWL-Full, PL1, higher-order PL, non-logical mathematical languages in particular symbolic languages
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Problems with UML (Simons & Graham, 1999)
e.g., Use case diagrams Supposed to be independent of any formal design conceptual
structures by use cases mislead developers about design structures Logical faults are introduced; prevent use case model from scaling up
to large systems Non-logical relationships development of illogical use case models
that have to be completely deconstructed later during design e.g., Class diagrams
Strength and weakness of UML's class diagram = ability to capture wide variety of semantic relationships anticipated, but not interpreted associations between entities in the analysis domain
Richness of representation confuses developer “They are wrestling simultaneously with analysis and design perspectives, with data modelling and client-server functional dependency perspectives, all in the same diagram.”
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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS) – 3 CM Types
(1) Narrative conceptual models of situations
(2) Diagrammatic conceptual models (Pre-Artifacts)
(3) Propositional conceptual models
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It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.
① ② ③
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Principles towards the Design of Information Systems SiDIS
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Principle Fulfillment of principle by SiDIS
P1 IS has to be "linked“ within the real world, e.g., specification of requirements, use cases and scenarios
Resulting UIS is linked to real world through creativity workshops and work with real world situations
P2 Design method has to integrate diverse design steps and stakeholders
Integration of diverse design steps and stakeholders, e.g., domain experts, users etc.
P3 Option of discussions about diverse design proposals, e.g., supported by feedback loops
Feedback loops
P4 Evaluation of concepts and prototypes Diverse evaluation steps during design process
P5 Formalization of system design Representation of system design in formalized way
P6 Development of functional (rapid) prototypes and their iteration
Development of rapid prototypes, i.e. mock-ups
P7 Guidance through development process in all design steps
Guidance during all design steps according to design method pattern
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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)
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Ap
plie
d in
IKS
Identification of Problem and
Needs
Design of Solution based on Scenarios,
Use cases, Requirements
etc.
Development of Solution
Evaluation of Solution and
Specification of Design Theory
It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.
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SiDIS Task 1: Identification of Problems and Needs
What is the problem that shall be solved? What is the motivation to design a solution?
Identification of (business or private) problems and needs Workshops with domain experts to identify problem that has to be
solved by the intended solution
Outcome: Description of (business or private) problems and/or needs
Involved stakeholders: Domain experts and computer scientists
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Application of SiDIS Task 1 in IKS Workshops with Duravit (manufacturer of high-end
bathroom furniture) Direct user interaction with contents in the bathroom
Merging physical world of furniture with digital world of contents
No “small windowsto the digital world“ Holistic product design
USP compared tocompetitors
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Copyright by Duravit
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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)
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Ap
plie
d in
IKS
Identification of Problem and
Needs
Design of Solution based on Scenarios,
Use cases, Requirements
etc.
Development of Solution
Evaluation of Solution and
Specification of Design Theory
It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.
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SiDIS Task 2: Derivation of situations (narrative CMs)
Imagine, the intended solution would be already available: How would it be used in everyday life?
Specification of usage situations in the domain of interest according to problems and needs defined together with domain experts
Situations are textual descriptions of different entities -objects, roles, information, environments, services etc. – performing particular activities and interacting with each other
Outcome: Specification of usage situations in form of narratives Involved stakeholders: Domain experts and computer scientists
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What is a Situation?
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“(1) Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation. (2) Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case. (3) Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene. […] (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary)
„(1) The way in which something is positioned vis-à-vis its surroundings. (2) The place in which something is situated; a location. (3) Position or status with regard to conditions and circumstances. (4) The combination of circumstances at a given moment; a state of affairs. […]“ (Wiktionary)
(Century Dictionary Online)
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What are Narratives?
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“[…] To-day we shall not meet. Yesterday, when we said good-bye, the clouds began gathering over the sky and a mist rose. I said that to-morrow it would be a bad day; she made no answer, she did not want to speak against her wishes; for her that day was bright and clear, not one cloud should obscure her happiness.[…]” (White Nights, Fjodor Dostojewski)
“I have just returned from a visit to my landlord — the solitary neighbour that I shall be troubled with. […]” (Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë)
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Application of SiDIS Task 2 in IKS
Creativity workshop with Duravit Part A: Generation of ideas via Brainwriting Pool method
Development of situations together step by step Selection of situations via Spot method 12 resulting situations
Part B: Application of situations in real bathroom environment Specification of thematical scopes, e.g., emotion,
personalization; information types and forms, physical devices
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Application of SiDIS Task 2 in IKS
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Retrieval of site-specific weather information as well as free-time event suggestions according to weather forecast. Synchronization with calendar.
green: IT; red: information; yellow: realization of information
Example situation:
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Application of SiDIS Task 2 in IKS
Derivation of narrative CMs based on situations
How to write a narrative within SiDIS?- Focus on entities of situation (actors, roles, information,
environments) and interactions between them- Instance level not type level- No technical or implementatory aspects- Understandable for everyone- Short and sweet
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Narrative 1Anna gets site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom. Based on weather information and her calendar, free-time event suggestions are given, e.g. "Today, 8 p.m. - Miss Marple Night at CinemaOne. Do you want to order tickets?”
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Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)
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Ap
plie
d in
IKS
Identification of Problem and
Needs
Design of Solution based on Scenarios,
Use cases, Requirements
etc.
Development of Solution
Evaluation of Solution and
Specification of Design Theory
It’s Thursday morning. Anna get site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.
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SiDIS Task 3: Derivation of diagrammatic CMs
How to represent narratives in a structured, diagrammatic form?
Translation of narrative CMs into semi-formal, diagrammatic CMs
Highlighting essential elements of each narrative
Outcome: Representation of narrative CMs in form of semi-formal diagrammatic CMs
Involved stakeholders: Knowledge engineers and computer scientists
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Generic Model of Conceptual Modeling
Useful conceptual modeling approaches “should enable both mappings without
loss of information” [Wand et al. 1995].
The distinction between CMs and design models for information systems gets
blurred if CMs can be executed [Wand et al. 1995] based on formal ontologies
[Evermann 2009].
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Consistency, syntactic, and
semantic interoperability are
major obstacles for working with
different CMLs [Booch &
Rambaugh 1999], e.g., Rational
Unified Process (RUP) provides
159 key resulting artifacts that
are created and used during the
software development process
[Kruchten 2003].
Conceptual Modeling
CMα(Dα, Lα, Oα)
CMγ(DΥ, LΥ, OΥ)
IS Ontology O
Modeling Method M
Conceptual Modeling
Language L
CM(D, L, O)
Domain Ontology D
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SiDIS Task 3: Diagrammatic CMs Pre-Artifacts
Information System composition of Information Sphere, Social System, Service System (Lamb & Kling, 2003; Lechner & Schmid, 2001; Orlikowski & Barley, 2001)
UIS additional fourth level: Physical Object System (Abstract Information System Model (AISM), Maass & Janzen, 2011)
Pre-Artifacts conceive usage situations by highlighting requirements on social structures, information objects, physical objects and services of the UIS
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SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifacts
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SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifact Patterns
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Role
P1: Role Interaction
P4: Service Interaction
P2: Service takes Role
Roler-interacts
Information Object
usedIn
s-interacts
Information Object
usedIn
Internal Service Internal ServiceInterface Service
Interface Service
takesRole
Interface Service
P3: Service uses Information Object
Internal ServiceInterface Service
Information Object
receivedBy
P5: Role uses Information Object
Information Object
receivedByInformation
Object
creates
Role
Role
or
or or
Interface Service
supportsAction
Internal ServiceInterface Service
uses
or
Internal ServiceInterface Service
uses
or
supportsAction
supportsAction
Information Object
creates
Role
takesRole
Interface Service
Role
supportsAction
P6: Role uses Service
P7: Role creates Information Object
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SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Pattern RoleInteraction
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Role
P1: Role Interaction
Roler-interacts
Information Object
usedIn
Interface Service
supportsAction
Boss
P1: Role Interaction
Dogbertr-interacts
Question
usedIn
Hotline Service
supportsAction
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts in 5 Steps
Step 1: Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere Step 2: Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to IO Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services Step 5: Definition of user initiative
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Application of SiDIS Task 3 in IKS
Empirical study (n=46) to validate 12 narratives 7 relevant narrative CMs
Derivation of 17 Pre-Artifacts that represent narratives in a diagrammatic form In case of high complexity of narrative multiple Pre-Artifacts
are generated to avoid overloading of diagrammatic structure
Library of diagrammatic conceptual models
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Application of SiDIS Task 3 in IKS: Exemplary Translation of Narrative CM into Pre-Artifact
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It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom. Based on weather information and my calendar, free-time event suggestions are given, e.g. "Today, 8 p.m. - Miss Marple Night at CinemaOne. Do you want to order tickets?”
Copyright by Duravit
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 1
Step 1: Definition of Information Objects in Infosphere
All information objects that occur in a narrative are defined as Information Objects (IO) in the Infosphere.
Why? Information Objects are subjects of any later interaction!
Description of goal, i.e. intention of user in situation
Note always take the perspective of the user when modeling!
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 2
Step 2: Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to Information Objects.
interactions between users or user and system related to newly generated information objects have to be defined
interactions take place between Roles in the Social System exclusively
Interactions between user and system are always supported by a service of the Service System (defined later in Step 3)
Application of Role Interaction pattern
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Application of SiDIS Task 3 in IKS: Exemplary Translation of Narrative CM into Pre-Artifact
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Slide 39Mai 2011
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass
Role
Internal Service
Information Object
Interface ServiceS
erv
ice
Sy
ste
mS
oc
ial
Sy
ste
mIn
fos
ph
ere
It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.
Goals
a) Getting weather information for user‘s location[User]
Notation
Global Weather
Information
Site-specific Weather
Information
User
Location
Personalized Weather Assistant
r-interacts
usedIn
Action
Personalized Weather Service
supports Action
Step 1 & 2: Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere; Definition of user-system or user-user interactions related to IO
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 3
Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services
interface service has to be defined that takes a role for creating the new information object that will be used in the interaction
service has to take a role in the interaction
Option (1) service is linked to a role that was already defined in step 2 or option (2) it adds a new role
Application of RoleCreatesInformationObject and ServiceTakesRole pattern
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Application of SiDIS Task 3 in IKS: Exemplary Translation of Narrative CM into Pre-Artifact
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Slide 41Mai 2011
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass
Role
Internal Service
Information Object
Interface ServiceS
erv
ice
Sy
ste
mS
oc
ial
Sy
ste
mIn
fos
ph
ere
Goals
a) Getting weather information for user‘s location[User]
Notation
Global Weather
Information
Site-specific Weather
Information
User
Location
Personalized Weather Assistant
r-interacts
usedIn
Action
Personalized Weather Service
supports Action
takes Role
creates
supports Action
Step 3: Definition of Roles taken by Services
It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 4
Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services
To create new information objects, generic information sources are needed interface service that supports the creation of a new IO needs access to these sources
Internal Services for all remaining information objects in the Infosphere have to be specified
Interaction between services regarding information objects is realized by applying the Service Interaction and ServiceUsesInformationObject pattern
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Slide 43Mai 2011
© Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass
Role
Internal Service
Information Object
Interface ServiceS
erv
ice
Sy
ste
mS
oc
ial
Sy
ste
mIn
fos
ph
ere
It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.
Goals
a) Getting weather information for user‘s location[User]
Notation
Global Weather
Information
Site-specific Weather
Information
User
Location
Personalized Weather Assistant
r-interacts
usedIn
Action
Personalized Weather Service
supports Action
takes Role
creates
supports Action
Weather Service s-interacts
usedIn
User Context Services-interacts
usedIn
Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services
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SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts Step 5
Step 5: Definition of user initiative
If a user role initiates an interaction with the system situation is modeled by using the Role uses Service or Role uses Information Object pattern
role uses a service to create or receive an information object, for instance, the user wants to leave a message for another user
action is indirectly supported by a service
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Literature on SiDIS
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Maass, W. & Janzen, S.: Pattern-Based Approach for Designing with
Diagrammatic and Propositional Conceptual Models, 6th
International Conference on Design Science Research in
Information Systems and Technology, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, USA, 2011.
Janzen, S., Kowatsch, T. & Maass, W.: A Methodology for Content-
Centered Design of Ambient Environments, DESRIST 2010: Global
Perspectives on Design Science Research, St. Gallen, Switzerland,
2010.
Maass, W. & Varshney, W.: A Framework for Smart Healthcare
Situations and Smart Drugs. SIG-Health Pre-AMCIS Workshop at
the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS
2009). San Francisco, USA.
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Further Publications
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Walls, J.G., Widmeyer, G.R., Sawy, O.E.: Building an information system design theory for vigilant eis. Information Systems
Research 3(1) (1992) 36-59
Markus, M.L., Keil, M.: If we build it, they will come: Designing information systems that people want to use. Sloan Management
Review 35 (1994) 11-25
Markus, L.M., Majchrzak, A., Gasser, L.: A design theory for systems that support emergent knowledge processes. MIS Quarterly
26(3) (2002) 179-212
Pries-Heje, J., Baskerville, R.: The design theory nexus. MIS Quarterly 32(4) (January 2008) 731-755
Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J., Ram, S.: Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly 28(1) (2004) 75-105
March, S.T., Smith, G.F.: Design and natural science research on information technology. Decis. Support Syst. 15(4) (1995) 251-
266
Pfeffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Gengler, C.E., Rossi, M., Hui, W., Virtanen, V.e.a.: The design science research process: A model for
producing and presenting information systems research. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design Science
Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2006), Claremont, CA, USA (2006) 83106
Rossi, M., Sein, M.K.: Design research workshop: A proactive research approach. (2003)
Kuechler, W.L.J., Vaishnavi, V.K.: An expert system for dynamic re-coordination of distributed workows. Expert Syst. Appl. 34(1)
(2008) 551-563
Ross, P., Keyson, D.V.: The case of sculpting atmospheres: towards design principles for expressive tangible interaction in control
of ambient systems. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 11(2) (2007) 69-79
Le Rouge, C.M., Niederman, F.: Information systems and health care xi: Public health knowledge management architecture
design: A case study. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 18 (2006)
Schmidt, A., Terrenghi, L., Holleis, P.: Methods and guidelines for the design and development of domestic ubiquitous computing
applications. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 3(6) (2007) 721-738
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Further Publications (cont.)
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Perrone, V., Bolchini, D., Paolini, P.: A stakeholders centered approach for conceptual modeling of communication-intensive
applications. In: SIGDOC '05: Proceedings of the 23rd annual international conference on Design of communication, New York, NY,
USA, ACM (2005) 25-33
Strömberg, H., Pirttila, V., Ikonen, V.: Interactive scenarios|building ubiquitous computing concepts in the spirit of participatory design.
Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 8(3-4) (2004) 200-207
Mackay, W.E.: The interactive thread: exploring methods for multi-disciplinary design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on
Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 103-112
Maiden, N., Manning, S., Robertson, S., Greenwood, J.: Integrating creativity workshops into structured requirements processes. In:
DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 113-122
Buur, J., Jensen, M.V., Djajadiningrat, T.: Hands-only scenarios and video action walls: novel methods for tangible user interaction
design. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM (2004) 185-192
Chung, E.S., Hong, J.I., Lin, J., Prabaker, M.K., Landay, J.A., Liu, A.L.: Development and evaluation of emerging design patterns for
ubiquitous computing. In: DIS '04: Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems, New York, NY, USA, ACM
(2004) 233-242
Aaen, I.: Essence: Facilitating agile innovation. In: XP. (2008) 1-10
Alexander, C.: The timeless way of building. Oxford University Press, New York (1979)
Clark, P., Thompson, J., Porter, B.: Knowledge patterns. In: In Proc. of KR-2000, Morgan Kaufmann (2000) 591-600
Gangemi, A.: Ontology design patterns for semantic web content. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Semantic Web
Conference, Springer (2005) 262-276
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