IJITCE April 2012

UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: +44-773-043-0249

USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA. Phone: 001-706-206-0812 Fax:001-706-542-2626

India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Dr. Arthanariee. A. M Finance Tracking Center India 17/14 Ganapathy Nagar 2nd Street Ekkattuthangal Chennai -600032 Mobile: 91-7598208700

www.ijitce.co.uk

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY & CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.2 NO.4 APR 2012

IJITCE PUBLICATION

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE

TECHNOLOGY & CREATIVE ENGINEERING

Vol.2 No.4

April 2012

www.ijitce.co.uk


From Editor's Desk

Dear Researcher, Greetings! Research article in this issue discusses about A Novel Approach of Image Enhancement. Let us review research around the world this month; The dream of a car that can drive itself has grown over the last decade as the necessary technologies have gradually proved their worth, but the idea has faced major legal hurdles. Not for much longer. Politicians are now scrambling to make self-driving cars a reality. From Hawaii to Florida, and Oxford to Berlin, the race is on to get driverless cars onto our streets. But concerns about the safety of autonomous cars are misplaced in a world where 1.2 million people die every year in road accidents due to human error, says Paul Newman, a robotics engineer at the University of Oxford The team also investigated matching a human face to an avatar generated from that face - previous studies show that avatars often resemble their owners. Combining their colour-based technique with existing facial recognition software produced the best results, suggesting it might be possible to track someone between the physical and virtual worlds. They will present the work at the Defense, Security, and Sensing conference in Baltimore, Marylan A UK based team has combined two methods into a new technique to investigate cell-substrate interactions in biomedical research. The new technique, correlative light-ion microscopy (CLIM), combines both ion and fluorescence microscopy to obtain topographical and biochemical information for the same area of a sample. On land, scientists can continually monitor almost anything, from ecosystems and volcanoes to characteristics of the atmosphere. Under the sea, things are much more limited. John Delaney, an oceanographer at the University of Washington in Seattle, is determined to change this.He is wiring up the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate off the coast of the north-western US to create a constant virtual presence in the Pacific Ocean. "It's no understatement to say that this will revolutionise the way we understand the planet," It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward to many more new technology-related research articles from you and your friends. We are anxiously awaiting the rich and thorough research papers that have been prepared by our authors for the next issue. Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE


Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia. Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at Shangai Jiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin, Germany Dr. Marco L. Bianchini Ph.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy Dr. Nijad Kabbara Ph.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh, Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University, No. 303, University Road, Puli Town, Nantou County 54561, Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Mr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP Project Manager - Software, Applied Materials, 1a park lane, cranford, UK Dr. Bulent Acma Ph.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics, Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP), 26470 Eskisehir, TURKEY Dr. Selvanathan Arumugam Ph.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602, USA.

Review Board Members

Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. Mutamed Turki Nayef Khatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tul Karm, PALESTINE.


Dr.P.Uma Maheswari Prof & Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore. Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor & Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India. Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK), Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India.

Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar) ,01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. Benal Yurtlu Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar), 01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Javad Robati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran Vinesh Sukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India Dr. doc. Ing. Rostislav Choteborský, Ph.D. Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie Technická fakulta,Ceská zemedelská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168 DR.Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg.,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra. (India). Dr. Ing. Rostislav Chot•borský,ph.d, Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie, Technická fakulta,•eská zem•d•lská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21


Dr. Amala VijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE Naik Nitin Ashokrao B.sc,M.Sc Lecturer in Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya Nanded University Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MEN GG Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed . Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-Banglore Westernly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41 Dr. David Batten Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag 1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA Dr R C Panda (MTech & PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India Miss Jing He PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329 Jeremiah Neubert Assistant Professor,Mechanical Engineering,University of North Dakota Hui Shen Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ. Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY Seraphin Chally Abou Professor,Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 Ordean Court,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America Y. Benal Yurtlu Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar) 01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil


Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road - Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India. Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India. Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India. Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203, India. Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.) Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS)., SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom. Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D., Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India. Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India Prema Selvaraj Bsc,M.C.A,M.Phil Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., P GDBF., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India. Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),Universiti Sains Malaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, Prannath Parnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India


Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. Seraphin Chally Abou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India. MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol "Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran. Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting, GE India,John F Welch Technology Center,Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India. Dr. Manjeet Bansal Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering,Punjab Technical University,Giani Zail Singh Campus,Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA Dr. Oliver Juki• Vice Dean for education,Virovitica College,Matije Gupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D. Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education,The University of Mississippi,Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139 Guyton University, MS 38677


Contents A Novel Approach of Image Enhancement ………[1]


1

A Novel Approach of Image Enhancement Rajiv Kumar#1, Arthanariee A. M*2, Sivakumar M!3

1Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India #[email protected]

2Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Erode (Tamil Nadu), India *[email protected]

3Anna University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India [email protected]

Abstract—Image enhancement is used to improve the certain features of an image. In this paper, a nove l filter of image enhancement has been proposed. The proposed filter is implemented for masking

operation. Authors have convoluted , and

masks with various poorly contrast images which convert them into good quality images. The performance of proposed filter is analyzed and compared with other existing filters, namely, avera ge filter, Gaussian filter and unsharp filter. The aut hors evaluated the performance of these filters on the b asis of four parameters – eme (quality measure of image enhancement), mse (mean square error), rmse (root mean square error) and psnr (peak-to- signal noise ratio). The Matlab 7.4 is used for implementation o f proposed filter. The experimental results have carr ied on more than 1000 images which prove that the proposed filter enhances poor quality images very effectively. Keywords: Image Enhancement, Average Filter, Gaussian, Unsharp Filter

I. Introduction

Image enhancement [1, 2, 7, 8, 13] is the processing of image to enhance the certain features of an image. Image enhancement is used in the following cases: (1) removal of noise from image, (2) enhancement of the dark image and (3) highlight the edges of the objects present in an image. The result is more suitable than the original image for certain specific applications. Processing techniques are very much problem oriented. For example, best techniques for enhancement of X-ray image may not be best for enhancement for microscopic images [3, 9, 10, 12]. In this paper, a novel filter of image enhancement has been proposed. The proposed filter is used to remove the noisy pixels and transform them into good one. The proposed filter is based on calculating the distance between image pixels and their neighbors. It is used to enhance abnormal pixels values to remove noise and enhance the appearance of an image. The distance between the

image pixel and its neighbors will be calculated to minimize the effectiveness of noisy pixels. The distance values represent the relation between good pixels and noisy pixels, which satisfy the assumption, that “far noisy pixels have less effect on surrounded good ones [11, 12, 15]”. In section II, authors have proposed a novel filter which removes the noisy pixels and transforms them into good pixels. In section III, the performance of proposed filter has been evaluated and compared with average filter, Gaussian filter and unsharp filter on the basis of four parameters – eme, mse, rmse and psnr. The graphs and various images that are obtained from these filters have been also displayed. Finally, paper concludes in section IV.

II. proposed filter In proposed filter, pixels are scanned from center to boundary to calculate the distance between them by using Newton-Raphson method. The Newton-Raphson method is a powerful technique for solving equations numerically. It is based on the equation (1) as given below:

Where

= Central pixel

= Neighboring pixel of

Equation (2) is chosen experimentally and this is the fitness criterion. This formula is applied on 1000 images and results are found very satisfactory. The central pixel is assumed to be 1. Then use 4-connectivity neighboring pixels and apply the Newton Raphson method using above fitness criterion. The distance is calculated between centralized pixel and its neighbors. Then, apply the same process until all the pixels are scanned. Do not scan those pixels which are already scanned. The table 1 has shown for 3×3 proposed filter.


2

TABLE 1. FILTER OF DIMENSIONS 3 × 3

1.67 2 1.67

2 1 2

1.67 2 1.67

TABLE 2. FILTER OF DIMENSIONS 5 × 5 1.62 1.62 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 2 1.67 1.62 1.62 2 1 2 1.67 1.62 1.67 2 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 1.62 1.62

TABLE 3. PROPOSED FILTER OF DIMENSIONS 7 × 7

1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62

1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 2 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 2 1 2 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 2 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.67 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62

Algorithm

Step 1: Choose any n × n matrix. Step 2: Check whether the matrix is odd or even. If even, then exit otherwise proceed to Step3. Step 3: Initialize the central pixel of the matrix equal to 1 i.e

Step 4: Scan from the Central pixel to all neighboring pixels by using 4-connectivity. Step 5: Apply Newton-Raphson Method to find out the value of neighboring pixels using the formula:

Step 6: Repeat step 4 and 5 until all pixels are scanned (NOTE: Do not scan those pixels that are already scanned.

Step 7: Exit Convolution of 3 × 3 proposed filter with image

The above 3 × 3 proposed filter is convoluted with given image with the formula as given in equation (5).

(5)

Where N is the total number of cells in the filter, R is the response of filter at that particular point and Wi,j is the mask. In table 4, authors consider the image of dimension 8 ×8. We can take image is of any size. In this paper, all images are of size 256 × 256.

TABLE 4 : ORIGINAL IMAGE OF DIMENSION 8 × 8

23 35 45 89 125 128 37 0 67 98 125 245 23 0 56 123 45 87 67 126 129 34 25 67 49 67 98 56 126 212 0 27 123 178 56 67 37 98 127 1 12 45 126 127 56 57 127 128 25 27 29 126 126 128 98 56 126 126 98 76 56 123 56 65

This 3 × 3 proposed filter is convoluted with above image. The resultant image of same dimension after convolution is shown in table 5


3

Table 5: RESULTANT IMAGE AFTER CONVOLUTION

43.3704 76.3333 123.8519 129.5185 112.5926 64.8519 67.7778 45.9259

61.9259 104.1111 163.5185 161.4444 179.1481 112.0741 89.7407 52.4815

66.7778 106.7778 188.0741 193.3333 171.7778 109.4074 104.7037 56.7037

99.2963 138.8889 136.0370 148.6296 167.8519 132.3333 123.9259 46.2593

76.6296 131.0000 151.0741 120.4074 164.9259 161.3333 142.8519 86.2963

75.9630 116.9259 140.7037 132.4815 146.8148 168.9630 157.6296 96.7778

57.1111 105.9259 150.0370 149.4444 152.1481 144.4074 161.5185 104.7778

49.3333 65.7778 76.5556 85.1481 114.5926 102.2593 103.8519 50.2593

By comparing table 4 and table 5, authors concluded that the intensity value of poor pixels in original image has been converted into good one in the resultant image.

III. performance evaluation and

comparsion of proposed filter with average , Gaussian and Unsharp filter

The performance of the proposed filter has been evaluated and compared with average, Gaussian and unsharp filter. The four parameters, namely,

eme (quality measure of image enhancement), mse (mean square error), rmse (root mean square error) and psnr (peak-to-signal noise ratio) have been chosen to measure the performance of these filters. These algorithms can be applied on n × n dimensions (n is odd). In this paper, 3 × 3, 5 × 5 and 7 × 7 dimensions have been taken and they convolute with various poor quality images. The results are implemented using MATLAB 7.4 using Image Processing Toolbox (IPT) [4, 5, 13]. The following results based on above parameters [14] have been shown in tables given below:


Proposed Filter Average Filter Gaussian Filter Unsharp Filter

eme 10.5830 10.1776 12.4495 11.7259 mse 2.3381 34.8754 10.9640 250.0045 rmse 1.5291 5.9055 3.3112 15.8115 psnr 44.4422 32.7056 37.7311 24.1513


Proposed Filter Average Filter Gaussian Filter Unsharp Filter

eme 8.6970 8.0220 12.4395 8.5870 mse 8.9660 48.5326 11.0212 250.7480 rmse 2.9943 6.9665 3.3198 15.8350 psnr 38.6048 31.2705 37.7085 24.1384


Proposed Filter Average Filter Gaussian Filter Unsharp Filter eme 7.9809 6.6004 12.4395 8.0803 mse 39.1786 55.8348 11.0212 251.1722 rmse 6.2593 7.4723 3.3198 15.8484 psnr 32.2003 30.6618 37.7085 24.1311


4

The graphs of proposed filter along with average, Gaussian and unsharp filter on various parameters have shown for 3 × 3, 5 × 5 and 7 × 7 dimensions [4, 13].

Figure 1. Comparison of filters using various parameters of 3 ×

3 dimensions


5 dimensions


7 dimensions

The image results of proposed, average, Gaussian and unsharp filter have been shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. Image results of (a) Original image (b) proposed, (c) average, (d) Gaussian and

(e) unsharp filters using 3 × 3, 5 × 5 and 7 × 7 dimensions


5

IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, a novel approach of image enhancement has been proposed. The proposed filter is compared with average, Gaussian and unsharp filter on the basis of four parameters- eme (quality measure of image enhancement), mse (mean square error), rmse (root mean square error) and psnr (peak-to-signal noise ratio). The performance of proposed filter has been evaluated on more than 1000 images using MATLAB 7.4 and the results are found very satisfactory. From table 4, it is clear that the quality of proposed filter is higher than average filter but low as compared with Gaussian and unsharp filter. As it is clear from table 5, the error rate of proposed filter is much less than other filters. When the dimension of the filter is increased then the error between the original image and enhanced image of proposed filter is also increased but still it is much less than other filters. Similar is the case with rmse value in table 6. Table 7 shows that psnr values of proposed filter is slightly higher than other filters. In case of increased filter dimensions, psnr value of proposed filter has been decreased but still it is good as compared with other filters. In short, it has been concluded that propagation error between the original image and enhanced image using proposed filter is less than other filters. The quality of proposed filter is much better than average filter but less as compared to Gaussian and unsharp filter.

REFERENCES [1] A. K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.

[2] AniatiMurni [2000], Image Processing, class handouts, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. [3] Ashish Mehta,” A Literature Survey On image enhancement”, MHTASH002, Research Methods, Date: 07 August 2006. [4] D-I-Y Matlab Tutorials http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/~johnsee/matlab [5] E.S. Gopi, Digital Image Processing using Matlab, Senior Lecturer, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri. Venkateswara College of Engineering Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, Tamilnadu, SciTech Publication (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2007. [6] “Image Quality Evaluation Based On Image Weighted Separating Block Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio”, IEEE Int.Conf. Neural Networks & Signal Processing, Nanjing, China, December 14-17, 2003. [7] J.C. Russ, The Image Processing Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 1992. [8] K. R. Castleman (1979),Digital Image Processing. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ [9]Mr. Salem Saleh Al-amri1, Dr.N.V. Kalyankar2,Dr.S.D.Khamitkar,” Linear and Non-linear Contrast Enhancement Image”, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.10 No.2, February 2010. [10] Muhammad Shahzad, Shiraz Latif,” Efficient Image Enhancement Techniques”, Journal of Information & Communication Technology Vol. 3, No. 1, (Spring 2009) 50-55. [11] RaghadJawadAHMED,”Image enhancement and noise removal by using new spatial filters”, U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 73, Iss. 1, 2011 ISSN 1454-234x. [12] Raman Maini and HimanshuAggarwal, “ A comprehensive review of Image Enhancement techniques, journal of computing”, volume 2, issue 3, march 2010, issn 2151-9617 [13] R. C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Digital Image processing, Addision-Wesely, 2003 R. Gonzalez, R. Woods and S. Eddins “Digital Image Processing Using Matlab”, 2004, Prentice Hall. [14] S. S. Agaian, K Panetta, and A. M. Grigorian, “A new measure of image enhancement,” presented at the IASTED Int. Conf. Signal Processing Communication, Marbella, Spain, Sep. 19-22, 2000. [15] T.S. Huang, G.J. Yang, And G.Y. Tang, "A Fast Two Dimensional Median Filtering Algorithm", IEEE Trans. On Accustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-27, No.1, Feb 1997.


6

IJITCE April 2012

Documents

new technique

university of oxford

biomedical research

uk based team

colourbased technique

university of washington

human face

driverless cars