IITMandi-Emrg

8/13/2019 IITMandi-Emrg

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Emerging Trends and

Challenges Electric PowerSystems

By

Dr. S.N. Singh, Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology

Kanpur-!"!#$, INDI%.


2/53

Evolution of Power Systems

Late 1870s Commercial use of electricity

1882 irst Electric !ower system " #en$% ca&le% fuse%

load' &y Thomas Edison at Pearl Street Station in()$

- *C system% +, customers% 1$+ -m in radius

- 110 . load% underground ca&le% incandescentLam!s

188/

188

188,

otors were develo!ed &y ran- S!rague

Limitation of *C &ecome a!!arent

3igh losses and voltage dro!$

Transformation of voltage re4uired$

Transformers and 5C distri&ution "1+0 lam!s'develo!ed &y 6illiam Stanley of 6estinghouse

irst ac transmission system in S5 &etween6illamette alls and Portland% regon$

1 !hase% /000 .% over 21 -m


3/53

Evolution of Power Systems "Contd$'

#""" N. Tesla de&eloped poly-phase systems andhad patents of gen., motors, transformers, trans.'ines.

(estinghouse )ought it.

#"*!s +ontro&ersy on hether industry shouldstandardie %+ or D+. Edison ad&ocated D+and (estinghouse %+.

- oltage increase, simpler / cheaper gen. and

motors

#"*0 1irst 0-phase line, 0!! , # 2m in +alifornia.

ac as chosen at Niagara 1alls 3 0! 2m4


4/53

#*

#*0

#*05#*50

#*$5

#*$$

#*$*#**!s

Early .oltage "3ighest'

#$5 2

! 2

"6 200! 2

5!! 2

605 2

6$5 2##!! 2

Standards are ##5, #0", #$#, 0! 2 7 8

095, 9!!, 5!! 2 - E8

6$5, ##!! 2 - :8

Earlier re4uencies were

5, 5!, $!, #5 and #00 8; :S% - $! 8 and

some countries - 5! 8


5/53

#*5!s#*59

3.*C Transmission System

eacti&e Poer 'oss. Sta)ility

0. +urrent +arrying +apacity

9. 1erranti Effect

5. No smooth control of poer flo


6/53

Indian Power System - Present

9$C:7+00

P* :+00

*eficit ,000

9$C:/+80

P* 2000

*eficit:800

9$C187+0

P* 10/00

Sur!lus +000"incl Talcher'

9$C2+70

P* 1/70

*eficit :00

9$C:+00

P* :1+00

*eficit +000

%ll figs. in


7/53

Indian Power System - Present

? Transmission =rid +omprises@

76$52A9!!2 'ines - 66,5!! c2t. 2m

7!A#02 'ines - ##9,$!! c2t. 2m

78D+ )ipoles - 0 nos.78D+ )ac2-to-)ac2 - 6 nos.

71S+ 7 #" nos.; T+S+ 7 $ nos.

? NE>, E>, N> / (> operating as single grid of

*!,!!!


8/53

Inter-regional links – At present

9nterregional ca!acity ;

1/%006


9/53

Scenario by 2012? Pea- *emand ; 1+7%000

6 (1.5 times of 2007)? 9nstalled Ca!acity ;

212%000 6 (1.5 times of

2007)

? 3ydro !otential in (E>and u!!er !art of (>

? Coal reserves mainly in

E>

? or o!timal utilisation of

resources < strong(ational #rid


10/53

Sala-at

i?ir!ara

*ehri

Sasara

m

Sahupuri

5llaha&ad North-

eastern

Eastern

Northern

?udhi!ada

rRourkela

Korba

Raipur

Auraiya

alan!ur

(estern

Southern

Balimela

Upper

Sileru

@ey!or

e

#aAuwa-

a

Singrauli

Vindhyachal

Talcher

Bolar

Kota

ain

Gorakhpur uAaffar!ur

Balia Patna ?iharshariffBalia

SipatRanchi

Agra

Gwalior

?arhBalia #aya Balia

Sasaram

>anchiWR Pooling

erda

Kankroli

!atehpur

5gra

(E> Pooling"###$W

%### $W

&'(%#$W

"'%# $W

"(%# $W')## $W

)'%# $W

6ith Brishna!attanam PP

?ongaigaonald

a ?ongaigaonSiliguri

*handrapur

>amagunda

m

Kolhapur

+ag,hari

Ponda

Belgaum

9nter >egional Lin-s &y 2012 < /0%000 6 Ca!acity


11/53

Pushing Technological 1rontiers

9!! 2.

#*66 #**! !!! !## !#A#0

6$52. %+

B"!! 2. 8.D+ #!!2. :8.%+

B5!! 2. 8.D+


12/53

Line Parameters

? Line !arameters of 1200-.D7+-.D/00-.

Transmission System 1200 -. 7+-. /00-.

(ominal .oltage "-.' ##5! 6$5 9!!

3ighest voltage"-.' #!! "!! 9!

>esistance "!uD-m' 9.00" C#!-6 #.*5#C#!-$ #."$C#!-5

>eactance "!uD-m' #.66 C#!-5 9.965C#!-5 .!65C#!-9

Susce!tance "!uD-m' $.996 C#!- .9C#!- 5.55C#!-0

Surge 9m!edanceLoading "6'

$!0! 0#5 5#5

Base kV :1200kV/765kV/400kV; Base MVA :100 MVA


13/53

Adoption of Generating unit size

500MW

200D

2106

Less than

200MW

#*6!s #*"!s #**!s !!!s

0D800D

10006

'i2 l t f i t ) t


14/53

'i2ely poer transfer reuirement )eteen

&arious regions )y ! / )eyond

(ortheastern >egion

(orthern >egion6 =(

#5 =(#5 =(

#!,!!!


15/53

Transmission System through Narro %rea

? >e4uirement of Power low &etween (E> F E>D6>D(>; +0 #6

? >e4uired Transmission Ca!acity ; +7$+ #6 "1+= redundancy'? EGisting F !lanned Ca!acity ; ,$+ #6

? 5dditional Trans$ Ca!acity to &e !lanned ; /8 #6

Fptions @ #. G"!!2 8D+ @ "nos.

. G"!!2 8D+ @ 5nos.; 6$52 E8%+ @ $nos.0. G"!!2 8D+ @ 9nos.; #!!2 :8%+ @ nos.

? Selection of (eGt Level Transmission .oltage i$e$ 1200-. 3.5C in

view of ;

7 'oading lines upto Thermal Ca!acity"10000 6' compared to S9L"000 6'

7 Sa&ing >ight of 6ay

Eastern >egionD6estern >egionD

Southern

>egion

(ortheastern>egion

+0 #6


16/53

Ne Transmission Technologies

? 3igh .oltage verhead Transmission

7 oltage up to ##!! 2

7 8igh E< radiation and noise

7 8igh corona loss7 F( clearance

? #as 9nsulated Ca&lesDTransmission lines

? 3.*CLight

? leGi&le 5C Transmission Systems "5CTS'


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18/53

=as insulated Transmission 'ines

? Benefits of =IT'7 'o resisti&e losses 3reduced )y factor 94

7 'o capaciti&e losses and less charging current

7 No eCternal electromagnetic fields

7 No correction of phase angle is necessary e&en

for long distance transmission

7 No cooling needed

7 No danger of fire

7 Short repair time

7 No aging

7 'oer total life cycle costs.


19/53

8D+-'ight

? Classical 3.*C technology

7 euires fast communication channels )eteen to

stations

7 'arge reacti&e poer support at )oth stations

7 Thyristor &al&es are used.

7 'ine or phase commutated con&erters are used.

?3.*CLight7 Poer transmission through 8D+ utiliing &oltage

source con&erters ith insulated gate )ipolar

transistors 3I=BT4 hich eCtinguishes the current

more faster and ith less energy loss than =TFs.


20/53

8D+-'ight

7 It is economical e&en in lo poer range.

7 >eal and reacti&e poer is controlled independently into 8D+ light con&erters.

7 +ontrols %+ &oltage rapidly.

7 There is possi)ility to connect passi&e loads.

7 No contri)ution to short circuit current.

7 No need to ha&e fast communication )eteen to

con&erter stations.

7Fperates in all four uadrants.

7 P(< scheme is used.

7 Fpportunity to transmit any amount of current of

poer o&er long distance &ia ca)les.


21/53

8D+-'ight

7 'o compleCity-than2s to feer components7 Small and compact

7 :seful in indmills

7 Fffers asynchronous operation.

? irst 3.*CLight !ilot transmission for : 6% 10-.in arch% 1,,7 "Sweden'

? irst commercial !roect +0 6% 70 -.% 72 -m% in

1,,,$


22/53

? Transmission system limitations@

7 System Sta&ility

? Transient sta)ility? oltage sta)ility

? Dynamic Sta)ility

? Steady state sta)ility

? 1reuency collapse? Su)-synchronous resonance

7 Loo! flows

7 .oltage limits

7 Thermal limits of lines

7 3igh shortcircuit limits

LEH9?LE 5C T>5(S9SS9( S)STE "5CTS'


23/53

? 1leCi)le %+ Transmission Systems 31%+TS4 arethe name gi&en to the application of poerelectronics de&ices to control the poer flosand other uantities in poer systems.


24/53

? ?enefits of 5CTS Technology 7 To increase the poer transfer capa)ility of

transmission netor2s and

7 To pro&ide direct control of poer flo o&erdesignated transmission routes.

? 3owever it offers following o!!ortunities7 +ontrol of poer flo as ordered so that it follos on

the prescri)ed transmission corridors.7 The use of control of the poer flo may )e to follo

a contract, meet the utilities on needs, ensureoptimum poer flo, ride through emergencyconditions, or a com)ination thereof.

7 Increase the loading capa)ility of lines to their thermalcapa)ilities, including short-term and seasonal.

7 Increase the system security through raising thetransient sta)ility limit, limiting short-circuit currentsand o&erloads, managing cascading )lac2outs anddamping electromechanical oscillations of poer

systems and machines.


25/53

7 Pro&ide secure tie line connections to neigh)oringutilities and regions there)y decreasing o&erallgeneration reser&e reuirements on )oth sides.

7 %llo secure loading of transmission line to a le&elcloser to the thermal limits, hile a&oiding o&erloadingand reduce the generation margin )y ha&ing thea)ility to transfer more poer )eteen the controlledareas.

7 Damping of poer oscillation,

7 Pre&enting cascading outages )y limiting the impactsof faults and euipment failures.

7 Pro&ide greater fleCi)ility in sitting ne generation.

7 :pgrade of lines.7 >educe reacti&e poer flos, thus alloing the lines

to carry more acti&e poer.

7 >educe loop flos.

7 Increase utiliation of loest cost generation.


26/53

? (hether 8D+ or 1%+TS H

7 Both are complementary technologies.

7 The role of 8D+ is to interconnect ac systems herea relia)le ac interconnection ould )e too eCpensi&e.

? 9nde!endent fre4uency and control

? Lower line cost

? Power control% voltage control and sta&ility control

!ossi&le$

7 The large mar2et potential for 1%+TS is ithin %+

system on a &alue added )asis here

? The eGisting steadystate !hase angle &etween &us nodes

is reasona&le$? The cost of 5CTS solution is lower than the 3.*C cost

and

? The re4uired 5CTS controller ca!acity is lesser than the

transmission rating$


27/53

? 1%+TS technology is concerned ithde&elopment of folloing to areas

7 8igh rating Poer electronic sitching de&ices and

Pulse (idth


28/53

Table: Comparison of power semiconductor devices

Thyris-tor

GTO IGBT SI *thyristor

CT OS!"T

a#$ volta%e ratin% &'( ) + , ./ 0 ,

a#$ current ratin% &1( 2 + ) ) 2 ,

'olta%e bloc3in% Sym$41sym$

Sym$41sym$

1sym$ 1sym$ Sym$41sym

1sym$

Gatin% 5ulse Current 'olta%e Current 'olta%e 'olta%e

Conduction drop &'( ,$. .$/ 0 2 ,$. 6esistive

Switchin% fre7uency&389(

, / . . . ,

evelopment tar%et

ma#$ volta%e ratin% &3'(

, , 0$/ / / .

evelopment tar%etma#$ current ratin% &31(

) ) . . . $.

* SI: Static induction thyristor; OS!"T: OS field effect transistor


29/53

? *evelo!ments in #eneration side

7 Poerformer Energy System

7 Distri)uted =enerations

? (ind Poer

? 1uel +ells

? Biomass etc.

7 +om)ined +ycle Poer Plants


30/53

Poerformer Energy System


31/53

PoerformerTeduced losses

? 'oer in&estment

? 'oer '++


32/53

E 3 2 . A m m 4

:-.Dmm

02,-.Dmm

E2field

non2uniform

E2field

uniform

?ar Ca&le

Electrical 1ield Distri)ution


33/53

Stator inding

Conductor &,(; Inner semi-conductin% layer &.(;

Insulation &0( and an outer semi-conductin% layer &2($


34/53

FpportunitiesA+hallenges

? ...

? ...

? 1ault %nalysis including Internal 1ault

? 1aulty Synchroniation

?


35/53

D= includes the application of small generations inthe range of 1+ to 10%000 -6, scattered

throughout a poer system

D= includes all use of small electric poer

generators hether located on the utility system atthe site of a utility customer, or at an isolated

site not connected to the !ower grid.

By contrast, dis!ersed generation 3capacity

ranges from 10 to 2+0 -6', a su)set of distri)uted

generation, refers to generation that is located at

customer facilities or off the utility system.

Distri)uted =enerationADispersed =eneration


36/53

D= includes traditional -- diesel% com&ustion

tur&ine% com&ined cycle tur&ine% lowhead hydro,

or other rotating machinery and renea)le -- wind%

solar% or lowhead hydro generation.The !lant efficiency of most eCisting large central

generation units is in the range of 28 to :+=% con&erting )eteen " to 05J of the energy in their

fuel into useful electric poer.By contrast, efficiencies of /0 to ++= are attri)uted

to small fuel cells and to &arious hitech gas tur&ine and com&ined cycle units suita)le for D=application.

Part of this com!arison is unfair.


37/53

*# I6insJ (ot ?ecause 9t is Efficient% ?ut?ecause 9t 5voids TF* Costs

Proximity is often more important than efficiency

(hy use D= units, if they are not most efficient or theloest costHThe reason is that they are closer to the customer. They

only ha&e to )e more economical than the central stationgeneration and its associated T/D system. % TF* systemrepresents a significant cost in initial ca!ital andcontinuing F.

By a&oiding T/D costs and those relia)ility pro)lems, D=

can pro&ide &etter service at lower cost, at least in somecases. 1or eCample, in situations here an eCistingdistri)ution system is near capacity, so that it must )ereinforced in order to ser&e ne or additional electricaldemand, the capital costA2( for T/D eCpansion alone caneCceed that for D= units.


38/53

Fperational +hanges

Intelligent Grid WAMS


39/53

Intelligent Grid - WAMS

Leader not a follower


40/53

? Poer System >estructuring3Pri&atiation or Deregulation47 But not only Pri&atiation

? *eregulation is also -nown as

7 +ompetiti&e poer mar2et7 >e-regulated mar2et7 Fpen Poer


41/53

TransmissionBusiness

istributionBusiness

Generation

Business

erticalseparation

8oriontal separation

or ertical cut

8oriontal separation

or ertical cut


42/53

? 6hy >estructuring of Electric Su!!ly9ndustriesK

7 Better eCperience of other restructured mar2etsuch as communication, )an2ing, oil and gas,airlines, etc.

7 +ompetition among energy suppliers and

ide choice for electric customers.? 6hy was the electric utility industry

regulatedK7 >egulation originally reduced ris2, as it as

percei&ed )y )oth )usiness and go&ernment.

7 Se&eral important )enefits@? It legitimied the electric utility )usiness.


43/53

? 9t gave utilities recognition and limited su!!ort

from the local #ovt$ in a!!roving >6 and

easements$

? 9t assured a return on the investment% regulated asthat might &e$

? 9t esta&lished a local mono!oly in &uilding the

system and 4uality of su!!ly without com!etitors$

? Sim!lified &uying !rocess for consumers$? Electricity of new and confusing to deal with the

conflicting claims% standards and offerings of

different !ower com!anies$

? Least cost o!eration$? eeting social o&ligations

? 3ugh investments with high ris-


44/53

? orces &ehind the >estructuring are7 8igh tariffs and o&er staffing

7 =lo)al economic crisis7 >egulatory failure

7 Political and ideological changes

7


45/53

?>easons why deregulation is a!!ealing


46/53

? 6hat will &e the transformation K

7 ertically integrated LM &ertically un)undled7 >egulated cost-)ased LLM :nregulated price-

)ased

7


47/53

? 5 num&er of 4uestions to &e answered

7 Is a >estructuring good for our societyH

7 (hat are the 2ey issues in mo&ing toards therestructuring H

7 (hat are the implications for current industry

participantsH

7 (hat type of ne participants ill )e seen and

hy H

7 (hat should )e structure of mar2et and

operationH7 (hat might an electricity transaction of future

loo2 li2eH

? 6hat will &e the Potential Pro&lems K


48/53

7 +ongestion and


49/53

estructuring

- 1,82 Chile

- 1,,0 B

- 1,,2 5rgentina% Sweden F (orway

- 1,,: ?olivia F Colom&ia - 1,,/ 5ustralia

- 1,, (ew eeland

- 1,,7 Panama% El Salvador% #uatemala%

(icaragua% Costa >ica and 3onduras- 1,,8 California% S5 and several others$

- 2000 Several E and 5merican States


50/53

?


51/53

ar-et Clearing Price

#en$ Price"M'

6

#en1 2$+ 20

#en2 2$0 10#en: 2$/ 1+

#en/ 2$: /+

#en+ 2$2 :0

#en2

#en+

#en/

#en:

#en1

*emand 80 6

6

1 6

/0 6

8+ 6


52/53

? Electricity ar-et is very ris-y

7 Electricity is not stora)le in )ul2 uantity

7 End user demand is typically constant7 Trading is directly related to the relia)ility of the grid

7 Demand and supply should )e eCact

7 Electricity prices are directly related ith other

&olatile mar2et participants.7 +ost of continuity is more than cost of electric.


53/53

Than2 ou

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