" PUMS99:1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS@ J'UDUL: THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABU.NDANCE. OF PR080J'CIS MON ICEY C NQJ'a l lJ' (arvot-(9) IN (}/IRAMA. /eLIAS' PfNINSUL ;' Tjazah: SA RJA '" A MfA DA PENGAJIAN: MEl 0 0 0 - A P A I L 0 05 Saya 0 E £ PAL U 'f M) P A I'll V f.I A NAT HAN (HURUF BESAR) menga:"\! mcmbeoarkan tcsis (LPSlSarjanalDolctor Falsafah)· ini.disimpan di Perpusttkun Univecsiti I Malaysia Sabah deng'fln syarat-syant kegunaan scpecti beri1.-ut II. Tesis adalab Mala)'l!la Sabah. 2. hrpustakaan U niversiti Malaysia Sabah dibcnatkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sabaja. 3. Pcrpustakaan dibcna.rbn membuat salinan tcsis ini scbagai bahan pcrtukaran antan institusi peDgajian tinggi. 4. "Sila tandakan ( I ) D SULIT o TERHAD r---l TIDAK TERI{AD NGAN PENUUS) AlanUtTctap : 151 J'LN Sftl vlIINTAN TMN ·jP.I ' A NOA LAY. I I I ___ _ '. Tarikh: j3!3! 05 9 {I CATA TAN: • Potong yang tidak bcrlccnaan . (Mcngll1ldungi maldurnat yang berdaIjah keselamatan atau kepenti!lgan Malaysia scperti yang tetmaktub di dalam AKTA:RAliSlA RASMl1972) (M::ngandungi maklumat TERHAD yang tclah ditentukaD olch organisasilbadan di maoa penyelidikan dijalankan) Oisahkan oleh (TAt\'''DATANGAN PUSTAKAWAN) HfNP.Yb£fHiARD Nama PenyC\ia Tarikh: _________ _ •• Iih Icsis ini SULIT &tau TERHAD, sill. lampirkan sural daripada pihak berkua.c;a/organisasi herkc:nUJ'l dcngan mcnyatllkan sclcaJi scb&b dan tcmpoh Icsis ini pcrlu dikdaskan scbagai SULIT danTERHAD. @ Tesis dimaksudkan scbagai Icsis bagi Iju...ah Doktor falsafah dan Satjana sccara pcnyelidilcan, a!3U disc:rtasi bag; pcncajilU1 SCC2ra Icetja lcul'SIIS dan pcnyelidikan, at au laporan Projclc SlIjana Muda (LPSM).
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II. ba~lik U~VC:CSi;ieprints.ums.edu.my/3323/1/ae0000000450.pdfdijalankan dengan menggunakan bot merentasi sungai-sungai di kawasan kajian. Jumlah jarak yang dilalui ialah 33.3 Ian
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PUMS99:1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS@
J'UDUL: THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABU.NDANCE. OF PR080J'CIS
MON ICEY C NQJ'a l lJ' (arvot-(9) IN (}/IRAMA. /eLIAS' PfNINSUL ;'
Tjazah: SA RJA '" A MfA DA
SF~c;( PENGAJIAN: MEl ~ 0 0 0 - A P A I L ~ 0 05
Saya 0 E £ PAL U 'f M ) P A I'll V f.I A NAT HAN (HURUF BESAR)
menga:"\! mcmbeoarkan tcsis (LPSlSarjanalDolctor Falsafah)· ini.disimpan di Perpusttkun Univecsiti I Malaysia Sabah deng'fln syarat-syant kegunaan scpecti beri1.-ut
II. Tesis adalab ba~lik U~VC:CSi;i Mala)'l!la Sabah. 2. hrpustakaan U niversiti Malaysia Sabah dibcnatkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sabaja. 3. Pcrpustakaan dibcna.rbn membuat salinan tcsis ini scbagai bahan pcrtukaran antan institusi peDgajian
tinggi. 4. "Sila tandakan ( I )
D SULIT
o TERHAD
r---l TIDAK TERI{AD ~/
NGAN PENUUS)
AlanUtTctap: 151 J'LN Sftl vlIINTAN
4:~tJ TMN ·jP.I ' A NOA LAY. I I I
lfl~OO ~lANu,~ ___ _
'. Tarikh: j3!3! 05
9 {I
CATA TAN: • Potong yang tidak bcrlccnaan .
(Mcngll1ldungi maldurnat yang berdaIjah keselamatan atau
kepenti!lgan Malaysia scperti yang tetmaktub di dalam AKTA:RAliSlA RASMl1972)
(M::ngandungi maklumat TERHAD yang tclah ditentukaD olch organisasilbadan di maoa penyelidikan dijalankan)
Oisahkan oleh
(TAt\'''DATANGAN PUSTAKAWAN)
D~ HfNP.Yb£fHiARD Nama PenyC\ia
Tarikh: _________ _
•• Iih Icsis ini SULIT &tau TERHAD, sill. lampirkan sural daripada pihak berkua.c;a/organisasi herkc:nUJ'l dcngan mcnyatllkan sclcaJi scb&b dan tcmpoh Icsis ini pcrlu dikdaskan scbagai SULIT danTERHAD.
@ Tesis dimaksudkan scbagai Icsis bagi Iju...ah Doktor falsafah dan Satjana sccara pcnyelidilcan, a!3U disc:rtasi bag; pcncajilU1 SCC2ra Icetja lcul'SIIS dan pcnyelidikan, at au laporan Projclc SlIjana Muda (LPSM).
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF PROBOSCIS MONKEY
(Nasalis larvatus) IN GARAMA, KLIAS PENINSULA
DEEPAL~PANCHANATHAN
TIllS THESIS IS SUBMITTED AS FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE DEGREE OF SCIENCE
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SABAH
March 2005
11
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for the quotations and
citations which I have duly acknowledged.
31 March 2005
ALUXMI P ANCHANATHAN HS2002-3536
11I
CERTIFIED BY
Signature
1. SUPERVISOR
(DR. HENRY BERNARD)
2. EXAMINER 1
(PROF MADYA DR. ABDUL HAMID AHMAD)
3. EXAMINER 2
(MADAM ANNA WONG)
4. DEAN
(pROF MADYA DR.AMRAN AHMED)
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Dr
Henry Bernard for his guidance and help throughout the completion of this thesis. His
patience and time spent following the progress of this thesis from the very beginning is
very much appreciated. His experience and knowledge in the related field is very much
respected and admired.
I would also like to convey my thank you to my course mate, Miss Y oges who
was there with me throughout the sampling sessions. Not forgetting my friends, Miss
Kavin Mullai and Miss Vickneswary, who assisted us during the second sampling session.
I would also like to thank my friends Miss Kayalvizhi, Miss Deepashini, Miss Kael ViIi
and Miss J asvin for their kind support.
Another important person I would like thank is Miss Siti Sarah, a post-graduate
student in the Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation for playing the role of an
elder sis during the sampling sessions. Her help and guidance will not be forgotten. I
would also like to extend my gratitude to Mr Sikula, who provided help with the maps of
the Garama area. Not forgetting Encik Awang Mahsis and his family, who took care of
my welfare during my sampling sessions in Garama.
I would like to thank my roommate, Miss Norizan who provided great help in
times of misfortune which struck me during the peak of completing this thesis.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for providing moral support
and help by looking for articles and additional information on the species.
v
ABSTRACT
A study on the distribution and abundance of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) was
undertaken at Garama, central part of Klias Peninsula on the west coast of Sabah. Two
sampling sessions were conducted for this study. For the fust sampling session, a five day
survey was carried out from 9 to 13 August 2004 and the second sampling session was
conducted from 17 to 20 December 2004. Census survey along watercourses was done
from a boat and total distance of 33.3 km along 5 main rivers in Garama was surveyed.
The overall estimated population density of N. larvatus in Garama was 0.84 groups/km2
or 6.33 individualslkm2• Nasalis larvatus populations were not uniformly distributed in
Garama. Mangrove forests and peat swamp forests were the major habitat types where
N larvatus was observed. The animal was not observed in village areas and agricultural
lands. The survival of N larvatus populations in Garama was affected by factors related
to human activity. illegal hunting, habitat destruction and fragmentation and unmonitored
wildlife based tourism were among the threats faced by N larvatus in Garama.
Recommendations related to N. larvatus population conservation and management
includes the establishment of protected areas in Garama, public education on conservation
issues of this species, monitoring of wildlife based tourism in Garama and frequent
studies on the population density of this anima1.
VI
ABSTRAK
Satu kajian untuk menentukan taburan dan kelimpahan Monyet Belanda (Nasalis larvatus)
telah dijalankan di Garama yang terletak di bahagian Pantai Barat Daya Negeri Sabah.
Dua sesi persampelan telah dijalankan dalam kajian ini. Bagi sesi persampelan pertama,
tinjauan selama lima hari telah dibuat dari 9 hingga 13 Ogos 2004 manakala sesi
persampelan kedua telah dijalankan dari 17 hingga 20 Disember 2004. Tinjauan
dijalankan dengan menggunakan bot merentasi sungai-sungai di kawasan kajian. Jumlah
jarak yang dilalui ialah 33.3 Ian merentasi 5 sungai utama di Garama. Anggaran
kepadatan keseluruhan N. larvatus yang diperoleh daripada kajian ini 0.84 kumpulan/km2
atau 6.33 individulkm2• Populasi Nasalis larvatus tidak tertabur secara sekata di Garama.
N. larvatus paling kerap ditemui di hutan paya bakau dan hutan pinggir sungai. Monyet
ini tidak dijumpai di kawasan kampung dan kawasan perladangan. Kemandirian populasi
N. larvatus di Garama dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor berkaitan dengan aktiviti manusia.
Pemburuan tak terkawal, pemusnahan dan fragmentasi habitat dan pelancongan
berkonsepkan hidupan liar yang tidak terkawal merupakan antara ancaman kepada
populasi N. larvatus di Garama. Cadangan berkaitan dengan pemuliharaan dan
pengurusan populasi N. larvatus termasuk pengiktirafan kawasan perlindungan di Garama,
menyedarkan orang awam tentang isu-isu pemuliharaan spesis ini, pemonitoran aktiviti
pelancongan berkonsepkan hidupan liar and memperbanyakkan kajian yang melibatkan
density populasi monyet ini.
CONTENTS
DECLARATION
APPRO V AL OF EXAMINERS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK.
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives of study
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Systematic Classification of N larvatus 2.2 Morphological Features 2.3 Distribution and Habitat 2.4 Social Organization 2.5 Daily Activity Patterns 2.6 Feeding Ecology 2.7 Conservation Status
Page
11
III
IV
V
VI
Vll
IX
X
Xl
1 3
4 5 6 9 9 10 11
Vll
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 6
3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
5.1 5.2 5.3
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
METHODOLOGY
Study Area Census Survey Mapping Distribution Estimating Population Density Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
Weather Conditions during Samplings Sightings of N. larvatus Groups Habitat Selection Types of N. larvatus Group Sighted Distribution of N. larvatus in Garama Abundance of N. larvatus in Garama
DISCUSSION
Distribution Abundance Conservation Management and Recommendations
CONCLUSION
14 19 21 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 31
34 35 37
41
43
47
Vlll
Table number
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
LIST OF TABLES
The length of rivers surveyed during the study of N larvatus in Garama
Mean sighting distance and its standard deviation for the first and second sampling sessions.
Population size and population density of N larvatus along the rivers surveyed for the first sampling session.
Population size and population density of N larvatus along the rivers surveyed for the second sampling seSSIon.
IX
Page
28
32
32
33
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Page
2.1 Recent records of N larvatus in Borneo 7
3.1 Klias Peninsula in the west coast of Sabah (inset) and 15 The location of Garama study area (A)
3.2 The location of the rivers surveyed for the distribution 18 and abundance of N larvatus in Garama
4.1 Frequency of sightings of N larvatus groups in 24 three different weather conditions.
4.2 Number of N larvatus groups sighted in Garama 25 during the first and second sampling session at different hours of day.
4.3 Major habitat types of N larvatus groups 26
4.4 Types of N larvatus group observed during the 27 first and second sampling
4.5.1 Distribution of N larvatus in Garama during the 29 first sampling session
4.5.2 Distribution of N larvatus in Garama during the 30 second sampling session
Xl
LIST OF SYMBOLS
% percent
lan2 kilometer square
m metre
mm milimetre
sp. speCIes
kg kilogramme
cm centimetre
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Borneo Island is home to many unique species of flora and fauna. Sabah, which occupies
the northern part of Borneo Island, is rich in ten primate species, including species that
are considered endangered and vulnerable to extinction such as the Orang Utan (Pongo
pygmaeus) and Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) (Cowlishaw & Dunbar, 2000).
In the tropical rain forest ecosystems, many primate species perform important
ecological functions. Pongo pygmaeus, for example is a seed disperser in its natural
habitat (Galdikas, 1982). Nasalis larvatus plays an important role in maintaining
vegetation diversity (Yeager, 1989). By feeding on young leaves and seeds of the most
dominant tree species in its habitat, N. larvatus gives a constraint to the reproductive
success of the dominant tree species, thereby allowing other less dominant or rare tree
species to grow (Yeager, 1989).
2
Many large animals are significant tourist icons. Nasalis larvatus is a popular
tourist attraction because this species is highly visible and spectacular in appearance.
Nasalis larvatus is probably the only species of primate with very long, pendulous nose
that overhangs the mouth (Bennett & Gombek, 1993). This species is also an important
national heritage as it is endemic to Borneo.
Studies on the ecology and behaviour of Nasalis larvatus were carried out
extensively at few places only, examples at the Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary in Sarawak
(Bennett, 1986), Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia (Yeager
& Blondal, 1990) and Lower Kinabatangan in Sabah (Boomatana, 2002). An extensive
survey on the general distribution pattern of this species was undertaken by Meijaard &
Nijman (2000) throughout Borneo. In addition, several short term studies have also been
conducted by Bernard (1997, 2005) in Klias Peninsula, Sabah. Bernard (1997) studied the
distribution and abundance of N. larvatus in Klias Peninsula. Such studies have provided
useful information on the behaviour and ecology, as well as on the current distribution of
the species. These are needed for managing populations of endangered species with the
main aim of preventing them or to ensure their long term survival in the wild.
3
1.2 Objectives
The present study, which was conducted in Garama, located at the Klias Peninsula in the
west coast of Sabah, is aimed at determining the current population status of
Nasalis larvatus. The specific objectives are to determine (1) the distribution of N
larvatus in Garama, Klias Peninsula; (2) the relative abundance of N larvatus in Garama,
Klias Peninsula; (3) the threats faced by N larvatus in Garama, Klias Peninsula.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Systematic Classification of Nasalis larvatus
The Order Primates are characterized by the adaptations for increased agility in arboreal