II െസമസ്ററർ 19155 മലയോള സോഹിത്യം - 2 …sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/Malayala... · 2020. 9. 14. · ബി എ/ബി എസ്

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മലയോളം

മലയോള സോഹിത്യം - 2 MAL2A08(1)

2019 അഡ്മിഷൻ

ോലിക്കറ്റ് യൂണികേഴ്സിറ്റി

േിദൂര േിദയോഭ്യോസ േിഭ്ോഗം

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രുഗ്മിണി ക അസിസ്റ്റൻറ് ക്പോഫസർ (മലയോളം) േിദൂര േിദയോഭ്യോസ േിഭ്ോഗം ോലിക്കറ്റ് യൂണികേഴ്സിറ്റി

സൂക്ഷ്മ പരിക ോധന നടത്തിയത്

ക ോ.സുകരഷ് പുത്തൻപറമ്പിൽ,

അസിസ്റ്റന്ററ് ക്പോഫസർ,

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II െസമസ്ററർ

SDEOval

SDETypewritten text19155

2

ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw þ 2

DÅ-S¡w

samUyqÄ 1 : Ihn-X-IÄ

1. \fn\n þ Ipam-c-\m-im³

2. kqcy-Im´n þ Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp¸v

3. aWn-\m-Zw þ CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]nÅ

samUyqÄ 2 : Ihn-X-IÄ

4. Item-]m-k-I³ þ A¡n¯w ANyp-X³ \¼q-Xncn

5. IpXn-c-s¡m¼v þ A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À

6. ]p¯³sNmÃv þ BäqÀ chn-hÀ½

7. A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ- þ -km-hn{Xn cmPo-h³

samUyqÄ 3, 4 : hnaÀi\w/\ncq-]Ww

8. Aw_ þ Ip«n-¡r-jvW-am-cmÀ

9. ImfnZm-k\pw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ þ s{]m^.-tPm-k^v

ap−-tÈ-cn

10. ac-W-¯nsâ kuµcyw þ sI.-]n.-A-¸³

11. kv{Xobn-Ãm¯ amXr-`q-an þ Iev]ä \mcm-b-W³

12. Fgp¯pw A[n-Im-chpw þ ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³

3

samUyqÄ 1 þ Ihn-X-IÄ

\fn\n

Ipam-c-\m-im³ (1873-þ1924)

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

kvt\l-Km-b-I³, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-hv, ZmÀi-\nI Ihn, hn¹h-

¯nsâ ip{I-\-£-{Xw, A´x-kw-LÀj-¯nsâ Ihn F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n

hnti-j-W-§Ä¡v AÀl-\mb alm-I-hn-bmWv F³. Ipam-c-\m-im³. Ihn-

Xsb tIhew hnt\m-tZm-]m-[n-bmbn KWn-¨-hcpw i_vZm-e-¦m-c-t[m-c-Wn-Ifpw

{]tbmK sshNn-{Xy-§fpwsIm−v A\p-hm-N-I-_p-²nsb A¼-c-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-

emWv Ihn-bpsS anSp¡v F¶v hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶-hcpw Ihn-Xm-cwKw ssI¿-S-¡nb

L«-¯n ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbv¡v A`n-Im-ay-amb Znim-hy-Xn-bm\w \nÀt±-in-¨p-

sIm−v cwK-s¯-¯nb Ihn-I-fn {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p Ipam-c-\m-im³. ZÀi-\-

¯nsâ ka-{K-Xbpw AKm-[-Xbpw al-¯mb Ihn-X-bpsS LS-I-am-sW¶v

Bim³ Xsâ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS Øm]n-¨p. C¡m-cy-¯n `mjm-]n-Xm-hn-t\m-

SmWv Bim\v ASp-¸w. Imev]-\n-I-I-hn-X-bpsS A´Àap-J-ho-£-W-s¯bpw

_lnÀap-J-ho-£-W-s¯bpw \h-amb hn[-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn¨p ^en-¸n-¡p-

hm³ Xsâ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS Bim\v km[n-¨p. Ihn-X -[z-\n-k-¶-²hpw hnNm-c-

{]-[m-\-hp-am-Ip-t¼mÄ IqSp-XÂ t{ijvT-am-hp-sa¶v Bim³ klr-Z-b-tem-

Is¯ A\-iz-c-§-fmb Xsâ Imhy-§-fn-eqsS t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯n. Pohn-X-

¯nse k¦oÀ®-X-I-sf, ka-ky-Isf, [À½k-¦-S-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶

Ihn-XIfmWv Ipam-c-\m-imtâXv. ae-bm-f-¯n Bim-t\mfw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-cmb

Ihn-I-fnà F¶ hkvXpX Xs¶ B Imhy-{]-]-©-¯nsâ alXzw km£y-s¸-

Sp-¯p-¶p.

4

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-bn Nnd-bn³Iogv Xmeq-¡n-epÅ Imbn-¡c {Kma-

¯n sXm½³ hnfm-I¯p ho«n \mcm-b-W³ s]cp-¦p-Sn-bp-sSbpw Imfn-b-½-

bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1873 G{]n 12-þmw XobXn Bim³ P\n-¨p. Ipamcp F¶m-

bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ t]cv. ]g-b-a-«n IW¡pw kwkvIr-Xhpw A`y-kn¨

Ipamcp BZyw Ip«n-Isf ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ Bim-\mbn tPmen-t\m-¡n. Ip«n-I-fpsS

Ipamcp Bim³ ]n¡m-e¯v Ipam-c-\m-im-\m-bn-¯oÀ¶p. sNdp-¸-¯nte

Ipam-cp-hn Ihn-Xm-hm-k\ {]Xy-£-s¸-«ncp¶p. aW-¼qÀ tKmhn-µ-\m-imsâ

Iogn Imhym-e-¦m-cm-Zn-IÄ A`y-kn-¡m\pw Ah-kcw e`n-¨p. bph-k-l-P-amb

hnIm-c-§-fnÂapgpIn irwKm-c-tÇm-I-§Ä cNn-¨p XpS-§nb Ipam-cp-hns\

AXnÂ\n¶v ]n³Xn-cn-¸n¨v kwkvIrX hnZym-`ym-k-¯n IqSp-X {i²-]-Xn-

¸n-¡m³ DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¨Xv {io\m-cm-bWKpcp-hm-bn-cp-¶p. 1891-þ-emWv Bim³

Kpcp-hns\ I−p-ap-«n-b-Xv. A¶p-ap-XÂ Bimsâ Pohn-X-¯n\v henb amä-ap-

−m-bn. Kpcp-hnsâ in-jy-\mbn amdnb At±lw kwkvIr-Xw, thZm-´w, tbmK-

hnZy F¶nh A`y-kn-¨p. 1895-þÂ Kpcphnsâ \nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn¨v D]cnhnZym-`ym-

kmÀ°w _mw¥qÀ, I¡-¯, a{Zmkv F¶n-hn-S-§-fn t]mhp-Ibpw

kwkvIr-X-¯nepw Cw¥o-jnepw ]mÞnXyw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. {iocm-a-

IrjvW ]c-a-lw-k³, hnth-Im-\-µ³ F¶n-hÀ B²ym-ßn-I-cw-K¯pw _¦nw-

N-{µ³, SmtKmÀ XpS§nb-hÀ kmln-Xy-cw-K¯pw hcp-¯n-b ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

t\cn«v a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ klm-bn-¡p¶Xm-bn-cp¶p I¡-¯n-bnse Xmakw.

1900-þ-am−v Xncn-¨p-h¶v Acp-hn-¸p-d¯v Xma-k-am-¡n. Nn¶-kzman F¶ \ne-

bn {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hn-s\m¸w {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§n. hnNn-{X-hn-Pbw \mS-

Iw, inh-kvtXm-{X-ame XpS-§nb IrXn-IÄ C¡m-e-¯mWv cNn-¨-Xv. 1901-þÂ

Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-tbmKw Bcw-`n-¨-t¸mÄ Bim³ AXnsâ Imcy-ZÀin-bm-bn.

tbmK-¯nsâ apJ-]-{X-amb hnth-tIm-Z-b-¯nsâ ]{Xm-[n-]-cpw At±lambn-cp-

¶p. C¡m-e-¯mWv "hoW-]qhv' cNn-¨-Xv. tUm.-]¸p-hnsâ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-

5

\mb Ipamcp ssdä-dpsS ]p{Xn-bmb `m\p-a-Xnsb 45-þmw hb-Ên hnhmlw Ign-

¨p. 1922-þÂ Cw¥-−nse shbnÂkv cmP-Ip-am-c-\nÂ\n¶v ]«pw hfbpw kzoI-

cn¨p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`mwKw IqSnbmbn-cp¶p Ipam-c-\m-

im³. 1924 P\phcn 15-þmw XobXn (1098 aIcw 3) 51þmw hb-Ên ]Ã-\-bm-änÂ

sh¨p-−mb dUo-aÀ t_m«-]-I-S-¯n Ihn Cu temIw shSn-ªp.

IrXn-IÄ

JÞ-Im-h-y-§Ä

hoW-]q-hv, \fn-\n, eoe, Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, {Kma-hr-£-¯nse

IpbnÂ, Zpc-h-Ø, NÞm-e-`n-£p-In, IcpW

hn-em-]-Im-hyw,

{]tcm-Z\w.

]cn-`mj

kuµ-cy-e-l-cn, taL-k-tµ-iw, _p²-N-cn-Xw, ssZhn-I-amb {]Xn-Im-cw.

\mSIw

hnNn-{X-hn-P-bw, {]t_m[ Nt{µm-Z-bw. (IqSmsX [mcmfw kvtXm{X-Ir-

Xn-Ifpw eLp-Imhy§fpw _me-km-lnXy IrXn-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v.)

\fn\n

Ipam-c-\m-imsâ Imhy-§-fn A\ym-Zr-iy-amb inev]-`wKn hnSÀ¯p¶

Imhy-amWv \fn-\n. "^pÃ-_m-e-c-hn-t]mse Im´n-am-\mb' \mb-Is\ Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¨p-sIm-−mWv XpS-¡w. \à lnam-e-b-`q-hn Gsd sImÃw ap³]v Hcp {]`m-

X-th-f-bn DZ-b-kq-cy-s\-t¸mse Im´n-am\pw GI-\p-amb Hcp bph-tbmKn DÃ-

6

kn-¨p. \o− PSbpw \J-§fpw `kvahpw AbmÄ Nnc-X-]-kzn-bm-sW¶pw

AÀ²-\-á-ambn tim`n-¡p¶ Abm-fpsS icocw iotXm-jvW-t`-Z-§sf Pbn-¨n-

«p-s−¶pw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. {]]-©-¯nse H¶n-s\bpw `b-an-Ãm-

¯-h\pw F¶m Bcnepw henb IcpW ImWn-¡p¶h\p-am-sW¶pw Xsâ

{]k-¶hpw [oc-hp-amb apJ-Im-´n-sIm-−-bmÄ hyà-am-¡n. C§-s\-bmWv

\mb-I-\mb Znhm-I-cs\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

""XXv]-c-Xz-a-h-\mÀ¶n-cp¶p sXþ

Ãt¸mÄþsh-¶-cn-sb-bq-gn-Im-¡p-hm³

tIm¸nSpw \r]-Xn-t]m-sebpw Ifnþ

tIms¸-Sp¯ sNdp-ss]-XÂt]m-sebpw

C{X [\yX XnIªp Im¬a-Xnþ

e{X \p\-samcp kmÀh `ua-\nÂ

Nn¯amw henb sshcn IogvaÀþ

¶¯Â XoÀ¶ ban-Xs¶ `mKy-hm-³''

[ym\w \nc-´-c-ambn ioen¨ AbmÄ ]ÀÆ-X-¯nsâ apIÄ]-c-

¸nÂ\n¶pw Aev]-t\cw Xmtg-bpÅ `wKn-tbdnb ImgvN-IÄ t\m¡n-\n-¶p.

bphm-hmb Hcp ]£n BIm-i-¯p-\n¶v kz´w IqSv \ne-\n¡p¶ Im«n-

te¡v t\m¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp¶p CXv. tbmKn-bpsS sshNm-cn-Ihpw

sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-§Ä X½n-epÅ ebhpw AtX-k-abw Abm-f-dn-

bmsX AXn IpSn-sIm-Åp¶ Hcp kwLÀjhpw Cu hcn-I-fn hyà-am-Wv.

sNdpXpw kpµ-c-hp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ ImSv Nn{X-]-Sw-t]mse at\m-l-c-am-Wv. kpµ-c-

amb B ImgvN Xm\p-t]-£n-¨p-t]m¶ ]qÀÆm-{i-a-¯nsâ HmÀ½-IÄ tbmKn-

bn DWÀ¯p-¶p. tbmKnsb ]gb PohnXw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶

Xc-¯n-emWv Ihn s]mbvI-bpsS hÀW\ \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kzbw k´p-

7

jvS-\mbn B hgn-¡p-Xs¶ t]mhp-I-bmWv k\ym-kn. Ip¶n³ Xmgvhmc-¯nÂ

F¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ft´m Nn´n-s¨-¶-h®w ban ZpxJnX\pw Nn´m-Ip-e\pw

BIp-¶p. B ]pcp-j-t{i-jvTsâ a\-Ên Hmf-§-fp-bÀ¯nb AtX hoÀ¸v

At¸mÄ A[nIw Zqsc-b-Ãm¯ ac-§Ä¡n-S-bn ad-ªp\n¶ asäm-cm-fpsS

lrZ-b-¯n hnkva-b-I-c-amb coXn-bn h³Xn-c-am-e-IÄ Xs¶ DbÀ¯p-I-bp-

−m-bn. kz´w Ncy-bpsS `mK-ambn Ipfn¨v shÅ-an-äp-ho-gp¶ hkv{X-§-tfm-Sp-

IqSn at\m-l-c-amb ico-c-¯m {]`m-Xw-t]mse Im´n NnX-dn-s¡m−v ]mh-\-

amb Bßm-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp-hÄ B s]mbvI-bpsS XS-¯n \n¶n-cp-¶p. CS-

XqÀ¶ ac-§ÄsIm−v t\sc-bpÅ hgn adªpIn-S-¶-Xn-\m AhÀ¡v ]c-

kv]cw ImWm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. ]t£ \nan-jw-tXmdpw c−p-t]-cp-sSbpw DÅnÂ

AIm-c-W-amb Hcp DXvIWvT hfÀ¶p-h-¶p. X]-Êp-sIm−v a\x-iàn

t\Snbhsf-¦nepw AhÄ s]s«¶v Nn´-IÄsIm−v hmSn-t¸m-bn. ]t£ D¶-X-

amb kuµ-cy-apÅhsf I−m-e-dnbmw AhÄ Hcp Xm]-k-I-\y--b-söv. Ipcp-

¡p-¯n-ap-Ã-bpsS hÅn-¡m-«n sN¶p \n¶mÂt¸mepw AXnsâ Im´n Im«p-

h-Ån-I-fnÂ\n¶v `n¶-am-Wv.

""F¶p-aÃfkpe`mwK-`w-Knbm

W¶pao XcpWn ]ucn-am-cnepw

an¶p-In-Ãn ic-`-{Z-im-X-bm-bv

Jn¶-bm-Inep atlm XSn-ÃX'

XpSÀ¶v \fn-\n-bpsS ]qÀÆ-IY ]d-bp-¶p. hnj-a-t¯msS ChÄ hn«p-t]m¶

kvt\l-a-bn-I-fmb AÑ\pw A½bpw hnc-l-¯n ZpxJn-X-cmbn kzbw acWw

hcn-¨p. Xsâ a\-Ênse kvt\lw ]d-ª-X-\p-k-cn-¨m-W-hÄ hoSp-hn-«-Xv. Ah-

fpsS kvt\ln-X-amÀ Ah-sf-tbmÀ¯v hf-sc-¡mew I®oÀ s]mgn-¨p. Cu

kpµ-cnsb hnhmlw Ign-¡m-\m-{K-ln¨ ]e bphm-¡fpw ZpxJn-X-cmbn¯ocp-

8

Ibpw sNbvXp. kI-e-co-Xn-bnepw {]tem-`n-¸n-¡-s¸« PohnXw {hXw-sIm−v

Cu hnip² ipjvI-X-c-am-¡n. Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ B{K-l-§-sfÃmw \jvS-s¸«v

Ah-fp-sS a\-Êm-Ip¶ ]qhp hmSn. Pohsâ KXn-tbmÀ¯v am{X-amImw AhÄ

Ct¸mÄ ZpxJw ad-¡m³ Cu `qan-bn-en-cp¶v Cuiz-c-tkh sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cuiz-

csâ ]mZ-am-Ip¶ Xma-c-¸q-hnsâ [ym\-¯nsâ hgn-bn a\Êv Dd¨v \n¡m-

¯-Xn-\m ZpxJn-X-bmb B bph-Xn th\-en hän-t¸mb \Zn-t]mse KXn

\jvS-s¸-«-h-fm-bn a\Êv thZ-\n¨v AhÄ I®oÀ s]mgn-¨p. Gähpw Adn-hp-Å-

h-fm-sW-¦n¡qSn kv{XoI-fpsS a\Êv A[o-c-am-Wv. F¦nepw Ah-fpsS

PohnXw [\y-am-sW¶v Ihn ]d-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v,

""k´Xw anln-c-\mß tim`bpw

kz´amw a[p sImXn¨ h−n\pw

a{´-amÀ¶-cpfn \n¡p-tam-ate

l´-[-\y-anl \nsâ PohnXw''

F¶n-§s\ a\p-jy-i-_vZ-¯n-epÅ Hcp ]m«v Im«nÂ\n¶pw ban tIÄ¡p-¶p.

hnP-\-tZ-i-¯p-\n¶pw tI« Cu ]m«n At±-l-¯n\v IuXpIw tXm¶p-¶p.

ae-bm-f-¯n Gä-hp-a-[nIw hnhm-Z-§-fp-bÀ¯nb Hcp tÇmI-amWv

ta {]kvXm-hn-¨-Xv. Ft¸mgpw Xsâ tim` kqcy\pw X¶nse tX³ AXp

sImXn-¨p-h-cp¶ h−n\pw \ÂIp¶ AÃtbm Xmatc \nsâ PohnXw F{X

[\y-amWv F¶-Xm-Wv CXnsâ hymNmÀ°w. F¶m H¶n-e-[nIw Imap-I-·m-

cp-am-bpÅ _Ô-¯n\v Bß-k-aÀ¸Ww sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp \mbn-Im-k-¦-

ev]-amWv CXv F¶mWv hnaÀi-IÀ D¶-bn-¨-Xv. IhnX ]pd-¯p-h¶ Ime-¯p-

−mb Bt£-]-§Ä 1940-þ-I-fn ho−pw DbÀ¶p-h-¶p. CXn\v A\p-Iq-e-

ambpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambpw {]Xn-I-cn-¨-h-cn Nne {]ap-J-cmWv Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ, Ip«n-

Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ, kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv F¶n-hÀ.

9

Cu Imhy-¯nse 36-þmw tÇmIw-hsc am{X-amWv Cu `mK¯v ]Tn-¡m-\p-

Å-Xv. ae-bm-f-I-hnXm kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãmb hoW-]q-hn-\p-

tijw Bimsâ {]Xn`mhnemkw k©-cn¨ hgn-bm-bn-cp¶p \fn-\o-Im-hyw.

Bimsâ BZy IYm-Imhyw ae-bmf `mj-bnse BZys¯ sdmamânIv IYm-

Imhyw F¶o hnti-j-W-§fpw \fn-\o-Im-hy-¯n\v e`n-¨n-«p-−v. 1911-þ-emWv Cu

Imhyw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. 173 tÇmI-§-fpÅ Cu JÞ-Im-hy-¯n\v "Hcp

kvt\lw ' F¶p-IqSn t]cp-−v. Bimsâ cN-\m-{]-]-©-¯n hyXn-cn-à-amb

ssN-X-\y-t¯msS inc-Êp-bÀ¯n \ne-sIm-Åp¶ IrXn-bmWv "\fn-\n.'

Bim³ IrXn-I-fn kÀtÆm-XvIr-jvS-sa¶p Nne hnaÀi-I-sc-¦nepw hnti-jn-

¸n-¨n-«pÅ Cu Imhyw hoW-]q-hn-eqsS XpS¡w Ipdn¨ \h-`m-hp-I-Xz-s¯bpw

Imev]\nI {]h-W-X-I-sfbpw kq£va-ambn hym]n-¸n¨ cN-\-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. ap−-

tÈcn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n ""ka-Im-enI {]iv\-§-fnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw AI¶pw

kmam-\y-Po-hn-X-¯n \n¶p -Xp-tem-ap-bÀ¶pw \n¡p¶ AXyq-Zm-¯-amb

Hcp t{]a-k-¦-ev]-¯n\p cq]w sImSp-¡p-I-bm-Wv.'' Bim³ Cu Imhy-¯n-

eqsS. Ipam-c-\m-im\v {]tXy-I-amb Hcp kvt\lw Cu Imhy-¯n\v t\À¡p-

−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v At±lw Xs¶ hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. "\fn\n'bpw F¨v.-

U»yq temMvs^-tÃm-hnsâ "Chm³P-en³' F¶ Ihn-Xbpw X½n _Ô-ap-

s−¶v Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p−v.

CXn-hr-¯-¯nepw Ah-X-c-W-¯nepw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bnepw ]pXpa

{]ZÀin-¸n¨ Imhy-amWv "\fn\n.' ]ucm-WnI IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-ew-_n-

¨pÅ Imhy-c-N\ kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv Imev]-\n-

I-]m-{X-§Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ \fn-\o-Imhyw Bim³ cNn-¨-Xv. "\fn\n'sb

\ho-\-kz-`m-h-apÅ Hcp IrXn-bmbn \mw C¶p ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ apJy-Im-c-

Whpw CXp-X-s¶bmWv. kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb IY-IÄ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS hni-Z-

ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ ]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼cyw cqV-aq-e-ambn \ne-\n¶ Ime¯v

10

AXnÂ\n¶p hgn-amdn \S-¡m³ Bim³ {ian-¨-Xnsâ kXv^-e-amWv "\fn-\n.'

]pcm-W-§-tfm-sSm¶pw _Ô-an-Ãm¯ Iev]n-X-I-Y-IÄ ae-bm-f-I-hn-IÄ t\c-

t¯-Xs¶ ssIImcyw sNbvXp-h-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶ bmYmÀ°yw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-

t¼mÄ Xs¶ Ah-sbms¡ IYm-{]-kw-K-coXym BZy-h-km\w ]d-ªp-

XoÀ¡p¶ a«n-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶ kXyw ImWm-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-Sm. F¶m B cN-

\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ]mÝm-Xy-cmb Nne Ihn-I-

fpsS BJym-\-coXn ]n´p-SÀ¶v IYm-I-Y-\-¯n Iem-]-c-amb HuNn-Xyhpw

\mS-Io-b-Xbpw ]pXp-a-bpw NSp-e-Xbpw k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨mWv Bim³ \fn-\o-

Imhyw cNn-¨-Xv. Cw¥o-jv-þ-kw-kvIrX `mjm-`y-k-\hpw tIcf¯n\p ]pdta

k©-cn-¨p-t\-Snb {]mtbm-KnI hnÚm-\hpw Bim\v Xsâ ]pXn-b Imhy-ZÀi-

\-¯n\v {]tNm-Z\w \ÂIn. AwKo-Ir-X-am-XrIIfn hyXn-bm\w hcp-¯n-

s¡m-−pÅ Hcp t{ijvT-Ir-Xnsb Hcp ]pXnb {]Øm-\-¯nsâ kwcw-`-ambn

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp-−v. B \nebv¡v ]qÀÆ-I-hn-I-

fnÂ\n¶v hn`n-¶-amb amÀKw kzoI-cn¨ Bims\ kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-I-·mÀ ae-

bm-f-¯nse JÞ-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hmbn Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯p-

¶p. """\fn\n' F¶ IrXnsb Imev]-\n-I-kz-`m-h-apÅ Hcp-¯a JÞ-Im-hy-

ambpw hnaÀi-IÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

\fn-\o-Im-hy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ GXp hni-I-e-\hpw "\fn\n'¡v G.-BÀ.

cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-sb-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡msX ]qÀ®-am-hn-Ã.

"\fn\n' ]pXnb {]Øm-\-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶ IrXn-bm-sW¶pw AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

A¶p \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ Ihn-Xm-KXn A\p-k-cn¨v CXn km[m-cW hmb-

\-¡mÀ¡v A`n-cpNn tXm¶ptam F¶pw Bim\v kwi-b-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. hmb-\-

¡m-cpsS {i²sb BIÀjn-¡-¯-¡-hn-[-¯n-sem-cp Ah-Xm-cnI {]kvXpX

IrXn¡v AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-sW¶v Bim\v \¶mbn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p.

11

CXp-t]m-semcp IrXn¡v Ah-Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xp-hm³ tbmKy³ G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-

hÀ½-bm-sW¶pw Ipim-{K-_p-²n-bmb Bim\v Dd-¸p-−m-bn-cp-¶p.

A\-´-hym-Jym-\-§Ä¡v Ah-kcw \ÂIp¶ IrXn-bmWv "\fn\n.' a\x-

im-kv{X-kn-²m-´-§-fpsS shfn-¨-¯nepw thZm-´-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Snepw

\ap¡v "\fn\n'sb hymJym-\n-¡m-\m-hpw. tam£w \ÂIp-¶-h³ ]pcp-j³ (\m-

b-I³). Ah-\nÂ\n¶v tam£w kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-hÄ kv{Xo (\m-bn-I) F¶

ho£-W-¯n "\fn\n'sb hne-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ Cu Imhyw ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xy

{]Xy-b-imkv{Xw DÅn hln-¡p¶ IrXn-bmbn \ap-¡v AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-

Ipw. AtX-k-abw Xs¶ "\fn\n'bn \n¶v DuÀÖw kzoI-cn¨v Znhm-I-c³

IqSp-X ip²-a-\-kvI-\mbn temI-t£-a-¯n-\mbn injvS-Po-hnXw kaÀ¸n-¨p-

sh¶ hkvXp-X-bn-eq-¶p-t¼mÄ Cu IrXn kv{Xok-¦-ev]-¯nsâ al-Xzs¯

BZ-cn-¡p¶ IrXn-bm-sW¶v ]d-tb-−n-h-cpw. \ne-\n¶ "cmP'k¦-ev]-¯n\p

]Icw"k\ymkn'sb \mb-I-\m-¡n-b-Xn-eqsS cmPm-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-Øsb "\fn\n'

shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-¶p-sh¶ hmb-\bpw cq]-s¸-«n-«p-−v. Imfn-Zm-k-I-hn-X-bp-ambn

Bim-\p-−m-bn-cp¶ ASp-¸w, \ntbm-¢m-knIv LS-I-§Ä Bimsâ Imhy-tem-

I¯v sNep-¯nb kzm[o-\-X, Imev]-\n-I-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw Bimsâ Imhy-ZÀi-\-

hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw, Bim-\-\p-`-hn¨ `uXn-Ihpw B²ym-ßn-I-hp-amb

kwLÀjw, Bim³ Ihn-X-bnse Pe-km-¶n-²yw, `mc-Xob XXz-Nn-´bpw

Bimsâ hnNm-c-tem-I-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw, k\ym-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Bim³

]peÀ¯nb \ho-\-[m-c-W, arXyp-t_m-[hpw AXns\ AXn-hÀ¯n-¡m-\pÅ

Bimsâ \nc-´c ]cn-{i-aw, Bimsâ Imhy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

F¶o hnj-b-§sf A[n-I-cn¨v "\fn\n'sb \ap¡v hymJym-\n-¡m-\m-hpw.

"\fn\n'¡p−mb hymJym-\-§fpw D−m-hm-\n-S-bpÅ ]pXnb hymJym-\-§fpw

B IrXn-bpsS al-Xz-s¯-bmWv hmkvX-h-¯n {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

12

kqcy-Im´n

Pn. -i-¦-c-¡p-dp¸v

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

kqcy-Im´n

"\oc-{Ô-\o-e-P-e-Z-¸-e-I-¸p-d¯p

hmc-©n-Sp¶ hfÀhnÃp hc-¨p-am¨pw'

F¶n-§s\ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Ihn-sªm-gp¡v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ihn-

bmWv Pn.-i-¦-¡p-dp-¸v. Imev]-\n-I-\mbpw anÌn-Iv, knw_-enÌv Ihn-bm-bp-

sams¡ At±lw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-¯n AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«p. 1932-

þÂ kqcy-Im´n F¶ IhnX BZy-ambn shfn¨w I−p. 1933-þ-emWv Hcp Ihn-

Xm-k-am-lm-c-ambn ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶-Xv. kqcy-Im´n F¶ t]cn Xs¶ Cd-§nb

Cu Imhy-k-am-lm-c-¯n At\z-j-Ww, Fsâ thfn, ]¦-P-Ko-Xw, C¶p

Rm³ \msf \o XpS-§nb anI¨ Ihn-X-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. kqcy-Im´n F¶

Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-cs¯ sdmamânIv {]Øm-\-¯nse anI¨ IrXn-bmbn tIkcn

_me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn Pn.-bpsS Im-hy-

Po-hn-Xs¯ A©p L«-§-fmbn Xncn-¨n-«p-−v. IuXp-I-Im-ew, Im´n-Im-ew,

IXnÀ¡m-ew, IZ-\-Imew, ZÀi-\-Imew F¶n-h-bmWv B A©p-L-«-§Ä.

AXn Im´n-Im-e-¯nÂs¸« Ihn-X-bmWv kqcy-Im-´n-sb¶v eoem-hXn A`n-

{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. PnbpsS Gsd hmbn-¡-s¸« Ihn-X-I-fn-sem-¶mWv kqcy-Im-´n.

""aµ-a-µ-sa³Xmgpw apKv²amw apJw s]m¡nþ

Êpµc Znhm-I-c³ tNmZn¨p a[p-c-ambv

Bcp-\o-b-\p-P¯o? \nÀ¶n-ta-j-am-sb-s´³

tXcp-t]m-Ith t\sc t\m¡n \n¡p¶p Zqsc.''

13

F¶n§s\ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp Imev]-\n-I-`m-h-Km-\-¯nsâ hmb-\m-\p-`hw

\ÂIns¡m−mWv Ihn-X-bm-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. cmhnse hnSÀ¶p t\sc-\n¡p¶,

kqcy-Im-´n-¸qhv sshIp-t¶-c-am-hp-t¼m-tgbv¡pw Hcp hi-t¯¡v Nmªp-

\n¡p¶p. CXp-I−v Ihn-`m-h\ k©-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. {]`m-X-¯n DZn-¨p-b-

cp¶ kqcy-tZ-hs\ kvt\l-t¯msS t\m¡n-\n¡p-I-bmWv kqcy-Im-´n-¸q-hv.

kqcysâ ]Sn-ªm-tdm-«pÅ bm{X-bvs¡m¸w AXp apJw Xncn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. CXv kqcy-Im-´n-bpsS Nn´-I-fn-eqsS at\m-l-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-

bmWv Ihn. kvt\l-¯nsâ al-\o-b-k-tµ-i-amWv Ihn "kqcy-Im´n'bneqsS

]d-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. Xs¶-¯s¶ Cab-\-§msX t\m¡n-\n¡p¶ ]qhn-

t\mSv kqcy\pw Xncn¨v kvt\lw tXm¶p-¶p. ]c-kv]cw kvt\l-t¯msS Ign-

ª AhÀ¡nS-bn Idp-¼n-cm-sh-¯p-¶-tXmsS ]ncn-tb-−n-h-cp-¶p. ASp¯

{]`m-X-¯nepw kqcy-tZ-h³ DZn-¨p-b-cpw. ]t£, ]mhw kqcy-Im-´n¸q Imä-Sn¨p

hoWn-«p-−m-hpw. C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw kqcy-Im´n ]qhns\ ImWm³ Ign-bn-ÃtÃm

Ft¶mÀ¯v kqcy³ ZpxJn-¡pw.

kqcy-Im´n Hcp apKv²-{]-W-b-Ko-X-amtWm, AtXm Znhy-amb Hcp Pohm-

ß-þ-]-c-am-ß-_-Ôs¯bmtWm Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F¶ NÀ¨ kmln-Xy-cw-

K¯v NqSp-]n-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ Ihn AXn CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw kqcy-Im´n Hcp apKv²W-

b-Ko-X-amWv F¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Ihn-X-bn Znhym-\p-`qXn

tXtS-−-Xnà F¶v Ihn kqNn-¸n-¨p. F¶m tIhew Hcp Imev]-\nI {]W-

b-KoXw am{X-ambn kqcy-Im-´nsb hne-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hn-Ã F¶mWv \ncq-]-I-a-

Xw. "knw_-en-khpw ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbpw' F¶ {KÙ-¯n sI.-Fw.-th-Wp-tKm-

]m kqcy-Im-´n-sb-¡p-dn¨v C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn. ""C{µn-bm-Xo-X-amb I®p-I-

fn {]W-b-¯nsâ Dujva-f-`mhw am{X-aà DÅ-Xv. C{µn-bm-Xo-X-amb

hnkvarXn-I-fn F¯n-\n¡p¶ Bß-_-en-¡pÅ k¶-²X kqcy-Im-´n-

bpsS ARvP-eo-_-²-amb {]mÀ°-\-bn-ep-−v.

14

Pohm-ß-þ-]-c-am-ß-_-Ô-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n kqcy-Im-´nsb Nne

hnaÀi-IÀ hymJym-\n-¡m³ {ian-¨Xv CXp-sIm-−m-sW¶pw At±lw \co-£n-

¡p-¶p-−v. F¶m kqcy-Im-´n-bpsS eÖm-Nm-]-e-Xbpw kqcy-tZ-hsâ

XfÀ¨bpw \n{Zm-hn-lo-\-amb cà-t\-{X-hp-sams¡ B Ihn-X-bpsS am\p-jn-I-

`m-hs¯ kpZr-V-am-¡p-¶p-ap-−v. kqcy-Im-´n-bpsS {]W-b-¯n\v Ihn-bpsS

atkm-¡nÌv LS-\-bp-ambn _Ô-ap-s−¶v Un.-_-©-an³ kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v.

Bcm-[-\m-kz-`m-h-apÅ aäp Ihn-X-I-fnÂ\n¶v kqcy-Im-´n-bv¡pÅ hyXy-kvX-

Xsb kw_-Ôn¨v tUm.-Fw.-eo-em-hXn Ihn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n A`n-{]m-

b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv''þ""kqcy-Im´n _mly-ambn Hcp apKv[-{]-W-b-

KoXamsW-¦nepw ]pjv]-Ko-Xw, taL-KoXw F¶n-h-bnse `àn-t{]-a-k-¦-c-

t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb A´-cm-ßm-hnsâ {]XoIw Xs¶-bm-Wv.'' AXyp-¶-X-§-fnÂ

hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Bcm-[y-i-àn, \oNm-h-Ø-bn-epÅ Bcm-[n-I-þB A´-c-¯nÂ

\n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ A[o-cX Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-dn-bp-t¼m-gpÅ B\-µ-\nÀhr-

Xn, kw{`-aw, XfÀ¨ F¶o `mh-§Ä¡v Gähpw tNcp¶ hn`m-K-amWv kqcy-Im-

´n. AXnsâ k´X kqcym-`n-ap-J-Xz-sa¶ hkvXp-X-bn Hcp aqI-t{]-am-cm-[-\-

bpsS hnIm-c-km-Kcw apgp-h³ HXp¡nb sshZ-Kv[ys¯ klr-Z-bÀ ÇmLn¨p.

kqcy-Im-´nsb GsX-¦n-ep-sam-¶nsâ {]Xo-I-am-¡m³ a\x-]qÀÆw {ia-

¨n-«n-sÃ-¦nÂt]mepw Imap-Io-`mhw ebn-¨p-tNÀ¶n-«pÅ Cu {]Xo-I-¯n\v

GtXm al-\ob iàn-¡p-ap³]n hnkva-b-lr-Z-b-t¯msS \n¡p¶ a\p-jy-

tN-X-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bp−v F¶-Xn XÀ¡-an-Ã. kqcy\v C{µn-bm-Xo-X-

amb iàn-hn-ti-j-§-fpsS kz`m-h-ap−v F¶n-cn-s¡, AXo-{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§-

fpsS kuµ-cy-ta-J-e-bn-te¡v hmb-\-¡m-cs\ \bn-¡p¶ Hcp knw_-enÌv ({]-

Xo-Im-ß-I) Ihn-X-bpsS kz`m-h-amWv "kqcy-Im´n' {]I-S-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶v

ImWmw. "kqcy-Im´n'bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI hnh-£-IÄ F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ,

"kqcy-Im´n' kvt\l-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI hymJym-\-ambn hmbn-¡m-\m-hpw.

15

Ipam-c-\m-imsâ kvt\l-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ hnI-kn-X-cq-]-amWv"kqcy-Im´n'bnse

kvt\l-ZÀi-\hpw {]W-b-ZÀi-\-hpw. km£m-XvI-cn-¡m³ ]Wn-s¸-tS-−n-h-

cp¶ {]W-bhpw kvt\l-hp-amWv ChnsS hnh-£nXw F¶v {iossiew D®n-

Ir-jvW³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Ihn-bpsS kvss{XWm-kvXn-Xz-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb eÖ, A[o-c-

X, hn\-bw, `àn, hnjm-Zw, Iog-S-§p-¶-Xnse [\y-Xbpw km^-eyhpw FÃmw

kqcy-Im-´n-bneps−¶v \nco-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v. Xsâ ]cn£-oW-cq]w I−v

Xt¶m-SpÅ {]W-b-¯m BÀ{Z-Nn-¯-\mbn \mY-\mb kqcy³.

""B hnip-²amw apKv[

]pjv]-s¯-¡-−n-sÃ-¦nÂ

B hn[w ]c-kv]cw

kvt\ln-¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ''

F¶v ]d-ªn-«p-−m-Im-sa¶ {]Xo-£-sh¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶ kqcy-Im-´n-bnÂ

kvss{XW-amb {]W-b-km-^-ey-¯nsâ kzc-amWv tIÄ¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.

Npcp-¡-¯n hmb-\-¡m-cpsS am\-kn-I-\n-e-bv¡-\p-k-cn¨v GXp Xe-¯n-

te¡pw hymJym-\n-¨p-sIm-−p-t]m-Im-hp¶ Hcp LS-\-bmWv Cu Ihn-X-bv¡p--

ÅXv. knw_-enÌvþ-an-Ìn-Iv-þ-a-tkm-¡nÌv {]h-WXIÄ Is−-¯m-hp¶ Hcp

`mh-Im-hy-ambn CXv hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m i¦-c-¡p-dp¸v hnaÀin-¡-

s¸-Sp¶p F¶ IrXn-bn-eqsS tUm.-kp-Ip-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv i¦-c-¡p-dp-¸nsâ

IrXn-Ifn bmsXm-cp-hn[ ZÀi-\-§-fp-an-sö ISp¯ hnaÀi\w D¶-bn-¨n-«p-

−v.

16

aWn-\mZw

CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]nÅ

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

ae-bm-f-¯nse Imev]-\n-I Ihn-I-fnÂs¸« Hcp Ihn-bmWv CS-¸Ån

cmL-h³]n-Å. 1909 Pq¬ 30-þ CS-¸Ån Cfa¡-c-bnse ]mÞ-h-¯p-ho-«nÂ

\oe-I-WvT-]n-Å-bp-sSbpw hS-¡³ ]d-hqÀ tIm«p-]-Ån-bnse Ingp-t¡{]w apdn-

bn Xmg-¯p-ho-«n ao\m-£n-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\m-bn P\-\w. sNdp-¸-¯nte

A½ \jvS-s¸-«p. Aѳ asämcp hnhmlw Ign-¨-tXmsS cmLh³]n-Å-bp-

sSbpw A\p-P³ tKm]m-e-]n-Å-bp-sSbpw _meyw A]-kz-c-§Ä \nd-ª-Xm-bn-

cp-¶p. kvIqÄ ss^\ ]co£ ]mÊm-b-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw CS-¸Ån hn«v

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-t¯¡p hcn-Ibpw AhnsS "{ioaXn' F¶ Hcp {]Xn-hmc ]{Xn-

I-bn IW-¡-¸n-Å-bmbn tPmen t\m¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSv "tIcf

tIkcn'bn Kpa-kvX-\m-bn.-Xp-SÀ¶v ssh¡w \mcm-b-W-]nÅ F¶ Hcp h¡o-

ensâ ho«n At±-l-¯nsâ Ip«n-IÄ¡v Syqj³ sImSp¯v Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn. B

Ah-k-c-¯n-emWv 1936 Pqsse 5þ\v Ahn-sS-sh¨v CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]nÅ

Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶-Xv. CS-¸-Ån-bpsS ac-W-¯n a\w-s\m´v XIÀ¶ apcfn

F¶ Hcp eLp Imh-yhpw ]n¶oSv ca-W³ F¶ {]i-kvX-amb hnem-]-Im-

hyhpw N§-¼pg Fgp-Xp-¶p-−v. CS-¸-Ån-¡-hn-X-IÄ F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-«-

h-cm-bn-cp¶p CS-¸Ån cmL-h³ ]nÅbpw N§-¼pg IrjvW-]n-Å-bpw.

IrXn-IÄ

Xpjm-c-lm-cw, lrZbkvar-Xw, \h-kuc`w, aWn-\mZw. CS-¸-Ån-bpsS

ac-W-tijw FÃm IrXn-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n "CS-¸Ån cmL-h³ ]nÅ-bpsS

IrXn-IÄ' F¶ t]cn N§-¼pg Hcp k¼qÀ®k-am-lmcw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.

17

aWn-\mZw

kar-²-amb Hcp Imev]-\nI Imhy-{]-]©w Xs¶ k½m-\n¨v ImÂ]-\n-

I-\m-bn-¯s¶ Pohn-¨p-a-cn¨ Hcp ae-bm-f-I-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p CS-¸Ån cmL-

h³]n-Å. {]W-bw, kzmX-{´y-Zm-lw, hnjm-Zw, tcmKm-Xp-c-X, ac-Wm-kàn

F¶n-§s\ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS FÃm `mh-{]-IÀjhpw Ihn-X-bn-se-¶-t]mse

Pohn-X-¯nepw s\t©-äp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu Ihn. shdpw 27 hÀjw am{Xw

Pohn¨ Cu Ihn-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ F®w-sIm−v Ipd-hm-sW-¦nepw AXy´w

k¼-¶-amb Hcp sdmamânIv Imhy-cwKw XoÀ¡m³ Ihn¡p Ign-ªn-«p-−v.

{Zmhn-U-hr-¯-§-fn F¬]-¯n-c−v Ihn-X-I-tfmfw CS-¸Ån cNn-¨n-«p-−v.

emfn-Xyhpw {]km-Zm-ß-I-Xbpw XnIª Imhy-ssi-en-bmWv s]mXpsh Ihn-X-

I-fn ImWp-¶-Xv.

CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]n-Å-bpsS ac-W-¯n\p sXm«p-ap¼v Fgp-X-s¸« Ihn-

X-I-fmWp aWn-\m-Zhpw \mfs¯ {]`m-X-hpw. aWn-\mZw amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-

Xn¸n\pw \mfs¯ {]`mXw ae-bm-f-cmPyw Nn{X-hm-cn-Ibv¡pw sImSp-¡p-Ibpw

DS³ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m³ Ihn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. At±lw

Bß-lXy sNbvX ]ntä-¶v, 1936-þ-Pqsse 6þ\v amXr-`qan B-gvN-]-Xn-¸n "aWn-

\mZw'A¨-Sn-¨p-h-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-hmÀ¯bpw AtX-Zn-hkw ]{X-§-

fn h¶p. "\mfs¯ {]`mXw' Pqsse 7þ\v ae-bm-f-cm-Py-¯nepw {]kn-²o-I-cn-

¨p. c−p Ihn-X-Ifpw acWw {]ta-b-ap-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. CS-¸-Ån-bpsS amÌÀ]o-

kmb Ihn-X-bmWv aWn-\m-Zw. ac-W-¯nsâ aWn-ap-g¡w tIÄ¡p¶p F¶p

]d-ªp-sIm-−mWv aWn-\mZw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

""aWn-ap-g¡w ! ac-W-Zn-\-¯nsâ

aWn-ap-g¡w a[pcw ! hcp¶p Rm³!

A\p-\-bn-¡p-hm-s\-¯p-sa³ Iq«tcm þ

18

Scp-fn-S-s«-sb¶´ybm-{Xm-sam-gn.''

F¶n-§s\ B IhnX Xsâ ac-W-¯nsâ {]Jym-]-\-am-hp-¶p. CXv temI-Po-

hn-X-¯nsâ FÃm-¯cw Im]-Sy-§-fnÂ\n-¶p-apÅ kzmX-{´y-{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-

bmbncp¶p. {]IrXym hnjm-Znbpw ac-Wm-`n-ap-Jy-apÅh\p-amb Cu Imev]-\n-I-

I-hn¡v Xsâ {]W-bn-\n-bpsS hnhm-l-£-W-¡¯v e`n-¨-XmWv s]s«-¶p-

−mb Cu Xocp-am-\-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨-sX¶v hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xt¶mSv

kl-I-cn-¡m¯ Aen-hp-Im-«m¯ Cu ]cp-j-tem-I-¯nÂ\n¶pw hn«v ac-W-

¯nsâ amkva-c-tem-I-¯n A`-bw-tX-Sp¶ `mh-\m-tem-e-s\-bm-Wn-hnsS

ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. ac-W-¯nsâ aWn-ap-g¡w am[p-cy-amÀ-¶-Xmbn Ihn¡v

A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. \mep JÞ-§-fmbn Xncn-¨mWv aWn-

\mZw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. BZy-J-Þ-¯n ac-Wm-k-àn-bpsS apg¡w \ndª

hm¡p-IÄsIm−v Ihn bm{X-]-d-bm³ Hcp-§p-¶p.

""]ncn-I-bm-Wn-Xm, Rms\m-c-[x-Ir-X³

Ic-bp-hm-\mbv ]nd-s¶mcp Imap-I³!''

F¶n-§s\ X\n¡p {]nb-am-b-XnÂ\ns¶Ãmw ]ncn-tb-−n-h-cp¶ Ihn-bpsS

Ic-¨n tIÄ¡mw. {Iqc-amb Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf hnNm-c-W-sN-¿m-\mWv

c−mw JÞ-¯n Ihn {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-]q-¡fw Ag-Ip-h-gn-bp-¶-Xm-

sW-¦nepw AXv hgn-b-cn-Inse hn{i-a-¯m-hfw am{X-am-Wv. "Igp-I-\n-ÖUw

Im¯p kq£n¡p¶ Igp-acw' Ihn ImWp-¶p-−v. Adn-bmsX Pohn-X-{]-tem-`-

\-§-fn hoWp-t]m-bn. F¶m Xm³ AI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Imcn-cp-¼-gn-¡p-Ån-

emWv F¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. {]W-b-\m-S-I-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw \nW-a-Wn-¨n-en-em-

Wv Ah-km-\n-¡m-dv. AXn-\m Ifcn amdn I¨-sI-«m\pw If-cn-b-c§v amän-t\m-

¡m\pw Ihn {ian-¡p-¶p. ASp¯ {]`mXw Xsâ DZ-I-Ir-Xy-§Ä sN¿m-\p-Å-

Xm-sW¶v At±lw Icp-Xp-¶p. Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb JÞ-§-fmb aq¶pw

19

\mepw JÞ-§-fn ac-W-t¯mSp ka-ck-s¸-Sp-¶ Ihnsb ImWmw. ac-W-

¯n X\n¡p Iq«mbn IÀa-km-£n-bmb ImÀ¯nI \£-{X-ap-−m-hp-sa-¶mWv

Ihn-bpsS {]Xym-i. ]cn-ip-²-amb AhÄ Zqsc-bm-sW-¦nepw X\ns¡t¸mgpw

Iq«m-bp-−v. Ihn-bpsS Imap-Insb¸än-bm-Wn-hnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶v Icp-Xp-

¶p. ]cp-j-`m-j-W-§-tfäv Ihn-bpsS lrZ-b-`n¯n XIÀ¶v AXnÂ\n¶pw Hgp-

Ip¶ cà-_n-µp-¡Ä {]W-b-Km-\-sa-gp-Xp¶ Xqen-I-IÄ¡v DWÀÆp ]I-cptam

F¶v Ihn Bi-¦-s¸-Sp-¶p. bYmÀ°-¯n Ihn-bpsS ac-W-¡p-dn-¸m-bn-¯s¶

Cu IhnX amdp-¶p. Xm\pw Xsâ Ihn-Xbpw ac-W-¯n-eqsS imiz-Xo-I-cn-¡-

s¸Spw F¶ hnizmkw \nÀa-e-Nn-¯-\mb Ihn sh¨p-]p-eÀ¯p-¶p. {]W-b-

¯n\pw Ihn-Xbv¡pw th−n-bp-Å-XmWv Xsâ Poh-XymKw F¶pw Ihn Icp-

Xp-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Cu ac-Wm-k-àn¡p ]n¶nepw Hcp Xc-¯n-epÅ

Pohn-X-cXn-bm-Wp-ÅXv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

20

samUyqÄ 2 þ Ihn-X-IÄ

Item-]m-k-I³

A¡n¯w ANyp-X³ \¼q-Xncn

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

Cu Ihn-X-bn Ihn-X-s¶-bmWv BJym-Xm-hmbn hcp-¶-Xv. Imdp

hm§-W-a-ѳ F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm−v s\©n Ian-gv¶p-In-S-¡p¶ aIsâ NqSp-

sIm−v amdnse ioXw t]m¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ihnsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v

IhnX-bm-cw-`n-¡p-¶p. Ihn-bm-I-s«, DuWn-\pÅ hI Is−-t¯-−Xv F§n-s\-

sb¶v Nn´n¨v hnj-an-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv. \S¶p \S¶p Xsâ Imep-IÄ Ig-

¨ncn¡pI-bm-sW¶pw {]mW³ I¬]o-en-bpsS apÄ¡n-coSw AWnªn-cn-¡p-I-

bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp¶p Ihn. H¶p \n¡mt\m ]p©n-cn-¡mt\m I®oÀXp-S-

bv¡mt\m t]mepw kabw In«m¯ Ihnbv¡v Xsâ Xqen-I-bm Ft¸mgpw

\nXym-Ëm-Z-¯nsâ `mjbpw Nn{X-§fpw cNn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p.Gähpw kwLÀj-

`-cn-X-amb Ah-Ø-bnepw Xsâ IWvT-¯n \n¶pw a[p-c-Km-\-§Ä Hgp-Ip-

¶Xv Ihn Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. A§ns\ Xms\-gp-Xp¶ hcn-IÄ ]m\w sNbvXv

F{Xtbm ZpxJn-X-cmb ktlm-Z-c³ Nnc-RvPo-hn-I-fmbn¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-

dnªv Ihn AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

Ft´m i_vZw tI«v Ihn Nn´-bnÂ\n-¶p-WÀ¶v I¬an-gn-¨-t¸mÄ

ap¶n- Iq¸p-ssI-I-fp-ambn \n¡p¶ Bcm-[-I-sc-bmWv I−-Xv. càhpw

hnbÀ¸pw I®ocpw Xn§nb thj-t¯msS Xsâ ap¶n h¶p-\n¶ AhÀ,

F§ns\bmWv Xm¦-fp-sS IpSp-abpw XmSn-tcm-a-§fpw C{X \c-¨p-sh-fp-¯p-t]m-

b-sX¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§fpw \ncm-ibpw ZpxJhpw X¶nÂ

AIm-e-hmÀ²-Iys¯ sIm−p-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v Ihn Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.

21

h¶-hÀ ]ns¶bpw Ihn-tbmSv tNmZy§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. \n§Ä _ncp-

Ztam A[n-Im-ctam H¶pw t\Sn-bn-«n-Ã-tÃm. Hcp ]pXp-hkv{Xw t]mepw hm§n-

bn-«n-Ã. A\y-kv{Xo-I-fpsS hm¡n ab§n hoWn-«n-Ã. aZy-¯nsâ ASn-a-bm-bn-

«-Ã-, ZpxJ-¯nsâ {]Xn-cq-]-sa¶t]mse-bpÅ Xm¦Ä cpNn-bpÅ `£Ww Ign-

¡p-¶-Xp-t]mepw I−n-«n-Ã. Dd-§m-\mbn XqhÂsa¯bpw hm§n-¨n-«n-Ã. Dd-

§msX cmhpw ]Iepw kz]v\-§Ä s\bvXp-I-gnªp hcn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p \o.

""Znhy-tam-l-\-kvt\-l-[À½ temI¯n³ im´nþ

`hyamw IXnÀ¡pe NmÀ¯nse kzÀ®-§sf''

Bbn-cp-¶tÃm \o kz]v\w I−-Xv. A§-bpsS sN´-fnÀ hnc sXm«-sXÃmw

s]m¶mbn amdn. R§Ä A§-bpsS Bßo-b-Xsb {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s«. hnSÀ¶p-

]-S-cp¶ A§-bpsS Bbp-Ênsâ hÅn-bn k´p-jvSn-bmtWm? tIm]-am-tWm?

AtXm asä-s´-¦n-ep-amtWm ]q¯p-\n¡p-¶Xv? \½psS tIhe ico-c-¯n-\p-

Ån-emtWm ]pd-¯mtWm Pohn-X-km-^-ey-¯nsâ s]mcp-fp-I-fp-Å-Xv. \nan-j-

§Ä¡v aosX-bpÅ \nXy-X-bm-tWmþ AtXm Ipªnsâ Nncn-tbmþ `qan-bpsS

IrX-Ú-Xtbmþ GXmWv Gähpw tam£-{]-Z-am-bn-«pÅXv? Pohn-¡m-\mbn ]e

tPmen-Ifpw sNbvXv acn-¡m-dmb X§Ä¡v Cu tNmZy-§Ä¡p-¯cw Adn-bm³

B{K-l-ap-s−¶v AhÀ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. F¶m XmSn¡v I¿pw sImSp-¯n-cn-

¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS {]mW³ Cu {]]-©s¯ ]pÂIp-Ibpw Npw_n-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. \nd-bp¶ I®p-I-fm BIm-i¯pw Nncn-¡p¶ Ipªnsâ I®p-I-

fnepw t\m¡p-¶p. hni-¸n-\m ]nS-bp¶ hb-dn ssIsh¨v tX§n Ic-bm³

B{K-ln-¨n«pw AXn-\m-hmsX Dudn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Ihn.

Ah-km\w Ihn au\w t`Zn-¡p-¶p. \n§Ä F´-dn-ªn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

ktlm-Z-c-§-tf, Hcp t\cs¯ `£-W-¯n\v t]mepw hnj-an-¡p¶ \nÊm-c-

22

\mWv Rm³ \n§-sfs¶ ssIIq¸n \n¡p-¶Xv ImWp-t¼mÄ F\n¡v

IjvSw tXm¶p¶p F¶n-§s\ Ihn Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p.

""Fcnbpw hbä¯p ssIsh¨p tX§n-t¯-§nþ

¡c-bm³ tamln-¨n«pw Dudn Rm³ Nncn-¡p-¶p.

C§s\ tNmZn¡bpw sNbvhq: tl {`mXm-¡sf

\n§-sf-´-dn-sªs¶ ssIIq-¸n \n¸q, IjvSw?''

F¶n-§-s\-bmWv IhnX Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]e-t¸mgpw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Pohn-X-ssh-cp-²y-§Ä t\cnSp-¶-h-cmWv

a\p-jyÀ. {]tXy-In¨pw Iem-Im-c-·mÀ. ]pd-ta¡v ImWp¶ ]cn-th-j-§-

sfm¶pw Ah-cpsS B´-cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n D−m-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. kaqlw Bcm-[-

\-tbmsS I−n-cp¶ ]e Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw bYmÀ° PohnXw IjvSX \nd-ª-

Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n.Ipªncm-a³ \mbÀ, F.-A-¿-¸³ F¶n-h-scms¡ Ah-cnÂ

NneÀ am{Xw.

23

IpXn-c-s¡m¼v

A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡À

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Aa-c-¡m-cn HcmÄ

F¶ \ne-bn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Ihn-bmWv A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À. 1930 sk]vXw-_À

12-þ\v Ip«-\m-«nse Imhm-ew-I-c-bn Hmen-¡Â ao\m-£n-b-½-bp-sSbpw \mcm-b-

W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-¨p. Ihn-X-bn-se-¶-t]mse \ncq-]-W-

¯nepw A[ym-]-\-¯nepw {it²-b-\m-bn-«p-−v. Ata-cn-¡-bnse C³Uym\

kÀÆ-I-em-imebnÂ\n¶v At±lw Cw¥ojv kmln-Xy¯n Kth-j-W-_n-

cpZw t\Sn. 1960-þ tZi-_-Ôp-hm-cn-I-bn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Ipcp-t£{Xw F¶

IhnX ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnse B[p\nI-X-bpsS B[m-c-in-e-bmbn Icp-Xp-¶p. Sn.-

F-kv. Fen-b-änsâ The Waste land F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS kzm[o-\-¯n-emWv Cu

IhnX Fgp-X-s¸-«-Xv. 2006 HmKÌv 23-þ\v At±lw A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

Ipcp-t£-{Xw, arXyp-]q-P, IpSpw-_-]p-cm-Ww, IpXn-c-s¡m-¼v, ]pcq-c-

hÊ,v A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS IrXn-IÄ (\m-ep-`m-Kw), A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS teJ-\-

§Ä (2 `mKw) XIgn inh-i-¦-c-¸nÅ (Po-h-N-cn-{Xw), ImÀ«q¬ IY-Ifpw alm-

cmP IY-Ifpw, ]q¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ F\n-¡m-h-Xn-tÃ, tKm{X-bm-\w, ]q¨bpw

tjIvkv]n-bdpw (hn-hÀ¯-\w), abt¡mhvkvInbpsS Ihn-X-IÄ (hn-hÀ¯-\w),

tl KKm-dn³. Cw¥o-jnepw [mcmfw cN-\-IÄ \S-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

kc-kzXn k½m³, tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Imhy-]p-c-kvIm-cw,

24

tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-IÄ (I-hn-Xbv¡pw \ncq-]-W-¯n-\pw)

Bim³ ss{]kv, alm-Ihn ]´fw tIc-f-hÀ½ ]pc-kvIm-cw, Hdo-Ê-bnÂ\n-

¶pÅ KwKm-[À salÀ AhmÀUv, a[y-{]-tZ-inÂ\n¶pw I_oÀ ]pc-kvIm-cw,

`mc-Xob `mjm-]-cn-j-¯nsâ ZnÂhmc ]pc-kvImcw F¶nh e`n-¨p.hb-emÀ

AhmÀUv e`n-¨p-sh-¦nepw \nc-kn-¨p.

IpXn-c-s¡m¼v

B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn ]cn-lm-khpw kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi-\hpw

Bt£-]-lm-ky-hp-ambn IS-¶p-h¶ Ihn-bmWv A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À. kaq-l-

¯nsâ s]mbvap-J-§sf ]n¨n-¨o-´n-sb-dn-bm\pw kzbwhnaÀi-\-¯nsâ

Iqc¼v Ah-\-h-\n-te-¡p-Xs¶ F¿m\pw Ihnbv¡v teihpw aSn-bn-Ã.

""\msf-bpsS ]m«p Rm³ ]mSn-bntÃ

Xcq \mWbw CXm-sWsâ

kzmX-{´y-Km-b-I³'' (ar-Xyp-]q-P)

F¶p ]mSm\pw Fhn-sS-sbmcp bp²-ap-s−-¶mÂ, Fhn-sS-sbmcp £ma-ap-s−-

¶m Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-bn-«Xpw Imim-¡n-am-äp¶ _lp-P-\-lnXw t\m¡n ]b-

äp¶ Xm\-S-¡-apÅ Ihn-Isf hnaÀin-¡m\pw Ihn¡p Ign-bp¶p. A¿-¸-¸-Wn-

¡-cpsS aäp Ihn-X-I-fnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn hnNn-{X-amb AÀ°I¸-\-

IÄ DÅ Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv IpXn-c-s¡m-¼v. Cu ioÀjIw anYy-bmb H¶ns\

kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w CÃm¯ H¶v D−m-bm AXv XoÀ¯pw A]-I-S-I-c-

amhpw F¶ kqN-\bpw \ÂIp-¶p. CÃm-¯-Xns\ Ds−¶v hcp-¯p-¶-hÀ

kz´w hmZw Øm]n-¡m³ GXp amÀ¤hpw kzoI-cn¡pw F¶Xpw

CXnÂ\n¶pw hyà-amIp¶p. BSns\ ]«n-bm-¡p-¶-hÀ AXn-\mbn F´p

X{´hpw ]b-äp-atÃm?

25

Im¡ aeÀ¶p ]d-¡p-¶Xpw IpXn-c¡v sIm¼p apf-bv¡p-¶Xpw Hcp

t]mse-bm-sW¶v \m«p-sam-gn-bp-−v. AXp-sIm−v IpXn-c-s¡m¼v F¶Xv

CÃm¯Xnsâ bpànsb Ipdn-¡p-¶p. ]−v IpXn-c-s¡m-¼p-IÄ At\z-jn¨p

\S¶ Hcp kqX-Ip-am-csâ IY-bmWv Ihn CXn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. \mtSm-Sn-a-«n-

epÅ BJym-\-am-Wn-Xn \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

"IY ]dbmw

Rm³ Hcp IY-]-dbmw'

F¶p ]d-ªp-Xp-S-§p¶ Cu Ihn-X-bn hàmhv Ihn-X-s¶-bm-Wv. kqX-Ip-

am-c³ CÃm¯ IpXn-c-s¡m-¼p-IÄ tXSn cm{Xnbpw ]I-ep-sams¡ Ae-ªp-\-

S-¡p-¶p. Imb¡-c-bnepw hgn-h-¡nepw Nmb-¡-S-I-fnepw Nmcmbw tam´n

sXdn-sbm-gp-Ip¶ hgn-I-fn-ep-saÃmw AbmÄ At\z-jn-¨p \S-¶p. agbpw

shbnepw aªpw sIm−pÅ Abm-fpsS Ae-¨n-en C\n At\z-jn-¡m³ Hcn-

S-an-Ã. shbn-ensâ t\À½-bnepw Ccp-«nsâ IpfnÀ½-bnepw BIm-i-¯nsâ

\oen-a-bnepw IS¯n-c-bnse ]X-bnepw \pc-bnepw AbmÄ Xnc-ªp. ]q¡-

tfmSpw Bdp-I-tfmSpw CfwImän-t\mSpw AbmÄ At\z-jn-¨p. Fhn-sSbpw

AbmÄ¡p Is−-¯m-\m-bn-Ã. Bcpw Hcp hnh-chpw ]¦p-sh-¨n-Ã.

F¶m IpXn-c-IÄ ]e-X-c-¯n-ep-−v. amb-¡p-Xn-c-IÄ, Ad-_n-¡p-Xn-c-

IÄ, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c-IÄ, ioe-¡p-S-bpsS IpXn-c-I-fp-ap-−v. ]t£ Ah-bvs¡m¶pw

sIm¼p-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AbmÄ cm{Xn apgp-h-\p-an-cp-¶m-tem-Nn-¨p. thZ-{K-Ù-

§Ä NnI-ªp-t\m-¡n. imkv{Xhpw ]pcm-Whpw kwkvIm-chpw Ie-bp-sa-Ãmw

]c-Xn-t\m-¡n. Icn-bn-ebpw a®m¦-«bpw IqSn Imin-¡p-t]mb IY-bnepw Xnc-

ªp. ]t£ sIm¼pÅ IpXn-csb Is−-¯m-\m-bn-Ã. Xm³ At\z-jn¨Xns\

Is−-¯m-\m-hm-ª-t¸mÄ AbmÄ Hcp ISpw-ssIbv¡p apXnÀ¶p. CcpÄ

sasà \o§n-t¸m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v BIm-i¯v ip{I³ sXfnª t\c¯v \S-

26

¶p-h¶ Hcp IpXn-c-¯-e-hs\ sh«n AbmfpsS \s«Ãp ]nfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯v H-

«n¨v c−v sIm¼p-I-fp-−m¡n AXv IpXn-c-bpsS Xe-tbmSv ]nfÀ¯n sh¨p-]n-

Sn-¸n-¨p. A§s\ Xm³ At\z-jn-¨p-\-S¶ sIm¼p-IÄ AbmÄ bmYmÀ°y-am-

¡p-¶p. CÃm¯ H¶ns\ krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. IpXn-cbv¡v sIm¼nà F¶

bmYmÀ°ys¯ adn-I-S¶v AbmÄ krjvSn-s¨-Sp¯ sIm¼pÅ IpXn-csb

C\n sIm¼n-Ãm¯ IpXn-c-I-sfÃmw BZ-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Ip¼n-Sp-sa¶pw ]dªv

Bfp-IÄ BÀ¯p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

IY ]d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp¶ Ihn C{Xbpw F¯n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw IY-tI«v Ccn-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ AbÂ]-¡s¯ Ipin-\n-¡m-c\pw Abm-fpsS sI«n-b-hÄ a[p-

`m-jn-Wn¡pw aSp-¯p. CXv IY-b-Ã, IY-bn-Ãm-bva-bmWv F¶pw ]dªv AhÀ

Fgp-t¶-äp-t]mbn. AhtcmSv X\n¡v H¶pw ]d-bm-\n-Ã. ip`-cm{Xn Bkw-kn-¡p-

I-bÃmsX, hmSnb ]qhp-I-fm-W-hÀ. hmSnb ]q¡-tfm-S-Ã, C\nbpw DW-tc−

sam«p-I-tfm-SmWv IY ]d-tb-−Xv F¶v ]dªv IhnX Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I-

bmWv Ihn.

IpXn-cs¡m¼v F¶ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS Ihn \ÂIp-¶Xv Hcp ]mT-am-Wv.

AXv a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bmsX Fgp-t¶äv t]mb Ipin-\n-¡m-c\pw `mcybpw

]gb Xe-ap-d-bnÂs¸« s]m-Xp-P-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. AhÀ¡v Ihn-

bpsS Bibw DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hnà F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. F¶m sam«p-I-

tfmSv AYhm ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-tbm-SmWv X\n¡v C\n ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv F¶pw

AhÀ¡v CXv ]nSn-In-«p-sa¶pw Ihn {]Xym-in-¡p-¶p. CÃm¯ H¶ns\

Ds−¶v ImWn¨v AXns\ BtLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw ]pcm-W-§-fnÂ\n¶pw ]gb

{KÙ-§-fnÂ\n-¶p-saÃmw sXfn-hp-IÄ \nc¯n ]e hnUvVn-¯-§fpw Øm]n-

s¨-Sp-¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp Ime-am-WtÃm CXv. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä

¹mÌnIv kÀP-dn-bm-sW¶pw aäp-apÅ hmZ-§Ä AXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. AXp-

27

sIm−p Xs¶ hÀ¯-am\ Ime¯v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]k-àn-bpÅ Hcp Ihn-X-

bm-Wn-Xv. Ihn-IÄ ZoÀL-ZÀin-I-fmWv F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. Ncn-

{Xs¯ hf-s¨m-Sn¨pw CÃm-¯-Xns\ Ds−¶p Im«nbpw kz´w XmÂ]-cy-§Ä

Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ D½m-¡n-Isf ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-sb-¦nepw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-sa¶v

Ihn {]Xym-in-¡p-¶p. ""_p²n-iq-\yX A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dp-t¼mÄ AXns\ t\cn-

Sm³ ]gb A`n-Nm-c-I-IÀ½w-þ-ssh-¢-_y-t¯bpw PmUy-t¯bpw Ihn-X-bnÂ

BWn-b-Sn¨v Xf-¨n-SÂþ A]-cym-]vX-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. IpXn-cbv¡p sIm¼p-

s−¶v t\Xmhv {]Jym-]n-¨m \s«-Ãq-cn-sb-Sp¯v s\än-bn-sem-«n¨v {]Jym-]-

\s¯ kmÀ°-I-am-¡p¶ \s«Ãp \jvS-s¸« A\p-bm-bn-hÀ¤s¯ Ifn-bm-

¡p¶ IpXn-c-s¡m-¼v......'' F¶n-§s\ Ihn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n tUm.-Fw.-

eo-em-hXn ]d-ªXv F{X kmÀ°-I-am-Wv.

28

]p¯³sNmÃv

BäqÀ chn-hÀ½

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

Ihn, hnhÀ¯-I³, A[ym-]-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fn {]i-kvX³. XrÈqÀ

PnÃ-bnse BäqÀ F¶ {Kma-¯n 1930 Unkw-_À 27-þ\v IrjvW³\-¼q-Xn-cn-

bp-sSbpw A½nWn-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn P\-\w. 8þmw ¢mÊp-ap-XÂ Ihn-X-

sb-gp-Xn-¯p-S-§n. hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn ae-bmfw A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

kmlnXy A¡m-Zan P\-d Iu¬kn-en AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. tImgn-t¡mSv

kÀÆ-I-em-ime kn−n-t¡äv sa¼À Bbn-cp-¶p. 2019 Pqsse 26-þ\v A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

Ihn-X-IÄ

Ihn-X, BäqÀ chn-hÀ½-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ (`mKw 1, 2).

hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä

sP.-sP.-Nne Ipdn-¸p-IÄ, Hcp ]pfn-a-c-¯nsâ IY, c−mw bma-§-fpsS

IY, \msf asämcp \mÄ am{Xw, ]pXp-\m-\q-dv, `àn-Im-hyw.

FUnäv sNbvX ]pkvXIw þ ]pXp-sam-gn-h-gn-IÄ

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

Fgp-¯-ѳ ]pc-kvIm-cw, alm-Ihn ]´fw tIc-f-hÀ½ ]pc-kvIm-cw,

t{]wPn ]pc-kvIm-cw, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan Ahm-ÀUv, DÅqÀ AhmÀUv,

Bim³ ]pc-kvIm-cw, ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ ]pc-kvIm-cw, tIcf kmln-Xy

A¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bp-

29

sSbpw hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\pÅ ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä, C.-sI.-Zn-hm-I-c³ t]män ]pc-

kvIm-cw.

]p¯³sNmÃv

B[p-\n-I-cnse Hcp {]ap-J-I-hn-bmb Bäq-cnsâ Ihn-X-I-fn B[p-\n-

I-X-bpsS s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmb AkvXn-Xz-hn-jm-Zw, Zpc-´-t_m-[w, kwi-

b-{K-kvX-X, hyÀ°-Xm-t_m[w F¶nh A[nIw ImWm³ Ign-bnÃ. ]mc-¼-cy-

s¯bpw B[p-\n-I-X-sbbpw tNÀ¯p-sh¨ Ihn-bmWv BäqÀ. ka-Im-eo\

Pohn-X-ssh-cp-²y-apÅ Xo£vW-am-bn, AaÀjhpw \nµbpw PpKp-]vkbpw ]cn-

lm-k-hp-ap-WÀ¯p¶ coXn-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw.

]p¯³sNmÃv F¶ Ihn-X-bn-eqsS ]g-b-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ]Tn-¸p-ap-S-¡m\pw

]pXnb coXn-bn-epÅ hnZy-`ymkw XpS-§m-\p-amWv Ihn Blzm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Bäq-cnsâ aäv Ihn-X-I-fnÂ\n¶pw AÂ]w hyXy-kvX-amb Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv.

Ime-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ amä-§Ä \½psS Nn´-bnepw {]hÀ¯nbnepw Adn-

hnepw A\p-`-h-§-fnepw hsc D−m-tI-−-Xp-−v. ]g-a-bn apgpInbncp-¶mÂ

\mw ]nt¶m«v Xs¶ t]mIpw. ]pXp-asb Is¿-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨m am{Xta \mw

apt¶m«p t]mIp-I-bp-Åq. a\-Ên Dcp-hn-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ sNmÃp-IÄ

H¶p-t]mepw sXämsX hnc-e-äw-sIm−v FgpXn ]Tn¨v Gähpw apg¡-apÅ

Bi-b-am¡n amäp-I. ]gb ]mT-§sf ]n´Ån ]pXnb ]mT-§sf krjvSn-

¡pI F¦nte Pohn-X-¯n apt¶-dm³ Ign-bq.

""]gb ]mT-§Ä apSn-¡pI

]pXnb ]mT-§Ä hnX-bv¡pI''

F¶mWv Ihn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. sXm−bpw Xmephpw HmjvT-§fpw izmk-c-{Ô-

§fpw ]pXnb ImÞ§ÄsIm-−v \nd-bvt¡-−-Xp-−v.

30

]gb IpXn-csb Hgn-hm-¡n ]Icw ]pXnb thK-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

IpXn-c-IÄ¡v ]Icw thK-X-bpsS ]mf-§fmhWw \mw kzoI-cn-t¡−Xv. ]g-

b-Im-e¯v thK-X-bpsS ASbm-f-am-bn-cp¶p IpXnc F¦n C¶Xv Imem-l-c-

W-s¸-Sp-Ibpw XÂØm-\¯v AXn-th-K-X-bpÅ s{Sbn\p-Ifpw sPäv hnam-\-§-

fp-sams¡ IS-¶p-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ime-¯n-s\m¸w k©-cn-¡-W-sa-¦n ]pXnb

thK-§sf \mw kzoI-cn-¡-Ww. Imew, tZiw, Zn¡v Ch-sbms¡ kw_-Ôn¨p

[mcW thWw. \½psS I®pw ImXpw Ft¸mgpw Xpd-¶p-]n-Sn-¨m am{Xta

apt¶m«p IpXn-¡m-\m-hq. _p²n-]qÀÆw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-Ibpw AXv \S-¸m-

¡p-Ibpw thWw.

]pXnbIme-¯n aW-em-c-Wy-¯n-eqsSbmbn-cn¡mw Ip«n-IÄ¡v \S-

t¡-−n-h-cp-I. aW Np«p-]-gp-¯m ]ns¶ bm{X Ffp-¸-am-In-Ã. AXp-

sIm−v ka-b-¯n\pw Ime-¯n\pw tbmPn-¨-hn-[-¯nepw thK-X-bnepw k©-cn-

t¡-−n-h-cpw. \ap¡v apt¼ IS-¶p-t]mbn hnPbw hcn-¨-h-scÃmw t\Àh-gn-bn-

eqsS t]mb-h-cmWv. B t\Àh-gn-bmWv t\cnsâ hgn. AXmWv \mapw kzoI-cn-

t¡-−-Xv. Pohn-X-¯n kXy-k-ÔX ]pe-À¯W-sa¶pw am{X-aà \½psS

Adnhpw A\p-`-hhpw Pohn-Xhpw t\cmb hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

C§s\ B[p-\n-I-amb Iptd DZvt_m-[-\-§Ä \S¯n t\sc Ihn ]mc-¼-cy-

¯n-te¡p t]mIp-¶p. cmam-b-W-¯nse cma³ D¯-a-\mb ]p-cp-j-am-Xr-I-bmbn

Ihn Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. cmasâ _mW-§Ä t\Àtc-J-bn-eqsS k©-cn-¨-Xp-

t]mse a\p-jycpw t\cmbn k©-cn-¡-Ww. BZn-Imhyw hmbn-¡p-Ibpw B

Imhy-¯nsâ krjvSn¡p ]n¶n-epÅ thZ-\bpw Pohn-X-k-Xy-§fpw DÄs¡m-

Å-W-sa¶pw ]pXnb Imcy-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ ]g-b-Xnsâ

DuÀÖs¯ ssIs¡m-Å-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. \·-Xn-·-Isf thÀXn-cn-¡m\pw

\·-I-sf ]n³]-äm\pw \mw {i²n-¡-Ww. \½psS Nn´-I-fnepw Adn-hp-Ifnepw

31

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\-I-fn-ep-saÃmw \mw ]n´p-Stc− kÀ¤-\n-baw A¯-c-¯n-ep-

Å-Xm-h-W-sa¶pw Ihn DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

32

A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ

kmhn{Xn cmPo-h³

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

Ihbn{Xn, Nn{X-Imcn F¶o \ne-I-fn khn-tij {i²-t\-Snb Fgp-

¯p-Im-cn-bmWv kmhn{Xn cmPo-h³. 1956 HmKÌv 22-þ\v Gd-\mSp Xmeq-¡nÂ

ho«n-¡m«v Cïv \mcm-b-W³ \¼qXn-cn-bp-sSbpw kmhn{Xn A´ÀÖ-\-¯n-

sâbpw aI-fmbn P\-\w. ae-¸pdw Kh.-tIm-tfPv Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw hna³kv

tImtf-Pv, ^m¡Âän Hm^v ss^\m-Svkv, Fw.-F-kv. bqWn-th-gvknän _tdmU

F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶v hnZym-`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n. C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw Cw¥o-

jv, kzoUnjv `mj-I-fnepw Ihn-X-IÄ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n. kmlnXy A¡m-Zan

D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä

Ncn-hv, tZlm-´-cw, lna-k-am-[n, A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ, kmhn{Xn

cmPo-hsâ Ihn-X-IÄ.

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvIm-cw, Ip©p-]nÅ kvamcI AhmÀUv,

Iae kpc¿ AhmÀUv, DZ-b-`m-cXn \mj-WÂ AhmÀUv.

A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ

kam-Im-enI kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§-tfmSv iàn-bmbn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶

Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmWv kmhn{Xn cmPo-h³. {]tXy-In¨pw kvss{XW-X-bpsS ]£-

¯p-\n-¶p-sIm-−pÅ Bhn-jvIm-c-§-fm-W-hÀ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. kv{XobpsS ssZ\w-

Zn\ Pohn-X-¯n \n¶p-sIm−pÅ kzm`m-hn-I-amb BhnjvImc-§Ä. Ah-

33

cpsS FÃm Ihn-X-Ifpw Xs¶ A¯-c-¯n kv{Xokz-Xz-t_m-[-¯nsâ Xe-

¯n \n¶p-sIm−v kv{Xoi-ànsb DbÀ¯n¡m-«m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Al-

¦m-ctam BÀ`m-S-§tfm CÃmsX kv{Xobpw hnI-emw-K-cpw F¶ IhnX

kv{Xo¡v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIp-I-hgn kv{Xosb Hcp kwh-cW hn`m-K-

am¡n amän-XoÀ¡p-¶-Xns\ hnaÀin-¡p¶ Hcp Ihn-X-bmWv \nXy-Po-hn-X-N-e-\-

§sf kq£va-ambn \nco-£n¨v Xm³ ImWp¶ ]mI-¸n-g-hp-Isf kXy-k-Ô-

ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. kv{Xo ]e-t¸mgpw ho«-I-§-fnse hyàn-Xz-an-Ãm¯

Hcp-]-I-c-W-ambn amdp-¶-Xnse kzXz-\-jvS-¯nsâ thZ\ ]e-t¸mgpw AhÀ

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. tZlm-´cw A¯-c-samcp Ihn-X-bm-Wv. hmÀ²-Iy-¯nÂ

Hc-½bv¡p \ÂtI− Icp-X-ens\ t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp Ihn-X-bm-Wv

A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ F¶ IhnX.

Ihn-X-bn-eqsS Ih-bn{Xn \ÂIp¶ \nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v kzm\p-`-h-Xo-{h-X-

bp-−v. Hcp Ipªns\ Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ F{X-am{Xw Icp-XÂ Bh-iy-apt−m

A{Xbpw Icp-XÂ thWw A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ. ImcWw DSÂ

I¿nÂ\n¶pw hgp-Xn-t¸m-ImsX t\m¡-Ww. Ipfn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ shůn\v Cfw

NqSv D−m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. hmÀ²-Iy-¯n-se-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ A½-bpsS DS Hcp

Ipªn-tâ-Xp-t]mse t\À¯-Xm-Wv. Imew t\À¸n¨ B DS NqtSm

XWpt¸m Xm§p-I-bn-Ã. AXp-sIm−v Cfw-NqSv am{Xta ]äq. A½-bpsS DS-

en tkm¸p-em-b\n ]X-¸n-¡-cp-Xv. AXp Xm§m-\pÅ tijn B ico-c-¯n-\n-

Ã. tkm¸p-]X I®n-em-h-cp-Xv. I®v \odpw.

]−v, \ns¶ Ipfn-¸n¨v Hcp-¡nb A½-bpsS ssII-fn \o Inep-¡n-¡-

fn¨ hf-IÄ D−m-bn-cp-¶p. C¶-Xn-Ã. hf-In-ep-¡-§-fpsS Nncn-sbm-¨-IÄ

FÃmw amªp-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hmÀ²-Iy-¯n-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ FÃm Xc-¯n-

epÅ Ifn-Nn-cn-Ifpw BS-bm-`-c-W-§fpw \jvS-am-Ipw. B ]gb \Ã Imehpw

34

A\p-`-hhpw C\n HmÀ½-bn am{Xw. \nsâ Cfw-I-Sn-tbäp Npfp-§n-t¸mb B

tamXncw C¶v A½-bpsS hnc-en-en-Ã. hmÀ²Iyw A½-bpsS ssIIsf Npcp-

§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. AXn-\m tamXncw Ft¸mtgm DuÀ¶p-ho-Wp-t]m-bn-cn-¡mw.

Ct¸mÄ A½-bpsS ico-c-¯n-ep-ÅXv Imew hcp-¯nb Npfn-hp-I-fpsS

F®-an-Ãm¯ sRmdn-hp-IÄ am{Xw. Ah HmÀ½-I-fpsS Xnf-¡-ap-Å-h-bm-Wv.

Pohn-X-¯nsâ Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-`-h-§-fpw-sIm−v \nd-t`-Z-§Ä h¶n-«pÅ

Ah-bnse \nd-§sf \ap¡v F®m-\m-hn-Ã. B \nd-§sf F®m-\n-cn-¡p-¶Xv

\ncÀ°I-am-Wv. AXv F®m-\n-cn-¡p-¶Xn\v ]Icw Cfw NqSp-shÅw hoWp

]Xp-]-Xp¯ B icocw sasà XS-hn-s¡m-t−-bn-cn-¡p-I, sXm«p-X-tem-SpI.

At¸mÄ HmÀ½-IÄsIm−v Xn§n-sR-cp-§nb B Npfn-hp-IÄ \nhÀ¶pXp-S-

§pw. Xm³ ]n¶n« Pohn-X-¯nsâ A\p-`-h-§-fnÂ\n-¶pÅ DuÀÖw {]h-ln-

¨p-Xp-S-§pw. At¸mÄ A½ B ]gb Ime-t¯¡v t]mhp-Ibpw Ip«n-¡m-e-

s¯-¶-t]mse \ns¶ Ipfn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. F®-bnepw Xmfn-bnepw aq§n

\o IqSp-XÂ Xnf-§pw. At¸mÄ A½ Xcp¶ D½-I-fn-sem¶v \o Xncn¨p

\ÂIp-I. A½sb Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ipªns\ Ipfn-¸n-¡p-t¼m-sg-¶-t]mse

Icp-X thW-sa¶v Ihn ]ns¶bpw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. hmÀ²-Iy-¯n th−

kvt\lhpw Icp-Xepw kvss{XWm-\p-`-h-¯n-eqsS BÀ`m-S-§-sfm-¶p-an-ÃmsX

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

35

samUyqÄ 3, 4 : hnaÀi\w/\ncq-]Ww

Aw_-

Ip-«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

teJ-I-]-cn-Nbw

Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

hnaÀi-\s¯ kÀKm-ß-I-am¡n amänb ae-bm-f-¯nse hnaÀi-I-cnÂ

A{K-K-Wy-\mWv Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ. ]«m¼n Icn-¡m«v amcm¯v IrjvW-am-cm-

cp-sSbpw Xr{]-t§m«v Ingt¡ amcm¯v e£vanhmc-kym-cp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1900

Pq¬ 14 \v P\-\w. 1923 þÂ ]«m¼n kwkvIrXtImtf-PnÂ\n¶pw kmln-

Xyintcm-aWn ]co£ ]mÊm-bn. Ip«n-¡m-e-¯p-Xs¶ Nn{X-I-e-bnepw kmln-

Xy-¯nepw XÂ]-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. hÅ-t¯mÄ, \me-¸m«v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³

F¶n-h-cp-am-bpÅ ASp¯ _Ôw amcm-cpsS Pohn-Xs¯ hf-sc-b-[nIw

kzm[o-\n-¨p. hÅ-t¯m-fmWv amcm-cpsS kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnsb kwkvIr-X-

¯nÂ\n¶pw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v sIm−p-h-¶-Xv. hÅ-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-I-fpsS

{]q^v doU-dm-bpw, Ip«n-I-fpsS kwkvIr-Xm-[ym-]-I-\mbpw Iem-a-Þ-e-{]-

hÀ¯-\-§-fn kl-bm-{Xn-I-\mbpw hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ IqsS hf-sc-¡mew

amcmÀ D−m-bn-cp-¶p. 1938 apXÂ 1968 hsc amXr`qan-bnse {]q^v hmb-\-¡m-c-

\m-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-e-¯mWv amcm-cpsS {]apJ kmln-Xy-]-cn-{i-a-§-sfÃmw

D−m-b-Xv. amXr-`q-an-bnÂ\n¶v hnc-an-¨-tijw {io cma-Ir-jvWm-{i-a-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸«v {]hÀ¯n-¨p.

Xr¡m-hn Ing-t¡-am-cm¯v \mcm-b-Wn-¡p«n hmc-kym-cm-bn-cp¶p

]Xv\n. 1966  Ah-cpsS ac-W-tijw amcmÀ ]qÀ®ambpw Bßo-b-X-bn-te¡v

36

Xncn-ªp. 1973 G{]n 6þ\v tImgn-t¡m«vsh¨v A´-cn-¨p. Ie Ie-bv¡p-

th−n, Ie Pohn-X-¯n-\p-th−n F¶o c−p hmZ-ap-J-§Ä kmln-Xy-cw-K¯v

Ae-b-Sn¨ ka-b¯v "Ie PohnXw Xs¶' F¶p-ZvtLm-jn¨ hnaÀi-I-\mWv

amcmÀ. hnaÀi\w ]£-]m-X-]-c-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww F¶v iàn-bpàw hmZn¨

hnaÀi-I³ IqSn-bmW-t±-lw.

IrXn-IÄ

Ie Pohn-Xw-X-s¶, kmln-Xy-`qjWw, cmPm-¦-Ww, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, `mc-

X-]-cy-S\w, Ejn-{]-km-Zw, kmln-Xy-k-Ãm-]w, kmln-Xy-hn-Zy, ]Xn-\-©p-]-\ym-

k-§Ä, ssIhn-f-¡v, NÀ¨m-tbm-Kw, Z´-tKm-]p-cw, hr¯-in-ev]w, `mjm-]-cn-N-

bw, lmky-km-ln-Xyw.

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

]«m¼n {io.\o-e-IWvT tImtfPnsâ kmln-Xy-cXv\w AhmÀUv, Xr¸p-

Wn-¯pd kwkvIrX tImtf-Pnsâ kmln-Xy-\n-]p-W³, `mc-X-]-cy-S\w F¶

IrXn¡v tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bp-

sSbpw AhmÀUv.

Aw_

CXn-lm-k-¯nse IYm-k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ\n¶pw amcmÀ ap§n-¯¸n FSp-

¯p-sIm-−p-h¶ ap¯p-I-sfÃmw Fs¶¶pw Hfn-a-§m-¯-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-

lmk IYm-]m-{X-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v AXp-h-sc-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ k¦-ev]-§sf

XIÀs¯-dn-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Hcp hn{K-l-`-RvP-I-Xz-amWv At±l¯nÂ

ImWm-\m-hp-I. Cusbmcp hn{K-l-`-RvP-Ikz`mhw aäp IrXn-I-fnepw \ap¡v

ImWmw. Bimsâ eoe `ÀXr-Lm-XIntbm? F¶ tNmZyw D¶-bn¨ eoem-\n-cq-

]Ww AXp-t]mse D®p-\oen ktµ-is¯ lmky-I-h-\-ambn I− ap−-

37

bv¡Â ktµiw Hcp apgp-¯-Nncn apX-emb \ncq-]-W-§Ä C¡mcyw hyà-am-

¡p-¶p. bpàn-Nn-´-bpsS shfn-¨-¯nepw Bßm-hn-jvIm-c-]-c-amb \ncq-]-W-

t_m-[-¯nepw Du¶n-\n-¶p-sIm-−m-Wv At±lw Xsâ hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

At±-l-¯nsâ CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS ]T-\-¯n "hmÂao-In-

bpsS cma³' Gä-hp-a-[nIw FXnÀ¸p-IÄ £Wn-¨p-h-cp-¯nb H¶m-bn-cp-¶p.

[À½n-jvT\pw kXy-hm\pw XymKn-bpsams¡-bmb cma-\n At±lw Is−-¯n-

bXv a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb ZpÀº-e-X-Ifpw Akz-Ø-X-I-fpsams¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

C¯-c-¯n CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb ZpÀº-e-X-Isf

FSp-¯p-Im-«p¶ Hcp ]T-\-amWv "Aw_'.

alm-`m-c-X-¯nse Awt_m-]m-Jym\ IYm-k-µÀ`-amWv amcmÀ ]T-\-hn-

t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Imin-cm-Pm-hnsâ ]p{Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p kpµ-cn-bmb Aw_.

cmPmhv Xsâ aq¶v s]¬a-¡Ä¡v Hcp-an¨v \S-¯nb kzbw-h-c-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ

lkvXn-\-]pc cmPm-hmb hnNn-{X-ho-c-\p-th−n `ojvaÀ Xsâ iàn-bp-]-tbm-

Kn¨v Aw_-sbbpw ktlm-Z-cn-am-cmb Aw_n-I, Aw_m-enI F¶n-h-scbpw

]nSn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]m-Ip¶p. aq¯-h-fmb Aw_ kmez³ F¶ Hcp cmPm-hp-ambn

{]W-b-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hnhcw `ojva-tcmSv ]d-ª-t¸mÄXs¶ Ahsf

hn«-b-bv¡p-¶p. F¶m kmezsâ ASp-s¯-¯n-t¨À¶ Ahsf AbmÄ Xnc-

kvI-cn-¡p-¶p. asämcmtfmsSm¸w t]mbn F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ. A§s\ Aw_

Xncn¨v hcn-Ibpw `ojva-tcmSv Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. BPoh-\m´ {_Ò-Ncyw ]men-¡p-sa¶v AÑ\p \ÂInb {]XnÚ

ewLn-¡m³ `ojvaÀ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A§s\ FÃm-h-cmepw Dt]-£n-¡-s¸«

Aw_ Xsâ Zpcn-X-¯n\v Imc-W-amb `ojva-tcmSv ]I-cw-ho-«m³ \nÝ-bn-¡p-

¶p. AXn-\mbn X]-Êp-sN-¿m³ AhÄ F¯n-t¨À¶ B{i-a-¯nÂsh¨v

38

Aw_ Xsâ amXm-a-l-\mb tlm{Xhml-I³ F¶ cmPÀjn-sbbpw AIr-X-{h-

W³ F¶ ]c-ip-cma injy-s\bpw I−p-ap-«p-¶p. ]c-ip-cm-a³ CXn-s\mcp ]cn-

lmcw \nÀt±-in-¡p-sa¶v AIrX-{h-W³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. kmez-\Ã `ojva-cmWv

Aw_-bpsS Zpcn-X-¯n\p Imc-W-sa¶pw `ojvaÀ Xsâ BW-¯-¯n Duäw

sIm−v sRfnªp \S-¡p-¶-h-\mWv F¶p-sams¡ AbmÄ Aw_sb

t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. AbmÄ¡v `ojva-tcmSv Ft´m hntZzjw DÅ-Xp-t]m-se-

bm-W-bmÄ s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. AIr-X-{h-W\v `ojva-tcm-SpÅ Akq-b-sIm-−mhmw

AbmÄ C¯-c-¯n s]cp-am-dm³ CS-bm-¡n-bXv F¶v amcmÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

Aw_-bm-Is« `ojvasc t]Sn-¨n-«mhmw kmez³ Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡m-¯-sX¶pw

Abm-fpsS ]X-\-¯n-\p-tijw kmez³Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡p-sa¶pw {]Xo-£n-¡p-

¶p.

A§s\ ]c-ip-cm-as\ I−v Aw_ Xsâ \nÊ-lm-bm-hØ t_m[y-s -̧

Sp-¯p-¶p. £{Xnb\n{K-l-¯n-\p-tijw Xm³ {_mÒ-WÀ¡p-th-−n-b-ÃmsX

Bscbpw sImÃnà F¶v kXyw sNbvX Imcyhpw `ojva-tcmSv FXn-cn-«mÂ

]cm-P-b-s¸Spw F¶ Imcyhpw ]c-ip-cm-a³ ad-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Aw_-bv¡p-

th−n `ojva-tcmSv bp²w-sNbvXv ]c-ip-cm-a³ tXmäv ]n³hm-§p-¶p. Aw_-

tbmSv `ojva-sc-¯s¶ B{i-bn-¡m³ ]dªv AbmÄ XSn-X-¸p-¶p. F¶mÂ

AXn\p apXn-cmsX inhs\ X]-Êp-sNbvXv iàn t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Aw_

{ian-¡p-¶p. ASp¯ P·-¯n `ojvasc h[n-¡m-\mIpw F¶ hcw t\Sn bap-

\bpsS Xoc¯v NnX-Iq«n AhÄ Bß-lXysN¿p-¶p. {Zp]-Zk-´-Xn-bmb

inJÞn-bmbmWv Aw_-bpsS ASp¯ P·w D−m-b-Xv. alm-`m-c-X-bp-²-¯nÂ

AÀÖp-\³ `ojvasc h[n-¡p-¶Xv inJ-Þnsb ap³\nÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-X-s¶-bm-

Wv.

CXn-lm-k-¯nse Cusbmcp IYm-k-µÀ`s¯ Xtâ-Xmb Hcp \ncq-]-W-

39

aq-i-bn-en«v ]mI-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv amcmÀ. CXn-lm-k-¯nÂ,

Xm³t]m-cn-a-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb ]c-ip-cm-a³ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ A]-Iz-

amb Xocp-am-\-s¯bpw sshIm-cn-I-Xbv¡v ASn-a-s¸-Sm³ D−mb kml-N-cy-

s¯bpw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I-bmWv amcmÀ CXnÂ. £{Xn-b-\n-{K-l-¯n-\p-

tijw FÃmw XyPn¨v B²ym-ßn-I-X-bn HXp-§n-Po-hn-¡p¶ ]c-ip-cm-a³

F´n-\mWv euIn-I-X-bn-te¡v Cd-§n-h-¶Xv F¶ tNmZyw amcmÀ D¶-bn-¡p-

¶p. Xsâ {]Xn-Úbpw Pohn-X-h-g-¡-§fpw FÃmw ad¶v Hcp kv{Xobv¡p-

th−n bp²w sN¿m³ Cd§n¯n-cn-¨-Xnsâ ]n¶nse tNtXm-hn-Imcw

F´mbn-cp¶p F¶v amcmÀ At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. C{X-tbsd A\p-`-h-k-¼-¯pÅ

]c-ip-cm-a³ AhÄ¡v A\p-cq-]-\mb Hcp hcs\ Is−¯n sImSp-¡p-I-btÃ

sNt¿-−n-bn-cp-¶Xv? `ojva-tcmSv {]Xn-Imcw sNbvXm Xs¶ Aw_bv¡v

\sÃmcp IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw \ÂIm³ Bsc-¦nepw X¿m-dm-Iptam? F¶mÂ

CsXm¶pw Nn´n-¡msX ]c-ip-cm-a\pw injy\pw tNÀ¶v Aw_-bpsS `ojva-

tcm-SpÅ ]I Bfn-¡-¯n-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. A§s\ A\m-h-iy-amb Hcp

Gäp-ap-«-en Iem-in-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-¯n ap³]n³ t\m¡msX

`ojva-cp-ambn bp²-¯n\p ]pd-s¸-Sm³ ImcWw Aw_-bpsS kuµ-cy-amWv

F¶mWv amcmÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. C{µn-b-\n-{Klw km[n¨ ]c-ip-cm-a\v Xsâ

sshIm-cn-IX Xpd¶p {]I-Sn-¸n-¡pI km[y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. C§s\ AaÀ¯n-

sh¨ sshIm-cn-IXbpsS _mly-amb Hcp sshIr-X-{]-I-S-\-am-bn-cp¶p bp²w

F¶mWv amcm-cpsS Is−-¯Â. ]c-ip-cm-asâ bp²-XmÂ]-cy-s¯bpw Ima-

s¯-bp-saÃmw `ojv-aÀXs¶ hnaÀin-¡p-¶p-ap-−-tÃm.

kv{XoI-tfmSv Zbm-]qÀÆw s]cp-am-dpI F¶Xv kwkvIm-c-k-¼-¶-amb

Imcy-am-sW¶pw F¶m AXn\p ]n¶n sshIm-cn-I-amb Nne Imcy-§Ä

Hfn-ªn-cn-¸p−v F¶pw Nn´n¨v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv th−-sX¶pw

amcmÀ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.

40

`ojva-cp-sS I\y-Im-]-l-c-W-¯nepw amcmÀ ZÀin-¡p-¶Xv Cu sshIm-cn-

IX Xs¶-bm-Wv. Xm³ \nb-{´n¨v \nÀ¯n-bn-«pÅ sshIm-cn-I-Xsb hocy-am-

¡n-am-än-bpÅ {]I-S-\-amWv `ojvaÀ ImgvN-sh-¨-Xv. t{^mbvUn-sâbpw aäpw

B[p\nI a\x-Èm-kv{X-kn-²m-´-§-fn-te-s¡ms¡ sIm−p-t]m-Im-hp¶ kµÀ`-

am-Wn-Xv. AN-©-e-amb alXvhyàn-IÄt]mepw Nn¯-hr¯n\ntcm[w t\Snb

Xm]-kn-IÄt]mepw sshIm-cn-I-Xbv¡v ASn-a-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip¶ Ah-Ø-bp-−m-

Ipw. A¯-c-¯n C{µn-b-\n{Klw km[n¨ hyàn-I-sf-t¸mepw Nn-e Nn¯-hr-

¯n-IÄ I−m-e-dn-bm¯ cq]m-´-c-§-fn-eqsS sXämb amÀ¤-§-fn-te¡v hen-¨n-

g-t¨-¡m-hp¶ kXys¯ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv Awt_m-]m-Jym-\s¯

ap³\nÀ¯n-s¡m−v amcmÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. {]Xy-£-¯n sXäp-Im-cmbn

tXm¶m¯ Nne a\p-jyÀt]mepw ]e-t¸mgpw Pohn-X-¯n henb Xc-¯n-

epÅ Ipg-¸-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-tb-¡mw F¶v ]d-bmsX ]d-bp-¶p−o IYm-k-

µÀ`w. ]c-ip-cm-a³, `ojvaÀ F¶o ]ucm-WnIhn{K-l-§sf B[p-\nI at\m-

hn-i-I-e\¯n\v tbmPn¨ coXn-bn hymJym-\n¨v B hn{K-l-§sf H¶n-f-¡n-

sh-¡m³ amcmÀ¡v Ign-ªn-«p−v F¶-XmWv hmkvXhw.

41

Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-̄ nsâ Zmk³

tPmk^v ap−-tÈcn

teJI]-cn-Nbw

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nse Hcp {]apJkmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-I\pw tIc-f-¯nse

H¶mw a{´n-k-`-bnse hnZym-`ymk a{´n-bp-am-bn-cp¶p s{]m^: tPmk^v ap−-

tÈ-cn. A[ym-]-I³, `c-W-X-{´-Ú³ F¶o \ne-I-fnepw {i²-t\-Sn. XrÈq-

cnse I−-Èmw-I-Shn 1903 Pqsse 17-þ\p P\-\w. kwkvIr-X-¯nepw ae-bm-f-

¯nepw _ncp-Zm-\-´-c-_n-cpZw t\Sn. 1952-þ-hsc XrÈqÀ skâv tXmakv tImtf-

Pn A[ym-]-I\m-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv XrÈqÀ So¨À s{Sbn-\n§v tImtf-PnÂ

{][m-\m-[ym-]-I-\mbpw tIcf kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, a{Zmkv kÀÆ-I-em-ime F¶n-

hn-S-§-fn sk\äv AwK-am-bpw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. a{Zmkv Kh-s×ânsâ ae-bmfw

]T-\-hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ sNbÀam-\mbpw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-−v. sIm¨n {]Pm-a-Þew

hgn cmjv{So-b-¯n {]th-in-¨p. 1948-þ \nb-a-k-`mw-K-ambn sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-

«p. ]n¶oSv tNÀ¸nÂ\n¶v Xncp-þ-sIm¨n \nb-a-k-`mw-K-ambn 1954-þ sXc-sª-

Sp-¡-s¸-«p. 1957-þÂ aW-eqcnÂ\n¶v tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bn-te¡v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-

s¸-SpIbpw C.-Fw.Fkv a{´n-k-`-bn tIc-f-¯nse BZy hnZym-`ym-k-a-{´n-bm-

hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1907þÂ XrÈq-cnÂ\n¶v ho−pw \nb-a-k-`mw-K-ambn sXc-

sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p. kÀÆ-I-em-ime A[ym-]-I-cpsS amKv\mImÀ« F¶-dn-b-s¸-

Sp¶ hnZym`ymk _nÃn\v cq]w sImSp-¯Xv henb hnhm-Z-§Ä¡v hgn-sh-¨p.

hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯n\p Imc-W-amb Cu _n C.-Fw.-Fkv a{´n-k-`sb ]ncn-

¨p-hn-Sm³ hsc Imc-W-am-bn. A[ym-]-IÀ¡v \nÝn-X-tk-h\ Imem-h-[n, sa¨-

amb tkh-\-þ-th-X\ hyh-Ø-IÄ, tIc-f-¯nse {][m\ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-

fpsS Øm]\w F¶n-§s\ [mcmfw KpW-^-e§fpw Cu _nÃn-\p-−m-bn-cp-

¶p.

42

tPmk^v ap−-tÈcn 1940-þ-I-fnse ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ

Øm]-\-¯nepw {]hÀ¯-\-¯nepw ]¦m-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1957 apX 1965 hsc

ka-kvX-tI-cf kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ A²y-£-\m-bn-cp-¶p. tIcf kmlnXy

A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Øm]IAwKhpw, tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AwK-hp-am-bn-

cp¶p. tIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Zan cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw {][m\ ]¦p

hln-¨p. sIm¨n imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI kÀÆ-I-em-im-em-Øm-]-\-¯n t\XrXzw

hln-¡p-I-bpw, AXnsâ sshkv Nm³k-e-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. C§s\ Hcp _lp-ap-J-{]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp¶ ap−-tÈcn 1977 HIvtSm-_À

25-þ\v A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

t\mh-ep-IÄ:þ s{]m^-kÀ, sIm´-bnÂ\n¶p Ipcn-in-te-¡v, ]md-¸p-d¯p

hnX¨ hn¯v.

sNdp-I-Y-IÄ:þ k½m-\w, ISm-£w, CÃm-t]m-eo-kv.

hnaÀi-\-§Ä

Imhy-]o-Tn-I, amsäm-en, am\-Z-Þw, a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-IÄ, hmb-\-im-

e-bn (3 hmfy-§Ä) cmP-cm-Psâ amsäm-en, \mS-Im´w Ihn-Xzw, Icn-´n-cn,

Ipam-c-\m-imsâ IhnX þ Hcp ]T-\w, hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ IhnX þHcp ]T-\w,

A´-co-£w, cq]-`-{Z-X, {]bm-Ww.

Bß-IY: sImgnª Ce-I-Ä (`mKw 1, 2)

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä : sIm¨n-cm-Pm-hnÂ\n¶v kmln-Xy-Ip-i-e³ _lp-a-Xn, 1973

 tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-anbpsS s^tÃm, 1974-þ tkmhn-bäv emâv s\lvdp

AhmÀUv.

43

Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³

\x Ejn Ihn AYhm Ejn-b-Ãm-¯-h³ Ihn-bà F¶v ]d-bp-¶-hÀ

Ihn Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-bm-sW¶v ]d-bm³ aSn-¡p¶p. Ihn-IÄ F¶ \ne-

bn Hcp Akm-am\yX IÂ]n-¡m-sa-¦nepw AXpw Ihnªv hymJym-\n-¡m³

]pd-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gmWv {]iv\-§-fp-−m-Ip-¶-Xv. Gsd NÀ¨sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw hmbn-

¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX IrXn-I-fn A¡m-es¯ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw {]Xn-^-en-

¨n-«p-−m-Ipw. ChnsS Ihn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-§-fn-epw A`n-{]m-b-§-fnepw

Xm¡m-enI kmaq-ly-kw-kvIm-c-§Ä¡v hà t{]c-I-i-ànbpw D−m-bn-

«pt−m F¶-mWv ap−-tÈcn At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw F{X henb

Ihn-bm-sW-¦nepw X§Ä Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nse kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-

¯nsâ ASnaI-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶v teJ-I³ Øm]n-¡p-¶p. AXn\v At±lw

FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶Xv Imfn-Zm-k-s\-bm-Wv.

C´y³ kmln-Xy¯n am{X-aà temI-km-ln-Xys-¯¯s¶ ]cn-tim-

[n¨v Cu kmaq-ly-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ AS-bm-f-§Ä ap−-tÈcn Is−¯p-¶p.

alm-`m-c-X-¯nse iIp-´-tfm-]m-Jym-\-¯n \n¶pw FSp-¯n-«p-Å-XmWv

CXnse aqe-I-Y. Cu IrXn-bnse \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·m-cmb iIp-´-f-þ-Zp-jy-

´·m-cpsS {]Wbw hf-sc-b-[nIw hmgv¯-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. cmPm-hmb Zpjy-

´³ B{i-a-hm-kn-bmb iIp-´-fsb KmÔÀÆ-hn-[n-{]-Imcw hnhmlw Ign-¡p-

Ibpw ]n¶oSv Iq«n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Im-sa¶p ]d-ªp bm{X-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v t]mb cmPmhv iIp-´-fsb Iq«n-s¡m−v t]mhp-Itbm

Bscsb¦nepw Ab-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶nÃ. IWz-ap\n KÀ`n-Wn-bmb iIp-´-

fsb sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡p Ab¡p-¶p. F¶m Zpjy-´³ Ahsf Xnc-kvI-cn-

¡p-I-bm-Wv. B{i-a-¯n-tet¡m sIm«m-c-¯n-tet¡m t]mIm³ Ign-bmsX

\n¡p¶ iIp-´-fsb Ah-fpsS A½bmb ta\I h¶v sIm−p-t]m-Ip¶p.

44

Gsd Ime-¯n-\p-tijw im]-tam£¯nsâ ^e-ambns«¶-h®w Zpjy-´³

iIp-´-fsb Imiy-]m-{i-a-¯n sh¨v ImWp-Ibpw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw £am-

]Ww \S¯n Iq«n-s¡m-−p-]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {]W-bw, KÔÀÆ-hn-hm-lw,

hnc-lw, kam-Kaw F¶nh L«w-L-«-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ Cu IrXn -{]-W-b-

¯nsâ Hcp amXrI F¶ \ne-bn ]e hnaÀi-Icpw FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p-−v.

F¶m alm-`m-c-X-¯nse aqe-I-Y-bn C¯-c-¯n-epÅ {]W-b-am-Xr-Ibpw

apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶n-Ã. Imfn-Zm-k-\p-t]mepw Nne-t¸mÄ C§-s\-sbm-cp-t±iyw

D−m-bn-cn-¡n-Ã.

]−p-Im-e¯v cmPm-¡-·mÀ \mbm-«n\pw aäpw t]mIp-t¼mÄ ImWp¶

I\y-I-amsc Ima-]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n-\p-th−n D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp¶p.

]n¶oSv Ahsc Xnc-kvI-cn-¡pI F¶Xpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv alm-`m-c-X-

¯n bmYmÀ°y-sa¶ \ne-bn¯s¶ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bn. {]P-Isf t]Sn¨v

IÅw ]d-bp¶ `ocp-hmb Hcp cmPm-hmbn Zpjy-´-s\bpw cmPm-hnsâ apJ-¯p-

t\m¡n kwkm-cn-¡m-\pÅ BÀÖ-h-ap-f-hm¡n iIp-´-f-sbbpw CXn-lm-k-

¯n ImWmw. ]pcp-jsâ tkzÑm-Nm-cn-Xzhpw AXn-\m-b-I-Xzhpw km[q-I-cn-

¡mt\m kv{XobpsS kzX-kn-²-amb Xtâ-Shpw Ah-Im-i-t_m-[hpw Akm-[p-

hm¡n shdp-samcp ImgvN¸−am-¡mt\m Ihn AhnsS {ian-¨n-«n-Ã. C¯-c-

samcp \ne-]m-Sn \n¶p-sIm−v Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bm¯ kml-N-cy-amhmw Imfn-

Zm-k\v D−m-bn-cp-¶-sX¶v ap−-tÈcn \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m Imfn-Zm-k³

X\n¡v A`n-a-X-amb Hcp {]W-b-ZÀi-\-¯n-\p-X-Ip¶ a«n Cu IYsb

kwkvI-cn-s¨-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. D¯-a-amb kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-amWv Imfn-Zm-ksâ

IYbv-¡-Sn-Øm-\w Ima-¯nÂ\n¶pw Hcev]w DbÀ¶-X-e-¯nÂ, BPoh-\m´w

XpSÀ¶p-t]m-Ip¶ {]W-b-amWv AXn BhnjvIcn¨n-«p-Å-Xv. KmÀl-Øy-

s¯-bmWv Ihn CXn-eqsS {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. AhnsS kmaq-ly-Po-hnX

{Xmkn ]pcp-j-sâbpw kv{Xobp-sSbpw X«p-IÄ taepw Iogpw Bbn-«mWv

45

\n¡p-¶-Xv. ]pcp-js\/cmPm-hns\ shÅ ]qip-¶-Xn-\mbn Hcp im]-I-Ybpw

sIm−p-h-cp-¶p. £{Xn-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bmhmw Imfn-Zm-ksâ

Xqen-Isb A¯-c-¯n Nen-¸n-¨-Xv. im]-¯n-eq-sSbpw im]-tam-£-¯n-eq-

sSbpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv kv{XobpsS \nÊ-lm-b-X-bm-Wv. IY-bpsS Bcw-`w-

sXm«v Ah-km\w hsc iIp-´-fsb Gsd klm-\p-`qXn AÀln-¡p¶ hn[-

¯n-emWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. alm-`m-c-X-¯n Xtâ-Sn-bm-bn, hyàn-Xz-ap-Å-

h-fmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« IYm-]m{Xw Imfn-Zm-ksâ I¿n A_-ebpw \nÊ-

lm-bbpw hyàn-kzm-X{´yw l\n-¡-s¸-«-h-fp-am-hp-¶p.

Cu c−v IY-I-fnepw {it²-b-amb Hcp hkvXpX BZyI-Y-bn Zpjy-

´³ iIp-´-fsb \nckn-¡p-¶Xv P\-ln-Xs¯ t]Sn-¨n-«mWv F¶-XmWv. P\-

k-½Xn t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\mbn Hcp Ai-cocn krjvSn¨v FÃm-h-scbpw t_m[y-s¸-

Sp¯n Ahsf kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m Imfn-Zm-k-I-Y-bn Zpjy-

´\v im]w-aq-e-ap-−mb hnkvar-Xn-bm-Wv. AÃmsX P\-k-½-Xn-bpsS {]iv\-a-Ã.

alm-`m-c-X-¯nse Zpjy-´³ P\-§-tfmSv D¯-c-hm-Z-s¸-«-h-\m-sW-¦n Imfn-Zm-

ksâ Zpjy-´³ Xt¶m-Sp-Xs¶ D¯-c-hm-Z-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xm³ Imfn-Zm-ks\

Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm At±-l-¯nsâ hne-bn-Sn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-I-bà F¶pw

FÃm Ihn-Ifpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ime-¯nsâ I¿nse Ifn-¸-´p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-

sh¶pw Øm]n-¡m-\mWv {ian-¡p-¶-sX¶pw teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. ka-Im-enI

kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-§-fpsS ]nSn-bnÂ\n¶pw apà-cm-Ip-hm³ A{X-sbm¶pw

AhÀ¡v km[n-¨n-cp-¶nà F¶-XmWv kXyw. Ft¸m-sg-¦n-ep-sams¡ Häbvt¡m

Xäbvt¡m AÔ-amb ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\p t\sc hà IÃpw hen-s¨-dn-ªn-«p-

−mImw F¶pamWv teJ-I³ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Imfn-Zmk\pw "Ime-¯nsâ

Zmk³' F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv.

46

ac-W-¯nsâ kuµcyw

sI.-]n.-A-¸³

teJI]-cn-Nbw

ae-bm-f-kmlnXy \ncq-]-I-·mÀ¡n-S-bn B[p-\n-I-amb Hcp `mhp-

IXzw krjvSn¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p sI.-]n.A¸³. 1936 HmKÌv 25-þ\v

Be-¸pg PnÃ-bn P\-\w. Aѳ ]pt´m-¸n ]ß-\m-`³. A½ ImÀ¯ym-b-

\n. Be-¸pg k\m-X\ hnZym-e-bw, Fkv.-Un.-tIm-tf-Pv, Fkv.-F³.-tIm-tfPv

F¶n-hn-S-§-fn A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 2008 Unkw-_À 15-þ\v Imbw-Ip-f¯v

A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

t£m`n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS kphn-ti-jw, Ie-lhpw hnizm-k-hpw, hcIfpw

hÀ®-§-fpw, ss__nÄ shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ih-Nw, Iem-]w, hnhmZw hne-bn-cp-

¯Â, ae-bm-f-`m-h\:aqey-§fpw kwLÀj-§-fpw, ka-b-{]-hm-lhpw kmln-Xy-

I-ebpw IY: BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k¯bpw, D¯m-cm-[p-\n-IX : hÀ¯-am-

\hpw hwim-h-en-bpw, C¶-se-I-fnse At\z-j-W-]-cn-tim-[-\-IÄ, hnth-I-im-

en-bmb hmb-\-¡m-cm, tcmKhpw kmln-Xy-`m-h-\-bpw, Ncn-{Xs¯ AKm-[-am-

¡nb Kpcp, kzÀ¤w XoÀ¶p-t]m-hp¶p \cIw \ne-\n¡p-¶p, Xnc-kvIm-cw,

amdp¶ ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ, a[pcw \nsâ Pohn-Xw, t]\-bpsS ka-c-ap-J-§Ä,

A`n-ap-J-kw-`m-j-W-§Ä, Ncn-{Xs¯ \n§Äs¡m-¸w Iq«p-I, ^nIvjsâ Ah-

Xm-c-eo-e-IÄ.

47

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

1998-þse tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw (D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IX: Ncn-

{Xhpw hwim-h-enbpw F¶ IrXn-¡v), tI{µ-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw

(a-[pcw \nsâ Pohn-Xw).

ac-W-¯nsâ kuµcyw

ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnse hnjm-Z-Im-ev]-\nI\mb Ihn CS-¸Ån cmL-h³

]nÅ-bpsS ac-W-t¯m-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jys¯ At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ\n¶pw

Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n¶pw Is−-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Hcp {ia-amWv ac-W-¯nsâ kuµcyw

F¶ teJ-\-¯n-eqsS sI.-]n.-A-¸³ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-ss\-cm-iy-¯mÂ

sNdp-{]m-b-¯n¯s¶ Bß-lXy sNbvX Ihn-bmWv CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]n-

Å. kzbw ]oVm-cXn At±-l-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Ic-¨n-em-bn-cp¶p Ihn-bpsS

Ihn-X-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. a\p-jy³ kzX-{´-\mbn P\n-¡p-¶p. F¶m Ah³

F¶pw ZpxJ-¯nsâ N§-e-I-fn-emWv F¶pw Cu Ihn hniz-kn-¨p. Pohn-X-Zpx-

J-¯nsâ \ng-en Häbv¡p IpSn-ep-sI«n ]mÀ¯ a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-

lw. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy Imev]-\nIhmZn-bmb A\y³ F¶mWv sI.-]n.-A-

¸³ Cu Ihnsb hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. ac-W-t¯mSv kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp B`n-ap-

Jy-apÅ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p CS-¸Ån cmL-h³]n-Å. At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-I-

fn AXnsâ kqN-\-I-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v am{X-aà At±-l-¯nsâ PohnXw

Xs¶ AXnsâ ]IÀ¸m-bn-cp-¶p. Bß-lXy sNbvX Fgp-¯p-Imcn cmP-e-

£van-bn C¯-c-¯n acWt¯m-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jy-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã, adn¨v Hcp

kv{XobpsS ZuÀ_-eyhpw {]Xn-`bpw X½n-epÅ Gäp-ap-«-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsc

ac-W-¯n-te¡p \bn-¨Xv F¶pw teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p.

kz]v\-Po-hn-bmb HcmÄ¡pÅ Ab-YmÀ°-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ t_m[-amWv

Imev]-\n-I-hm-Zn-bmb A\ys\ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu t_m[w kz´w tZiw

48

CXÃ F¶v Nn´n-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw aäv temI-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kz]v\w

ImWm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. a\p-jysâ Bh-iy-§Ä Cu temI¯v

km[n-¡n-à F¶ t_m[-¯n F¯n-t¨-cp-I-bpw ac-Ww-hsc \ncm-i-bn Ign-

tb-−n-hcpw F¶v Nn´n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. Cu Nn´-bnÂ\n-¶mWv CS-¸Ån

ac-W-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶-sX¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ am{X-

aà Imehpw Hcp a\p-jys\ \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn ]¦p hln-¡p-¶p. Ime-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v C{X-b-[nIw kwlm-cm-ß-I-ambn k¦Â¸n¨ asämcp Ihn-bnà F¶p-

Xs¶ ]d-bmw. Ime-sa¶ \ocm-fn-bnÂ\n¶pw c£-t\-Sm-\mWv CS-¸Ån Bß-

l-Xy-bn A`bw {]m]n-¨-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-hm-Zn-bmb A\y³ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-

¯nse k¦oÀ®-X-IfnÂ\n¶pw Adn-bmsX {`jvS-\m-Ipw. AbmÄ kzbw

\mSp-I-S-¯-s¸-«-h-\mbpw {]t£m-`-Im-cn-bmbpw {]hm-N-I-\mbpw k¦-ev]n-¡p-

sa¶v {]oÌnen Nq−n-¡m-Wn¨n-«p-−v. Cu \nco-£-W-§-sfÃmw DÄt¨À¶

Hcm-fmbncp¶p CS-¸Ån F¶pw BÄ¡q«a[y-¯nÂt]mepw Ihn Hä-s¸-«-h-\m-

bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw teJ-I³ FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p. CS-¸-Ån-bpsS Imhy-ZÀi-\-¯nÂ

arXyp-t_m-[-¯n\v Bg-¯n-epÅ kzm[o\w DÅ-Xmbn teJ-I³ Is−-¯p-

¶p. Pohn-X-sa¶ `qan-bpsS Xn· \nc-´-c-ambn Xs¶ ]oUn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ ac-W-

¯nsâ kuµ-cy-¯n Ihn BIr-jvS-\m-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ac-Whpw kuµ-

cyhw kvt\l-\n-[n-I-fmb c−v ktlm-Z-cn-am-cmWv F¶v t_mZvse-bdpw

bqtKmbpw ]d-ªn-«p-Å-Xmbn teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. temI-¯nse kpµ-c-

k-¦-ev]-§sf ac-W-¯nÂ\n¶v amän-\nÀ¯n ImWm³ CS-¸-Ån-¡m-Ip-am-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. Pohn-X-hyÀ°X acWs¯ kvt\ln-¡m-\n-S-bm-¡n. "\ncmi' F¶ Ihn-

X-bn Cu bmYmÀ°y-a-am-Wp-Å-Xv. ac-W-¯nsâ kuµcyw CS-¸-Ånsb

elcn ]nSn-¸n-¨-Xnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv aWn-ap-g¡w F¶ Ihn-X. ac-W-¯nsâ

aWn-ap-g¡w X\n-¡p-th-−n-bmWv F¶v Ihn Icp-Xp-¶p. PohnXw F¶ {KÙ-

¯nsâ Ah-km\w hsc hmbn-¡p-hm³ X\n¡v B{K-l-an-söv Ihn {]Jym-

49

]n-¡p-¶p. AXv Bßl-Xy-bn-te-¡m-Wv hncÂNq-−p-¶-Xv. 1936 Pqsse 4þmw

XnbXn At±lw Bß-lXysN¿p-¶p. Hcp Imev]-\nI Ihn Bß-l-Xy-bpsS

{Iqc-amb kwXr]vXn A\p-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw Xo{h-amb Pohn-X-hn-jm-Z-¯n\v ASn-a-

s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm AbmÄ¡v F´p kw`-hn¡mw F¶-Xn-\pÅ sXfn-

hmWv CS-¸-Ån-bpsS Bß-l-Xy.

Cu \qäm-−nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-amb {]iv\w Bß-

l-Xy-bm-sW¶v {]Jym-]n¨ Imayp FÃm anI¨ Iem-kr-jvSnbpw F¶-t]mse

Bß-l-Xybpw lrZ-b-¯nsâ \ni-_vZ-X-bnÂ\n-¶mWv P\n-¡p-¶-sX¶v

hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. CS-¸-Ån-bpsS Bß-l-Xysb XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-amb Hcp

{]iv\-am-bn-«mWv t\m¡n-¡m-tW-−-sX-¶pw ]ecpw ]d-bp-¶-t]mse AsXmcp

t{]a-ss\-cmiyw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-söpw teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. ]oUm-

\p-`-h-§-fnÂ\n¶pw kuµcyw krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p CS-¸-Ån-¡-hn-X F¶

A¸sâ \nco-£Ww Gsd AÀ°h¯mWv.

50

kv{Xobn-Ãm¯ amXr-̀ qan (I-hn-X-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{Xw)

Iev]ä \mcm-b-W³

teJI]-cn-Nbw

1952-þ ]mep-Im-«n i¦-c³\m-b-cp-sSbpw \mcm-b-Wn-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-

\m-bn hb-\m-«nse IÂ]-ä-bn P\-\w. Ihn, t\mh-en-Ìv, D]-\ym-k-Im-c³,

hnaÀi-I³ F¶n-§s\ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn XpS-cp¶ Hcp

hyàn-bmWv Iev]ä \mcm-b-W³. A[ym-]-I³, kmwkvIm-cnI \nco-£-I³

F¶o \ne-bnepw hyàn-ap{Z ]Xn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v. ]e B\p-Im-en-I-§-fnepw Fgp-

Xp-¶p.

IrXn-IÄ

Ihn-X-IÄ: Hgnª hr£-Om-b-bnÂ, ka-b-{]-`p, Idp-¯-]mÂ, Hcp apS-´sâ

kphn-ti-jw.

D]-\ym-k-§Ä: Cu I®-S-sbm-¶p-sh¨v t\m¡q, IbÀ apdp-Ip-I-bm-Wv,

asämcp hn[-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, FÃm Ne-\-§fpw hyXn-N-e-\-§Ä.

hnaÀi-\-§Ä: GXn-ebpw a[p-cn-¡p¶ ImSp-I-fnÂ, Fsâ _joÀ, \ng-em-«w-

þ-Hcp kn\nam t{]£-Isâ Bß-I-Y, Ihn-X-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{Xw.

kmaq-ly-\n-co-£Ww: AhÀ I®p-sIm−v tIÄ¡p-¶p. XÕ-a-bw, tIm´e

(h-b-\m-Snsâ Bß-I-Y)

t\mh : C{X-am{Xw

51

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

_joÀ AhmÀUv (I-hn-X-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{Xw) tZml {]hmkn ae-bmfn

AhmÀUv (k-a-{K-kw-`m-h-\). tUm. Sn.-`m-kvI-c³ AhmÀUv (I-hn-X-bpsS Poh-

N-cn-{Xw), hn.-Sn.-Ip-am-c³ AhmÀUv (I-hn-X-IÄ), im´-Ip-am-c³ X¼n AhmÀUv

(Hcp apS-´sâ kphn-ti-jw) F.-A-¿-¸³ AhmÀUv (Hcp apS-´sâ kphn-

tijw) kn.-]n. inh-Zm-k³ Ihn-X, ]ß-{]-`m-]p-c-kvImcw (2018).

kv{XobnÃm¯ amXr-`qan

kv{XobpsS Zriy-Xsb kw_-Ôn¨v teJ-I-\pÅ Nne DXvI-WvT-IÄ

]¦p-sh-¨p-sIm-−mWv kv{Xobn-Ãm¯ amXr-`qan F¶ cN\ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kv{Xo]-£¯p \n¶p-sIm-−p-X-s¶-bmWv Iev]ä \mcm-b-W³ CsX-gp-Xp-¶Xv

F¶Xpw kwi-bm-Xo-X-amb Imcy-am-Wv. ]t£, kv{Xosb kw_-Ôn¨ Ft¶

amtd− Nne ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ FÃm- ]p-cp-j-·m-cnepw F¶-t]mse teJ-I-sâ-

bp-Ånepw Ct¸mgpw A§-s\-¯-s¶-bp−v F¶mWv CXp hmbn-¡p¶ GsXm-

cmÄ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ip¶ Hcp Imcyw. AXv A{X-sb-fp-¸-sam-¶pw amdp-¶-X-Ã.

ImcWw A{X-ta ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amWv \½psS kaqlw F¶-XmWv

kXyw. kv{Xo AZr-iy-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv C{Xbpw Zriy-am-hm³ sh¼p-¶-Xv.

kv{Xosb-¶m `b-am-Wv. kzÀ®m`-c-W-§-f-Wnªv ]«p-h-kv{X-§Ä [cn¨v

BS-bm-`-c-W-§-f-Wnªv ap¶n \n¡p-¶Xv `b-am-Wv. B `b-¯nsâ

t]cmWv kv{Xoþ F¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶Xv GXv Imes¯ kv{Xosb-¡p-dn-

¨mWv? kv{Xosb kw_-Ôn¨v AhÄ kzbw Zriy-bm-Wv. ]pcp-jsâ ImgvN-

¸m-Sns\ kw_-Ôn¨v am{Xta CXv icn-bm-hq. C¶v Hmtcm kv{Xobpw Xsâ

Pohn-Xm-tbm-[-\-¯n-\p-th−n ]pcp-j-·m-tcm-sSm¸w Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-−n-

cn-¡-bm-Wv. GXp kv{Xobv¡mWv BS-bm-`-c-W-§Ä AWnªv ]«p-h-kv{X-§-

f-Wnªv \n¡m³ t\cw? sNdnb Hcp \yq\-]£w D−m-hmw. ]t£, `qcn-]-

52

£s¯ kw_-Ôn¨v Cu hkvXpX icn-b-Ã-X-s¶. C¶v FÃm cwK¯pw

kv{Xo taÂss¡ t\Sn-¡-gnªp F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. C¶s¯ hnZym-

`ymk Øm]-\-§-fn {]tXy-In¨pw D¶X hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§-fn t]mbn

t\m¡n-bm Xs¶ ImWmw. AhnsS ]Tn-¡p¶ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIhpw s]¬Ip-

«n-I-fm-Wv. AXn ImWmw kv{Xobp-sS Zriy-X. Ahn-Ss¯ hnP-b-i-X-am-\hpw

H¶v FSp-¯p-t\m-¡q. DbÀ¶ ]Z-hn-I-fn-seÃmw ]pcp-j-·m-tcm-sSm¸w Xs¶

kv{Xobp-ap-−v. kv{Xohn-cp-²-X-bpsS apÄth-en-IÄ adn-I-S-¶mWv Hmtcm

kv{Xobpw Hmtcm cwK-t¯¡pw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv F¶XnÂ\n¶pw ]pcp-j-t\m-

SpÅ Xmc-X-ay-¯n AhÄ F{X Db-sc-bmWv F¶v a\-Ên-em-hpw. kv{Xo

F¶m `b-amWv. `b-¯nsâ t]cmWv kv{Xo Fs¶m-s¡-bpÅ {]kvXm-h-\-

IÄ Xs¶ F{X-am{Xw kv{Xohn-cp-²-amWv F¶v Nn´n-¨m a\-Ên-em-hpw.

s]¬Ip-«n-Isf `b-s¸-Sp-¯n, FÃmänt\mSpw hne-¡pI¸n¨v hfÀ¯p¶ Hcp

coXn \½psS IpSpw-_-§-fn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶men¶v Hcp-]mSv amä-§Ä h¶n-

«p-−v. am{X-a-Ã, A¯cw IpSpw-_m-´-co-£-¯n \n¶p hcp¶ s]¬Ip-«n-

IÄt]mepw IqSp-XÂ ià-IfmbmWv ImW-¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kv{Xobv¡Ã `bw,

kv{Xosb kw_-Ôn¨v ]pcp-j-\mWv `b-sa-¶Xv Hcp a\x-Èm-kv{X-X-Xz-hp-am-Wv.

t{^mbvUnsâ at\m-hn-i-I-e-\-kn-²m-´-¯n (Psycho-Analysis)Cu hkvXpX

hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p-−v. kv{Xosb X\n¡v Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-hm¯ Hcp ssewKn-I-

i-cocw F¶ \ne-bn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−pÅ Hcp BZna `oXn-bm-Wn-

sX¶v AhnsS hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. `b-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv FÃm A{I-ahpw D−m-

hp-¶Xv F¶Xpw a\x-Èm-kv{X-]-c-ambn icn-bm-Wv. kv{XoIÄs¡-Xncmbn hÀ²n-

¨p-h-cp¶ A{Iaw Cusbmcp hkvXp-X-sb-bmWv Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶-Xv. FÃm

lnwkbpw `b-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv D−m-hp-¶-Xv F¶-XnÂ\n¶pw kv{Xobvs¡-Xn-

cmb Hmtcm lnwkbpw Ah-tfm-SpÅ `b-¯nsâ D¸-¶-amWv F¶p-Im-Wmw.

Cub-Sp-¯-Im-e¯v \S¶ _emÂkwK sIme-]m-X-I-§-fn FÃmw A{I-a-

53

¯nsâ coXn CXns\ km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. "\nÀ`b't]mepÅ tIkp-I-fnÂ

Gähpw {]mbw-Ip-dª hyàn-bmWv AXn Gähpw {Iqc-ambn B{I-an-¨Xv

F¶Xpw B `b-¯nsâ B[n-Iy-s¯-bmWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm−v

\½psS B¬Ip-«n-I-sf-bmWv `b-an-ÃmsX hfÀt¯-−-Xv. At¸mÄ s]¬Ip-

«n¡pw GXp cm{Xn-bnepw `b-¯nÂ\n¶v tamNn-X-bmbn \S-¡m-\mIpw. AXn-

\pÅ am\-kn-I-tijn AhÄ¡p-−p-Xm-\pw. ho-«p-]-Sn-¡Â Bsc-¦nepw h¶v

Bcp-antà F¶p tNmZn-¨m þ "Bcp-anÃ' F¶p ]d-bp¶ kv{XoIÄ Hcp Ccp-

]tXm ap¸tXm hÀjw ap¼v D−m-bn-cn-¡mw. F¶m-en¶v "BscSm' F¶-Xn\v

"Rms\Sm' F¶p-¯cw ]d-bp¶ kv{XoI-sf-bmWv \m«n³]p-d-¯p-t]mepw

ImWm-\m-hp-I. Aew-Ir-X-amb kv{Xoi-co-c-§Ä H¶pw-Xs¶ ]pcp-j³ Chn-sS-

bp−v F¶-ÃmsX kv{Xo Chn-sS-bp−v F¶v hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶n-Ã F¶Xpw

"Ipekv{Xo' F¶ Hcp k¦-ev]-¯n-\-I¯v Pohn-¡p¶hsc kw_-Ôn-¨p-am{Xw

icn-bm-bn-«pÅ Imcy-am-Wv. ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw kv{XoI-fpÅ Hcp \m«n-en-cp¶v

t\j³ hn¯u«v hpa¬ F¶ t]cn a\oj Qm kn\na FSp-¯-Xns\

kw_-Ôn¨v teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p-−v. apdn-tb dpss¡-kÀ F¶ Ata-cn-

¡³ Fgp-¯p-Imcn kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ kv{Xosb ImWm-¯-XmWv ]pcp-j-³

sNbvX alm-]m]w F¶XmWv ]c-amÀ°-amb Imcyw. AÃmsX kv{Xo kzbw

AZr-iy-bm-hp-¶-X-Ã.

"]pd-s¸-t«-S-¯mþ

sWmcm-bncw ImX-a-hÄ \S-¶n«pw;

Ip\nªp hogp-¶pþ

s−mcm-bncw h«w \nhÀ¶p \n¶n«p

DWÀ¶n-«n-Ã-hþ

sfmcm-bncw s\©n Nhn-«p-sIm-−n«pw' (B-äqÀ, kw{I-a-Ww)

54

F¶-XmWv kv{Xosb kw_-Ôn¨v ]pcp-j-\pÅ s]mXp-t_m-[w. Cusbmcp

t_m[-¯nÂ\n¶v ]pcp-j³ kzbw amdn-bmte kv{XobpsS ZriyX

AbmÄ¡\p-`-h-s¸-SpI-bp-Åq.

{Ko¡v CXn-lm-k-\m-b-I³ CuUn¸-knsâ IY-bn kz´w A½sb

CW-bmbn kzoI-cn-¨psIm−v k¼qÀ®-amb \mi-¯n-te¡p \o§n-b-Xns\

FSp-¯p-Im-«n, Hcp Xc-¯n FÃm ]pcp-j-·mcpw Cu CuUn-¸kv ]m]-`mcw

hln-¡p-¶p-−v F¶pw tIc-fo-bcpw A¯cw Hcp im]-^ew \ÂIp-¶p-sh¶pw

kqNn¸n-¡p¶p. _mem-a-Wn-b-½-bpsS agp-hnsâ IY F¶ IhnX HmÀ½n-¸n-

¨psIm−v Hmtcm ae-bmfn ]pcp-j-\nepw Hcp ]c-ip-cm-a³ hkn-¡p-¶p-−v

F¶pw IqSpXÂ IpSn-e-_p-²n-bmb Hcp CuUn-¸kv BWv ]c-ip-cm-a³

F¶pw IÀ¸ä \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.- ]p-cp-jm-[n-Im-c-¯nsâ D¯pw-K-X-bnepw

alÀjn-bpsS ImÀ¡-iy-¯nepw \n¶p-sIm−v kz´w aI-s\-s¡m−v A½sb

sImÃn¨ Pa-ZKv\n alÀjnbpw sIme-¡nc-bmb ap\n-]Xv\n tcWp-Ibpw amXr-

l-´m-sh¶ ]m]-`mcw t]m¡m³ Ducp-Np-tä-−n-h¶ ]c-ip-cm-a\pw ]pcmW

IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv. _mem-a-Wn-b-½-bpsS agp-hnsâ IY F¶ Ihn-Xbn ]c-

ip-cm-a³ kzbw hnaÀi-I-\mbn Bß-I-Ym-Jym-\-sa¶ \ne-bn Cu IY ]p\-

cm-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Ihn-X-bpsS DÄ¡\w teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-

¶p-−v. amXr-l-X-y-sNbvX ]m]-t_m-[-¯n \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm³ th−n-

bmWv A½sb Adp-¯n« ]cip (a-gp) aI-\mb ]c-ip-cm-a³ kap-{Z-¯n-te¡v

hen-s¨-dn-ªXv. AXp-sN¶v hoWn-S-¯p-\n¶pw hfÀ¶ `q{]-tZ-i-amWv

tIcfw. (]-c-ip-cm-a³ agp-sh-dnªv D−m-b-XmWv tIcfw F¶ sFXn-ly-am-

Wn-hnsS kqNn-Xw).

(k-aqlw F§s\ kv{Xosb \nXyhpw XS-bp¶p, CÃm-Xm-¡p¶p F¶

lnwk-bpsS A\-´-amb IY-bmWv ]c-ip-cm-a-I-Y. ]c-ip-cm-a³ F§s\ Nnc-

55

RvPo-hn-bmbn F¶-Xnsâ s]mcpÄ kz´w kv{XokzXzw D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]c-Xp-I-

bm-bn-cp¶p _mem-a-Wn-b-½. A§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ \½-fn-sems¡ ssIIm-

ep-I-fpÅ ]c-ip-cm-as\ ImWmw F¶pÅ \nco-£-W-¯n kzbw hnaÀi-\-

¯nsâ kXy-k-Ô-amb kzcw tIÄ¡mw. _mem-a-Wn-b-½-bpsS aI-fmb am[-

hn-¡p«n (Ia-em-Zm-kv, Ia-em-kp-c¿ F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp-¶p)bpsS GXp Ihn-X-

tbm-fhpw IY-tbm-fhpw Xo{hhpw AI-¡-Sp-¸w-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-Wv _mem-a-Wn-b-½-

bpsS agp-hnsâ IY F¶pw teJ-I³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-−v. _mem-a-Wn-b-½-

bpsS "hn«-b-¡pI Iq«n \ns¶s¶ Rms\m«p hm\n ]d-¶n-Ss«' F¶

hcn D²-cn-¨p-sIm−v B A½-bpsSbpw aI-fp-sSbpw B´-cnIssNX-\ys¯

X«n-¨p-t\m-¡p-¶p-−v. F¶mÂ, ae-bm-fn-bpsS Imhy-NÀ¨-I-fn CÃm-sX-

t]mb _mem-a-Wn-b½ Bim\pw sshtem-¸n-Ån¡pw CS-tÈ-cn¡pw A¡n-¯-

¯n-\p-sam¸w ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-¡p¶ Hcp Ihn-bm-sW¶v teJ-I³ k½-Xn-

¡p-¶p. amXr-Xz-¯nsâ Ihn F¶ \ne-bn ae-bmfn HXp-¡n-¯oÀ¯ _mem-

a-Wn-b-½-bpsS Ihn-X-Isf Hcp {]mb-Ýn-¯-sa-¶ \ne-bn Xsâ {]nb-s¸«

Ihn-X-I-fmbn teJ-I³ Is−-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

56

Fgp¯pw A[n-Im-chpw

(A-Ô-\mb ssZhw : ae-bmft\mh-ensâ \qdp hÀj-§Ä)

]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c³

teJI]-cn-Nbw

ae-bm-f- kmlnXy hnaÀi-\-ta-J-e-bn kz´-am-sbm-cnSw Is−-¯nb

hnaÀi-I-\mWv ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c³. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, A[ym-]-I³ F¶o

\ne-I-fnepw {it²-b³. 1966 s^{_p-hcn 21-þ\v Xncp-h-\´]p-cs¯ ae-bn³

Iogn-\-Sp-¯pÅ Icn-¸q-cn P\-\w. Aѳ F.-]p-cp-tjm-¯-a³ \mbÀ, A½

Sn. Ia-e-½. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw bqWn-th-gvknän tImtfPv (Fw.-F), tIcf kÀÆ-

I-em-ime (]n.-F-¨v.-Un) F¶n-hn-S-§-fn ]T-\-hpw Kth-j-W-hpw. amXr-`q-an-

bpsS Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw FUn-j-\n ]{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw. temI-km-ln-Xy-

¯nse hnJym-X-t\m-h-ep-Isf ae-bm-f-¯n\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn henb

]¦p-h-ln-¨p. amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-Xn-¸n At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb hm¡nsâ aq¶mw Ic

F¶ teJ-\-]-c-¼c Gsd {i²-t\-Sn. CXv Un.-kn.-_pIvkv ]n¶oSv ]pkvX-I-cq-

]-¯n {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. ZfnXvhmZs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n Fgp-Xnb teJ\w Ht«sd

hnhm-Z-§Ä¡v hgn-sX-fn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

AÔ-\mb ssZhw: ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ensâ 100 hÀj-§Ä, H.-hn.-hn-P-bsâ

Iebpw ZÀi-\-hpw, ]nXr-L-Sn-Im-cw, GIm-´-\-K-c-§Ä: D¯-cm-[p-\nI ae-bmf

kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xw, \nim-k-µÀi-\-§Ä, hm¡nsâ aq¶mw-I-

c, \c-I-¯nsâ `q]S§Ä, _pIvÌmÄPnb: Hcp ]pkvX-I-hm-b-\-¡m-csâ

Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-§Ä.

57

]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä

tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvIm-cw, hnem-kn-\n ]pc-kvIm-cw,

tXm¸n chn ]pc-kvImcw.

Fgp¯pw A[n-Im-chpw

ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ensâ Ncn-{X-s¯bpw AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb kz`m-

h-s¯bpw hnaÀi-\-ZrjvSym ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bmWv Fgp¯pw A[n-Im-chpw

F¶ `mK¯v ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c³ sN¿p-¶-Xv. AÔ-\mb ssZhw: ae-bm-f-t\m-

h-ensâ 100 hÀj-§Ä F¶ c−v `mK-§-fpÅ hnaÀi-\-Ir-Xn-bn Bap-

Jsa¶ \ne-bn-emWv Cu teJ\w tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ

AXnsâ XpS¡w apX A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§-tfm-SpÅ Ie-l-am-bn-cp-s¶¶v Is−-

¯p-I-bmWv teJ-I³ CXn sN¿p-¶-Xv. 19-þmw \qäm-−nse BZy-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ

ae-bm-f-¯n BhnÀ`-hn¨ t\mh ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nse Gähpw ]pXnb

kmln-Xy-cq-]-am-Wv. 110 hÀjs¯ Ncn-{X-amWv AXn-\p-ÅXv F¶v teJ-I³

]d-bp-¶p. cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ]cn-Wm-a-§-fn-

eqsS tIc-f-k-aqlw t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ A\p-`-h-k-¯-IÄ `mj-bp-sSbpw A[zm-\-

¯n-sâbpw aÞ-e-¯n amän-sb-gp-Xp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-h¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-

Xn atäXp kmln-Xy-cq-]-t¯-¡mfpw henb hnP-b-amWv t\mh ssIh-cn-¨-

Xv F¶ Is−-¯-en t\mh-ensâ kzoIm-cyX Xs¶-bmWv hyà-am-hp-¶-Xv.

B[p-\n-I-X-b-S¡w tIc-f-¯n-sâ FÃm kmaq-ln-I-kmw-kv¡m-cnI Ah-Øm-hn-

ti-j-§-sfbpw PmXym-[n-jvTnX kmaq-lnI LS-\-sbbpw kzmX-{´y-k-a-cw,

P·n-¯w, kmaq-ln-I-\-thm-°m\ apt¶-ä-§Ä, Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-kw, P\m-[n-

]-Xy-h¡-c-Ww, kzmX-{´ym-\-´c kmaq-ly-am-ä-§Ä, BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Im-

es¯ tIcfw CsXÃmw t\mh F¶ kmln-Xy-cq]w DÄs¡m-−n-«p-−v.

Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-khpw A¨-Sn-bpsS hym]-\-hp-amWv Cu kmln-Xy-cq-]-¯n\v

58

hf-cm³ hf-ta-In-bXv F¶ kXyw teJ-I³ D¶-bn-¡p-¶p. BZy-Ime t\mh-

ep-IÄ XoÀ¯pw htc-Wy-amb A\p-`-h-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n ]n¡m-e¯v

AXv kaq-l-¯nsâ ]pdw-t]m-¡nse a\p-jysâ s]mÅp¶ A\p-`-h-§-fn-

te¡v IS-¶p-I-b-dn. tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯n kw-`-

hn¨ s]mfn-s¨-gp-¯n\p kam-´-c-am-bn-¯-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p kmln-Xy-¯nÂ

CXpw kw`-hn-¨-Xv. 1920 hsc \qdn Xmsg t\mh-ep-IÄ am{Xta D−m-bn-cp-

¶p-Åq-sh-¦n ]n¶oSv 20 hÀjw sIm−v 400 t\mh-ep-I-fn-te¡v F¯n-b-

Xnsâ hfÀ¨ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv AXnsâ P\-Io-b-X-sb-¯-s¶-bm-Wv.

""^yqUÂ ta[m-hn-Xz-]-c-amb kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øsb tNmZyw sN¿p¶

IrXn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cµp-te-J. Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ\n¶v "ho«n kwkm-cn-¡p¶

`mj'bnte¡v hgn-am-dpIhgn N´p-ta-t\m³ A¶p-hsc Zan-X-am-¡-s¸«

hyXykvX kmaq-ln-I-kz-c-§Ä¡v kmln-Xy-¯n {]th-in-¡m-\pÅ hmXn-ep-

I-Ä Xpd-¶p'' (]p 13, ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³) þ F¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p.

F¦nepw htc-Wy-amb Hcp Pohn-X-s¯-¯-s¶-bmWv N´p-ta-t\m³ apt¶m-«p-

sh-¨Xv F¶-XmWv kXyw. ]n¶oSv A[n-Im-c-t¯m-SpÅ cN-\m-]-c-amb {]Xn-

tj[w Zpc-´-ZÀi-\-¯n-te¡v IS-¡p-¶Xv kn.-hn. t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS ImWm-

sa¶pw A[n-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb hm¡nsâ Ie-l-amWv C¯cw IrXn-I-fnÂ

sXfn-bp-¶-sX¶pw At±lw Is−-¯p-¶p-−v. AÔ\mb ssZhw F¶ Iev]-

\-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-Isf ap³\nÀ¯nbpÅ At\z-j-W-¯n A[n-Im-

chpw Zpc-´hpw F¶ khn-tij_Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Adn-hp-I-fn-te¡v \s½

\bn-¡p-¶p-−v. aXm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnse ssZh-þk¦ev]-a-Ã, A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸« hncmSv k¦-ev]-s¯-bmWv ChnsS ssZhw F¶-Xp-sIm−v Dt±-in-

¡p-¶-Xv. hyXykvX L«-§-fn hyXykvX cq]-`m-h-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn ssZhw

t\mh-ep-I-fn {]Xy-£-s¸-«p. kwkvIm-c-hpw `mj-bpw kaq-lhpw `c-W-Iq-

Shpw hyXykvX A[n-Im-c-_-Ô-§-fm \nÀW-bn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶ Xncn-¨-dn-

59

hnÂ\n-¶mWv ae-bm-f-¯nse anI¨ t\mh-ep-IÄ D−m-b-sX-¶Xpw teJ-I³

D¶-bn-¡p-¶p. cmPm-[n-Im-cw, Ipe-Iq-S-Ø-\mb Imc-W-hÀ, ]qÀÆ-\n-Ýn-X-amb

hn[n, aÀ±-XIkz-`m-h-apÅ P·n¯w, apX-em-fn-¯w, kzXzmw-i-§-sf-Ãmw

tNmÀ¯n-¡-f-bp¶ BÄ¡q-«-k-aq-lw, kzbw hn[m-Xm-hm-bn-¯oÀ¶ hyàn,

kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmb {KÙ-Im-c³ C§s\ `n¶-`m-h-§-fn t\mh-ense ssZh-

_nw_w {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. A[n-Im-c-\nÀ½n-Xn-bmb ssZh-¯n-s\-Xnsc

{]hÀ¯n-¡m³ BJym-\s¯ kÖ-am-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ t\mh-en-Ìp-

IÄ sNbvX-Xv.

kmwkvIm-cnI ]mT-§-fn-eqsS A[n-Im-cs¯ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw {]Xn-tcm-

[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv t\mhÂ. Hcp kaq-l-¯nse `mjm-

hy-h-lm-c-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv AXn-\-Is¯ hyXy-kvX-am-b A[n-Im-c-_-

Ô-§-fm-Wv. BJym-\-X-{´-§-fn-eqsS C¯cw _Ô-§sf hntÑ-Zn-¡p-I-bmWv

t\mh sN¿p-¶-Xv. CXn-\mbn Hcn-¡epw kmaq-lnINn´-Isâ hgn-bn-eq-sS-

bà t\mh-enÌv k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. adn¨v `mh-\-bpsS dn¸-»n-¡n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

A[n-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bpÅ Ielw A§s\ BJym-\-¯n-eqsS \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-

¶p. `mjm-t`-Z-§fpw \m«p-sam-gn-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn¨pw htc-Wy-am-Xr-I-Ifpw cq]-

§fpw Xnc-kvI-cn¨pw t\mh-enÌv Xsâ AXn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. _lp-

`m-jm-]-c-amWv t\mh-ensâ LS-\-sb¶v djy³ Nn´-I-\mb anJm-tbÂ

_IvXn³ hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn teJ-I³ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. hyh-lm-c-ssh-