Namibia, 2012 Pathways of exposure to cobalt in populations living in Katanga, D.R. Congo C. Banza Lubaba Nkulu 1 , K. Cheyns 2 , J. Ngoy Asosa 1 , L. Kabamba Ngombe 1 , A. Mutombo Mwanza 1 , V. Haufroid 3 , Th. De Putter 4 , O. Luboya Numbi 1 , B. Kabyla Ilunga 1 , C. Muleka Kimpanga 1 , B. Nemery 5 , E. Smolders 2 1.Unité de Toxicologie et Environnement, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, D.R. Congo 2.Division of Soil and Water Management,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 3.Laboratoire de Toxicologie Industrielle et Médecine du Travail, U.C. Louvain, Brussels, Belgium 4.Geology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium 5.Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine,
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IGCP/SIDA Project 594, Annual Workshop, Windhoek, Namibia, 2012 Pathways of exposure to cobalt in populations living in Katanga, D.R. Congo C. Banza Lubaba.
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Fish (g/day) 4.1 (1.0) 3.1 (0.8) 2.5 (1.6) Fish 100 %
Average Co concentrations (µg/g dry wt)
Control + Lakeside areas Polluted areas
Maize flour 0.05 (0.05)n=12
0.4 (0.5)n=14
Cassava leaves 1.5 (2.3)n=8
12 (8.1)n=16
Sweet potato leaves 1.1 (0.98)n=9
6.7 (4.2)n=32
Other leafy vegetables 1.2 (1.6)n=54
46 (73)n=52
Fruit vegetables 0.58 (0.55)n=19
12 (10)n=14
Beans 0.84 (1.35)n=15
22 (32)n=11
Fruit 0.58 (0.52)n=3
-
Other vegetables 0.45 (0.49)n=16
4.7 (4.8)n=15
Average Co concentrations (µg/g dry wt)
Control + Lakeside area Polluted area
Meat (muscle) 0.38 (0.23)n=4
-
Meat (liver) 0.59n=1
-
Meat (kidney) 0.11n=1
-
Drinking water (µg/L) <0.001n=4
0.012 (0.007)n=5
Indoor dust 11 (12)n=26
440 (600)n=33
Outdoor dust 11 (14)n=26
290 (360)n=33
Soil 20 (11)n=5
132 (185)n=21
Fish 0.34 (0.61)n=44
6.2 (12)n=54
-
Location Adults (≥14 years)
Children (<14 years)
Control area
KAMINA 6.0 (8.3) [n=13] 3.4 (1.5) [n=9]
MISISI 2.3 (1.5) [n=7] 5.2 (3.4) [n=3]
MBUJI MAYI 2.7 (2.2) [n=26] 4.2 (4.9) [n=6]
SANDO 9.8 (9.3) [n=10] 8.2 (4.9) [n=7]
Lakeside area
KANSALABWE 15 (16) [n=25] 14 [n=1]
KIBANGU 16 (14) [n=11] 21 (9.4) [n=6]
SHINANGWA 12 (10) [n=11] 13 (9.7) [n=6]
Polluted area
KABECHA 16 (27) [n=17] 20 (17) [n=8]
LIKASI PANDA 12 (8) [n=21] 13 (7.4) [n=7]
LIKASI SHITURU 23 (22) [n=28] 56 (32) [n=9]
SHAMITUMBA 25 (24) [n=13] 99 (120) [n=9]
Urinary Co concentrations (µg/g creatinine)
Estimated Co intake (µg/day) – Adults
55 62 6265
635 509 553593
99 170 79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Co
uri
ne (
µg/g
cre
atin
ine)
Co intake (µg/day)
(A)Adults
29 36 3334
352 416 340313
46 34 37
Estimated Co intake (µg/day) – Children
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Co
uri
ne
(µ
g/g
cre
atin
ine
)
Co intake (µg/day)
(B)Children
Conclusions
• Good (but not perfect) relation between estimated Co intake and urinary concentration of Co– Lower bioavailability of Co in dust?– Incorrect estimate of quantity of dust intake?
• Main contributory sources of Co:– Control areas: ~90% maize flour + vegetables– Lakeside areas: ~25% fish – Polluted areas: vegetables and dust