International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS for SMEs IFRS Foundation-World Bank 26–27 May 2011 Kiev, Ukraine Copyright © 2010 IFRS Foundation. All rights reserved.
1
International Financial Reporting Standards
IFRS for SMEsIFRS Foundation-World Bank
26–27 May 2011
Kiev, Ukraine
Copyright © 2010 IFRS Foundation.
All rights reserved.
2The IFRS for SMEs
Topic 2.3
Section 13 Inventories
Section 16 Investment Property
Sec 17 Property, Plant & Equipment
Section 18 Intangible Assets
Section 27 Impairment of Assets
Andrei Busuioc
3The IFRS for SMEs
Scope of
Sections 13 and 16–18
4Section 13 – Scope
Inventories are assets:
– held for sale in the ordinary course of business (finished goods);
– in the process of production for such sale (work in process); or
– in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services (raw materials & consumables).
• Section 13 specifies accounting + reporting for inventories
Section 13 – Scope exclusions
• Section 13 applies to all inventories,
except
– work in progress arising under construction
contracts
– financial instruments
– biological assets related to agricultural
activity and agricultural produce at the
point of harvest
5
6Section 17 – Definition of PP&E
Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) are
tangible assets:
• held for
– use in the production or supply of goods
or services,
– for rental to others, or
– for administrative purposes;
• & are expected to be used in +1 period.
7Section 17 – Scope
• Section 17 specifies accounting &
reporting for:
– property, plant and equipment; and
– investment property whose fair value
cannot be measured reliably without
undue cost or effort on an ongoing basis.
8Section 16 – Scope
Investment property is land or a building
(or part of a building, or both) held by the
owner or by the lessee under a finance
lease to earn rentals or for capital
appreciation or both.
• Section 16 specifies accounting &
reporting for:
– investment property whose fair value can
be determined reliably without undue cost
or effort on an ongoing basis
9Section 18 – Definition intangible asset
Intangible = identifiable non-monetary
asset without physical substance
Identifiable when:
– separable, ie can be separated from the
entity & sold, transferred, licensed, rented
or exchanged, either individually or
together with a related contract, asset or
liability, or
– arises from contractual or legal rights
10Section 18 – Scope
• Section 18 specifies accounting &
reporting for intangible assets, excluding
– goodwill
– financial assets
– mineral rights & mineral reserves, such as
oil, natural gas and similar
non-regenerative resources
Sections 13 & 16–18 – Scope examples
In scope of S13, S16, S17 or S18?
• Ex 1*: A trades in property (ie it buys
property to sell it at a profit near-term)
• Ex 2*: B trades in transferable taxi
licences
• Ex 3*: C produces wine from grapes
harvested from its vineyards in a 3-year
production cycle
* see example with the same number in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
11
Sections 13 & 16–18 –examples continued
In scope of S13, S16, S17 or S18?
• Ex 4*: D holds lubricants that are
consumed by its machine in producing
goods
• Ex 6*: E maintains its plant using:
– a bespoke long-life cleaning machine; &
– a set of low-value common tools acquired
from a local hardware store.
* see example with the same number in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
12
Sections 13 & 16–18 –examples continued
In scope of S13, S16, S17 or S18?
• Ex 9*: F operate a hotel from a building it
owns
– it rents out hotel rooms for short-stays
– guest services included in the room rate =
breakfast and television
– services charged for separately = other
meals, room bar, gymnasium facilities &
guided tours
* see example 9 in Module 16 of the IFRS Foundation training material
13
Sections 13 & 16–18 –examples continued
In scope of S13, S16, S17 or S18?
• Ex 3*: G buys a building to earn rentals under an operating lease from its subsidiary. The sub sells its products from the building
• Ex 7*: H owns– a herd of cattle—breeding stock of its
agricultural activities – a tractor used to transport feed to the
herd
* see example with the same number in Module 17 of the IFRS Foundation training material
14
Sections 13 & 16–18 –examples continued
In scope of S13, S16, S17 or S18?
• Ex 1: I owns digital films and audio
recordings which it licenses to its customers
• Ex 12: In accounting for the acquisition of
the net assets and operations of a
competitor J recognised future economic
benefits arising from assets that are not
individually identified as an asset (goodwill)
15
Examples of classification judgements
– when unclear what purpose of acquiring
property is (inventories, IP or PP&E?)
– when property owner provide ancillary
services to the occupants of a property (IP
or PP&E?)
– mixed use property (IP or PP&E?)
– when is undue cost or effort necessary to
measure the fair value of an IP on an
ongoing basis (IP or PP&E?)
16
17The IFRS for SMEs
Section 13 Inventories
and
Paragraphs 27.2–27.4 (impairment of
inventories)
18Section 13 – Measurement
• Inventories in the scope of Section 13 are
measured at the lower of:
– cost; and
– estimated selling price less costs to
complete and sell (SP-CTC&S).
Section 13 – Measurement exemptions
• Section 13 does not apply to the
measurement of inventories of
– producers of agricultural and forest
products, agricultural produce after
harvest, and minerals and mineral
products, or
– commodity brokers and dealers
when measured at fair value less costs to
sell through profit or loss
19
Section 13 – Measurement examples
Are these inventories measured in accordance with Section 13?
• Ex 7*: A commodity broker-trader acquires wheat in anticipation of selling it in the short-term. The broker-trader measures such inventories at fair value less costs to sell
• Ex 8*: Same as Ex 7 except the broker-trader measures inventories at cost
* see example with the same number in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
20
21Section 13 – Cost
• Cost = costs of purchase + costs of
conversion + other costs incurred in
bringing the inventories to their present
location and condition
22Section 13 – Cost of purchase
• Cost of purchase = purchase price + import duties + other taxes (non-refundable in nature) + other direct costs
– costs of purchase is after deducting trade discounts, rebates etc
– if purchase arrangement effectively contains an unstated financing element, eg a difference between the purchase price for normal credit terms and the deferred settlement amount, the difference is recognised as interest expense over the period of the financing (ie it is not added to the cost of the inventories)
23Section 13 – Examples cost of purchase
• Ex 13*: A buys a good priced at CU500 per unit from Z. Z awards A a 20% discount on orders of +100 units and 10% discount when A buys +999 units in 1 year. The discounts apply to all units acquired in a year.
A buys as follows: 800 units on 1/1/20X1 and 200 units on 24/12/20X1.
On 31/12/20X1, 150 units were unsold (ie inventories of A).
* see example 13 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
24Section 13 – Examples cost of purchase• Ex 13 continued:
A measures the cost of the inventories in 20X1 at CU350,000 [ie 1,000 units × (CU500 list price less 30%(CU500) volume discount)], because all units purchased in the year get the full 30% discount.
• A recognises:
– expense (cost of sales) of CU297,500 [ie 850
units sold × (CU500 list price less 30%(CU500)
volume discount)] in profit or loss in 20X1
– asset (inventories) of CU52,500 [ie 150 units
unsold × (CU500 less 30%(CU500) discount)]
at 31/12/20X1.
25Section 13 – Examples cost of purchase
• Ex 17*: A buys inventory for CU2,000,000 on 2-year interest-free credit. Appropriate discount rate = 10% per year.
The cost of the inventory is CU1,652,893 (ie the present value of the future payment).
Calculation: CU2,000,000 future payment ÷(1.1)2.
* see example 17 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
26Section 13 – Cost of conversion
• Cost of conversion = direct costs +
indirect costs (allocated production
overheads)
– allocated production overheads = fixed
production overheads + variable
production overheads
27Section 13 – Examples conversion costs
• Ex 18*: A makes concrete blocks in reusable moulds. Blocks dry in a drying room for 2 weeks. Dried blocks & raw mat’s stored in separate rooms.
A front-end loader (man 1) adds materials to the mixing machine operated by man 2. Casual labourers remove blocks from moulds. Man 3 supervises the factory. Man 4 does admin, finance and sales.
A operates from rented premises (fixed payments).
* see example 18 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
28Section 13 – Examples conversion cost
• Ex 18 continued:
Costs of conversion include
– direct costs: casual labour.
– production overheads: factory rent (incl.
raw mat’s area & drying room but excl.
finished goods room); staff cost of man
1,2 & 3; depreciation of equipment (front
end loader, mixing machine and moulds).
29Section 13 – Allocate production overheads
• Allocate fixed production overheads on
– normal capacity if low or normal
production
– actual production (units) if abnormally
high production (so that inventory is not
measured above cost)
– note: unallocated overheads are
expensed when incurred
• Allocate variable production overheads
on actual production
30Section 13 – Example FP overheads• Ex 20*: Fixed production (FP) overheads
= CU900,000. 200,000 units produced.
Normal capacity = 250,000 units.
Allocation rate: CU900,000 ÷ 250,000 units normal capacity = CU3.6 per unit produced.
Allocate to inventories: CU3.6 × 200,000 units = CU720,000.
Unallocated overheads of CU180,000 are expense (ie CU900,000 less CU720,000 in inventory).
* see example 20 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
31Section 13 – Example FP overheads
• Ex 21*: Same as Ex 20 except 300,000
units produced. Normal capacity =
250,000 units.
Allocation rate: CU900,000 ÷ 300,000 units
actual production = CU3 per unit produced.
Allocate to inventories: CU3 × 300,000
units = CU900,000
* see example 21 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
32Section 13 – Example wastage
• Ex 27*: Total costs of a production run = CU100,000 (including a cost of normal wastage of CU2,000). The weakening of operating controls while the owner-manager was in hospital caused the wastage of raw materials to increased to CU7,000 per production run.
The abnormal wastage cost of CU5,000 (CU7,000 – CU2,000) is not included in the cost of inventory but recognised as an expense.
* see example 27 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
33Section 13 – Joint and by-products
• Production process results in more than one product being produced simultaneously– joint product, or– main product and by-product.
• Allocate joint costs on a rational and consistent basis
• If by-product is immaterial– measure by-product at selling price less
costs to complete and sell (SP-CTC&S) – deduct this amount from the cost of the
main product.
34Section 13 – Example by-product
• Ex 22*: A production process costs CU100,000 (including allocated overheads). It mixes base chemicals to produce:– 5,000 litres of product A (sales value =
CU250,000); and– 1,000 litres of by-product C (sales value =
CU2,000).
Cost per litre of A = CU19.60 (ie CU100,000 less CU2,000 SP of C) ÷ 5,000 litres = CU19.60.
* see example 22 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
35Section 13 – Example joint product
• Ex 23*: Same as in Ex 22 except, instead of by-product ‘C’ there is a joint product ‘B’. Total costs = CU300,000 to produce: – 5,000 litres of A (sales value =
CU250,000); and– 4,000 litres of B (sales value =
CU400,000).
Allocate joint process costs on relative sales values.
* see example 23 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
36Section 13 – Example joint product continued
• Ex 23 continued:
Cost per litre of A = CU23.08 & B = CU46.15.
Calculation A: CU250,000 SP of A ÷CU650,000 combined SP of A & B ×CU300,000 costs = CU115,385 cost of 5,000 litres of A. CU115,385 ÷ 5,000 litres = CU23.08.
Calculation B: CU400,000 SP of B ÷CU650,000 combined SP of A & B ×CU300,000 costs = CU184,615 cost of 4,000 litres of B. CU184,615 ÷ 4,000 litres = CU46.15.
37Section 13 – Other costs
• Include other costs in the cost of inventories only to the extent that they are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
• Ex 25*: A manufactures individually packaged pens.
The cost of the inventory includes the cost of manufacturing the pens and the individual packaging in which they are presented for sale.
* see example 25 in Module 13 of the IFRS Foundation training material
38Section 13 – Cost formulas
• Specific identification of costs if
– goods not ordinarily interchangeable or
– segregated for specific projects
• Other inventories
– FIFO or
– weighted average (WA)
• Can use other ways if approximates cost
– standard cost
– retail method
– most recent purchase price
39Section 27 – Impairment of inventories
• Assess at each reporting date whether
any inventories are impaired, by
– comparing the carrying amount (CA) of
each item of inventory with its selling price
less costs to complete and sell (SP-
CTC&S)
– if CA > SP-CTC&S reduce CA to SP-
CTC&S
– that reduction = impairment loss
– impairment loss = expense in profit or loss
40Section 27 – Examples impairment
• Ex 1: At reporting date
– CA (cost) of raw materials = 100
– replacement cost = 80
– est. selling price of finished good = 200
– est. costs to convert the raw material into
finished good = 60
– est. costs to sell the finished good = 30
• Ex 2: Same as Ex 1 except est. SP = 180
41Section 27 – Impairment exception
• Inventory is assessed for impairment item by item
– only if it is impracticable to determine SP-
CTC&S item-by-item may items of inventory:
–relating to the same product line that have
similar purposes or end uses; and
– that are produced and marketed in the same
geographical area
be grouped for the purpose of assessing
impairment.
42Section 27 – Examples impairment
• Ex 3: A has 3 items of inventory
(finished goods) that qualify for
impairment testing as a group
– CA (cost) 90 + 100 + 130 = 320
– est. SP-CTC&S for the 3 items = 330
• Ex 4: Same as Ex 3 except
– items do not qualify for impairment testing
as a group; and
– est. SP-CTC&S = 110 each.
Section 27 – Reversal of impairment
• Reverse the impairment when:
–circumstances that caused inventories to
be impaired no longer exist; or
– there is clear evidence of an increase in
SP-CTC&S because of changed economic
circumstances
• Amount of reversal is limited to the
amount of the original impairment loss
– ie CA cannot be > cost
43
44Section 27 – Example reverse impairment
• Ex 5: At 31/12/20X1
– because of a decline in economic
circumstances recognised an impairment loss
on an item of inventory of 30 (ie cost = 100 &
SP-CTC&S = 70)
At 31/12/20X2
– because of an improvement in economic
circumstance the SP-CTC&S of that item is
120
45Section 13 – Measurement judgements
• For cost, examples include
– determining normal capacity
– separating normal & abnormal wastage
– allocating joint cost to joint products
–if no market for joint products at
separation
–if multiple joint products and exit joint
production at different stages
• For the impairment
– estimating SP-CTC&S
46Section 13 – Derecognition
• Expense inventory when
– impaired
– derecognised (ie when sold)
• Allocate inventory to another asset
– eg inventory used as a component of self-
constructed PP&E.
47Section 13 – Disclosure
• Disclose
– accounting policies for measuring
inventories
– carrying amount of inventories analysed by
class
– amount expensed in the period
– impairment losses recognised or reversed
– amount pledged as security for liabilities
48The IFRS for SMEs
Section 17
Property, Plant and Equipment
(including investment property whose fair
value cannot be measured reliably on an
ongoing basis)
49Section 17 – Recognition
Recognise the cost of an item of PP&E
as an asset if:
– probable future benefits inflows; and
– cost can be measured reliably.
50Section 17 – Measurement
• Initial measurement of PP&E = cost
– cost = purchase price + direct cost for PP&E
become capable of operating as intended +
initial estimate of obligation to dismantle/remove
– cash price equivalent at the recognition date
– if payment deferred beyond normal credit
terms, cost = present value of future payments
• Subsequent measurement = cost less
depreciation and impairment losses
51Section 17 – Replacing parts
• Parts that require replacement at regular
intervals (eg roof and furnace’s lining)
– add cost of replacement to the carrying
amount of the item if the replacement adds
benefits
– if consumption pattern different, depreciate
component separately over its useful life
– derecognise the parts replaced.
• Day-to-day servicing costs = expense
52Section 17 – Exchange of assets
• Cost of PP&E acquired in exchange for a
non-monetary asset = fair value unless
the transaction lacks commercial
substance
– if fair value cannot be measured reliably,
cost = carrying amount of the asset given
up
53Section 17 – Cost
• Cost of PP&E comprises:– purchase price (incl. fees, duties &
purchase taxes after deducting trade discounts & rebates)
– costs directly attributable to bring the PP&E to location & condition necessary for it to be capable of operating as intended by management: – site prep. costs, delivery & handling,
installation & assembly, & testing functions).
– initial estimate of dismantling & removing costs and site restoration.
54Section 17 – Example cost• Ex 15*: Costs before ready for use as
intended: – purchase price = 600 (incl 50 refundable
purch tax)– costs 120 to get equip to site and to install– in 10 yrs must restore land (PV to restore
= 100)– costs 135 to modify equip to operate as
intended– costs 10 to train staff to operate equip. – costs 37 for testing and final modifications
23 = operating loss after ready for use.
* Adapted from example 15 in Module 17 of the IFRS Foundation training material
55Section 17 – Depreciation• To allocate depreciable amount over
items useful life use judgement to
estimate
– useful life
– residual value
– depreciation method (eg straight-line,
diminishing balance, units of production)
• Re-evaluate estimates if change indicator
– change is a change in accounting
estimate
56Section 17 – Depreciation continued
• Depreciation begins when the PP&E is
available for use
– ie when it is in the location and condition
necessary for it to be capable of operating
in the manner intended by management
• Depreciation stops when the PP&E is
derecognised
57Section 17 – Example depreciation
• Ex 20*: On 1/1/20X1 buy machine for
CU100,000. Initial estimates &
judgements:
– useful life = 10 yrs & residual value = 0
– straight-line depreciation is appropriate
At 31/12/20X5 year-end reassess:
– useful life = 24 yrs (from the date of acq)
and residual value = CU20,000
– straight-line depreciation is appropriate
* adapted from example 20 in Module 17 of the IFRS Foundation training material
58Section 17 – Derecognition
• Derecognise PP&E on disposal or when
no further benefits are expected from its
use or disposal
• Gain or loss = net disposal proceeds (if
any) less carrying amount
– show gain or loss in profit or loss (except
for some sale & leasebacks)
– gain is not revenue
59Section 17 – Example derecognition
• Ex 35*: On 1/11/20X5 sold building for
3,500. Carrying amount = 2,000. Selling
costs = 350 commission & 10 legal fees.
On 1/11/20X5 recognise gain of CU1,140
in profit or loss
[calculation: 3,500 less (2,000 + 350 + 10)]
* see example 35 in Module 17 of the IFRS Foundation training material
60Section 17 – Disclosures
• Disclose for each class of PP&E– measurement bases– depreciation methods– useful lives or depreciation rates– gross carrying amount & accumulated
depreciation (incl. impairment losses) at beginning & end of period
– reconciliation of carrying amount at beginning & end of the reporting period showing specified items (comparatives not required)
61Section 17 – Other disclosures
• Also disclose
– existence and carrying amounts of PP&E
when entity has restricted title or PP&E is
pledged as security for liabilities
– amount of contractual commitments for
the acquisition of PP&E
62The IFRS for SMEs
Section 18
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill
63Section 18 – Recognition
Recognise the cost of intangible as asset if:– probable future benefits inflows, and– cost can be measured reliably– the asset does not result from
expenditure incurred internally on an intangible item– cannot recognise R&D costs; internally
generated brands, logos, publishing titles, customer lists; expenditure to open new facilities or launch new products; training activities; advertising; relocating or reorganising costs.
64Section 18 – Recognise this brand?
• Ex 1: A developed a brand that allows it
to charge a premium for its products.
A maintains & enhances its brand by
sponsoring local events & advertising.
• Ex 2: Same as Ex 1 except A bought
brand from a competitor in a separate
acquisition.
65
Section 18 – Intangibles in business
com
• Intangible asset acquired in a bus com– is normally recognised as a separate
asset –fair value can be measured reliably
– however, not recognised when arises from legal/contractual rights & fair value cannot be measured reliably because the asset either:–is not separable from goodwill; or –is separable but no history or evidence
of exchange transactions for similar assets, and otherwise estimating fair value would be dependent on immeasurable variables.
66Section 18 – Initial measurement
• Initial measurement of intangible = cost– if separately acquired, cost = purchase
price + directly attrib. cost of preparing for intended use
– if acquired in a business combination, cost = at acquisition fair value
– if acquired in government grant, cost = fair value at the date the grant is received or receivable
Internally generated intangibles are not recognised & therefore are not measured
67Section 18 – Example business com
Ex 3: A buys B when B’s intangibles were:
A incurred 200 to complete in-process
R&D project & decides to develop the
related product commercially.
CA FV
Customer list 0 50
In process R&D project 0 80
Licence to operate 100 150
Brand (trademark & brand name) 0 300
68Section 18 – Judgements about cost
• Judgements in measuring cost include:– deferred payment—determining the
discount rate– exchange transaction—estimating fair
value if no active market for asset received or asset given up
– acquired in a business combination—estimating fair value if no active markets & judging if fair value can be measured reliably (for recognition)
– acquired by government grant—estimating fair value of if no active market
69Section 18 – Subsequent measurement
• After initial recognition measure intangibles at cost less amortisation & impairment losses
• Similar to PP&E but– all intangibles considered to have finite useful
life– useful life not > the contractual/legal right– useful life includes renewal periods only if
evidence to support likely renewal without significant cost
– useful life = 10 yrs if cannot estimate reliably– residual value is 0, except in specified
circumstances
70Section 18 – Estimating useful life
• Ex 4: A acquires a customer list. Expects to benefit from list for 1–3 yrs.
• Ex 5: B acquires a 5-yr airline route authority (ARA) that is renewable every 5 yrs at no cost– renewal is routine if specified rules &
regulations are complied with– B is compliant & expects to fly the route
indefinitely– an analysis of demand and cash flows
supports those assumptions
71Section 18 – Derecognition
• Derecognise intangibles on disposal or
when no further benefits are expected
from its use or disposal
• Gain or loss = net disposal proceeds (if
any) less carrying amount
– show gain or loss in profit or loss (except
for some sale & leasebacks)
– gain is not revenue
72Section 18 – Disclosures
• Disclose for each class of intangible– line item in income statement (or SOCI or
SOI&RE) in which amortisation is included
– amortisation methods– useful lives or amortisation rates– gross carrying amount & accumulated
amortisation (incl. impairment losses) at beginning & end of period
– reconciliation of carrying amount at beginning & end of the reporting period showing specified items (comparatives not required)
73Section 18 – Other disclosures
– R&D expenditure expensed in the period– existence & carrying amounts of intangible
with restricted title or pledged as security for liability
– amount of contractual commitments for the acquisition of intangibles
– (i) description, (ii) carrying amount and (iii) remaining amortisation period of individual intangible asset that is material to the entity’s financial statements
– if acquired as government grant & initially recognised at fair value―the fair value initially recognised & the carrying amount
74The IFRS for SMEs
Section 27
Impairment of Assets
75Section 27 – Scope
• Section 27 specifies accounting and
reporting of impairment losses of all assets
except:
– deferred tax assets
– assets arising from employee benefits
– financial assets in scope of Sections 11 & 12
– assets measured at fair value
76Section 27 – General principles
• Assets except inventories:– at reporting date assess whether there is
any indication that an asset may be impaired
– if any such indication exists, estimate the recoverable amount (RA) of the asset
– impair if carrying amount (CA) > RA– recognise impairment loss in profit or loss
• Note: if impairment indicated– review the remaining useful life, the
depreciation (amortisation) method or the residual value for the asset even if no impairment loss found
77Section 27 – Impairment testing level
• Impairment test at level of
– individual asset (if possible)
– otherwise cash-generating unit (CGU)
– eg when need to calculate value in use
and the individual assets do not
generate cash flows by themselves
A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of
assets that generates cash inflows that are
largely independent of the cash inflows
from other assets or groups of assets.
78Section 27 – Impairment indicators
• Consider, as a minimum:
• External sources of information in a period
– asset’s market value declined significantly
> expected
– significant changes in the technological,
market, economic or legal environment
– market rates increased (eg effect on
discount rate)
– CA of the net assets > estimated fair
value of the entity
79C Section 27 – Impairment indicators continued
• Internal sources of information– obsolete or physical damaged asset– significant changes in the extent or
manner in which, an asset is (or is expected to be) used– eg idle assets, plans to discontinue or
restructure operation, plans to dispose before expected, and reassessing the useful life of an asset as finite rather than indefinite.
– internal reporting indicates that the economic performance of an asset is, or will be, worse than expected (eg operating results & cash flows)
80Section 27 – Recoverable amount
• Recoverable amount = higher of value in
use (VIU) & fair value less costs to sell
(FV-CTS)
– if either VIU or FV-CTS > CA then no
need to determine the other
– if no reason to believe VIU > FV-CTS,
then FV-CTS may be used as RA
81Section 27 – Estimating FV-CTS
• FV-CTS = amount obtainable from the sale of an asset in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the costs of disposal– best evidence is a price in a binding sale
agreement in an arm’s length transaction or a market price in an active market
– if not available, estimate using best information available considering the outcome of recent transactions for similar assets within the same industry
82Section 27 – Estimating VIU
• VIU = present value of the future net cash
flows expected to be derived from an asset.
• Steps to calculate VIU:
– estimate future cash flows (in & out) from
continuing use of the asset & its ultimate
disposal, and
– apply appropriate discount rate to future
cash flows
83Section 27 – Estimating VIU
• Reflect in calculation of VIU:– est. future cash flows (FCFs) entity
expects– expectations about possible variations in
the amount or timing of those FCFs– time value of money (current market risk-
free rate of interest)– price for uncertainty inherent in the asset– other factors (eg illiquidity) that market
participants would adjust forAvoid double-counting in FCFs & discount
rate
84Section 27 – Est. VIU cash flows
• Estimates of FCFs include:– cash inflows from the continuing use– cash outflows necessary to generate cash
inflows (directly attributed or allocated on reasonable & consistent basis)
– net cash flows, if any, expected from disposal at end of useful life
• May:– use recent budgets/forecasts to est. cash
flows– extrapolate beyond forecast period using
steady or declining growth rate, unless another is justified
85Section 27 – Est. VIU cash flows continued
• Est. FCFs for asset in current condition
• Est. FCFs don’t include in/outflows from:
– a future restructuring to which an entity is
not yet committed, or
– improving or enhancing the asset’s
performance.
• Est. FCFs also don’t include:
– cash in/outflows from financing activities,
and
– income tax receipts/payments.
86Section 27 – Est. VIU discount rate
• Discount rate/s is a pre-tax rate/s that
reflect/s current market assessments of:
– the time value of money (ie current
market risk-free rate of interest); and
– the risks specific to the asset for which
the future cash flow estimates have not
been adjusted (ie avoid double-counting).
87Section 27 – Cash generating unit (CGU)
• Allocate impairment loss:
– 1st to any goodwill allocated to the CGU
– 2nd to other assets pro rata on the basis
CA of each asset in CGU
– however, cannot reduce the CA of any
asset below the highest of 0, FV-CTS &
VIU (if determinable)
–reallocate to other assets of CGU
88Section 27 – Example CGU impairment
• Ex 1: At 31/12/20X1 CA of a CGU’s assets = 210 (ie 150 taxis, 50 taxi licence & 10 goodwill)
Impairment indicated & RA = 170.
Fair value of taxis = 140.
Impairment loss = 40 (ie 210 CA less 170 RA)
1st allocate 10 loss to goodwill
2nd allocate remaining 30 loss, ie 22.5 to taxis & 7.5 to licence (pro rata on CA)
3rd reallocate 12.5 loss from taxis to licence
89Section 27 – Goodwill
• On acquisition date goodwill is allocated to
each cash-generating unit that is expected
to benefit from the synergies of the business
combination
• CA of partly-owned CGU is notionally
adjusted for the NCI’s share of goodwill
before being compared with its RA
90Section 27 – Example goodwill
• Ex 2: Goodwill of CU40 on A’s
acquisition of 75% of B’s shares on
1/1/20X1.
To reflect synergies the group allocated
the goodwill 10 to A’s CGU and 30 to B’s
CGU.
• For impairment testing purposes only B’s
goodwill is notionally grossed up to 40 (ie
additional goodwill for NCI = 10).
91Section 27 – Goodwill continued
• If goodwill cannot be allocated to CGU/s on a non-arbitrary basis, then for the purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, the entity determines the recoverable amount of either:– the acquired entity in its entirety (if
goodwill relates to an acquired entity that has not been integrated).
– the entire group of entities, excluding any entities that have not been integrated (if the goodwill relates to an acquired entity that has been integrated).
92Section 27 – Reversing impairment loss
• General principles:– at reporting date assess whether there is
any indication that impairment has reversed
– if any such indication exists, estimate RA– reverse impairment in profit or loss if CA <
RA, but–reversal cannot increase the CA above
the CA that would have been determined (net of amortisation or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised in prior years.
–goodwill impairment cannot be reversed
93Section 27 – Example reverse impairm’t
• Ex 3: Facts from Ex 1. At 31/12/20X2 CA of CGU = 120 (ie 100 taxis & 20 licence)
Impairment reversal indicated & RA estimated = 150
Potential impairment reversal = 30 (ie 150 RA less 120 CA) but limited to 20 (as follows)
1st allocate to assets pro rata on CAs, ie 5 to licence & 25 to taxis
2nd limit amt allocated to taxis to 7 (if no impairment in 20X1, CA at 20X2 = 107)
94Section 27 – Example reversal continued
• Ex 3 continued:
3rd reallocate 18 reversal from taxis to licence
Total reversal provisionally allocated to licence = 23 (ie 5 + 18)
4th limit amt allocated to licences to 13 (if no impairment in 20X1, CA at 20X2 = 33)
5th as there are no other assets to reallocate the unallocated 10 (ie 23 less 13) reversal to, limit the total impairment reversal to 20 (ie 7 for taxis and 13 for licence)
95Section 27 – After reversal
• After reversing impairment loss
– adjust the depreciation/amortisation
charge for the asset in future periods to
allocate the asset’s revised CA, less its
residual value (if any), on a systematic
basis over its remaining useful life.
96Section 27 – Impairment disclosures
• Disclose separately for each of―(a)
inventories; (b) PP&E; (c) goodwill; (d)
intangibles other than goodwill; (e)
investments in associates; (f) investments in
joint ventures:
– amount of impairment losses recognised
in profit or loss & line item(s) in the
income statement (or SOCI or SOI&RE)
in which included.
– same for reversals of impairment losses
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98
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