8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
1/122
A Rough guideto investment ClimAte RefoRm in ConfliCt-
AffeCted CountRies
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
2/122
Photos on pages 10, 76, 108, are courtesy of the Department of Defense on-line
photo library.
Photos on the cover and pages 8, 20, 23, 42, 51, 58, 60, 72, 74, 81, 94, 96,
102, 105, and back cover are courtesy of the United Nations on-line photo library.
Photos on pages 31, 34 is courtesy of the United Nations Environmental Program.
Photos on pages 4, 12, 16, 18, 36, 38, 44, 49, 67, 87, 91, 100, are courtesy of
the World Bank on-line photo library.
Photos on pages 7, 9, 57, 62, 78, 89, are courtesy of Laurent Corthay.
Photo on page 2 is courtesy of Robert Krech.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
3/122
A Rough Guide to Investment
Climate Reorm in
Conict-Aected Countries
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
4/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
5/122
c
e sa ......................................................... 4
Wa ep t g .................................... 12
Wa d i caPj ta a? ...................................................... 18
g Pp caazi ca r ............................................ 34
i ca da ...................................... 44
Pa i ca r ........................ 62
ip i ca ................................... 74
m a eaa ica r ............................................................. 96
ck a tp ....................................................... 102
r .................................................................. 110
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
6/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
7/122
Most conicts have a strong economicor commercial dimension and are driven by rational
decisions or legal or illegal proft.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
8/122
W
Wa d i ca Pj ta a
c-A c?
m a a a
a a b aa a a pf
c a w-a a pa pp,
a, , ak, a w
p pa p
Jb a a a pa; a
a b
i a a a a-b;
a a b
a a apa, , pa, a
a k a.
Executive Summary
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
9/122
g pp aaz a
t a bp -a
K p a a, aaa ,
a, a p
b a a a a a a a
c a a pp a pj
i a a
ta aa a b apa b
aa pa a pw a a .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
10/122
c-a aw a
b aa a b .
Pa a aa a a w a wa
pw a , a w w.
g aa w a a, pa
a, a .
Pj a a a aa, a
aa.
Pa a
ta a a -a , a
pj b a a b a.
sa a f a b a pa
a a.
s ppa a a w-b b a f
a w pa a pj.
rpa k a b a a.
ip a
rap ak p pa aa; a
a a a a .
c apa -a p w
, a a ak.
maa pa pa a pj; -a
a p pj a.
e b a , a a a
ap.
i a ak a pp ap
p a.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
11/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
12/122
W a a b pw ak p
a .
t apa a b a, a, pp a
; a a pak w a
a . Qk pp a ap w-p p b
.
e appaa paa a b pa a; a
a a a p.
m- pa a b pa a a p; b a p- a.
ca f a a p .
i pa -a , a pa
a--a a a a
w aa.
ca a b p; -a
bw w a a f
a a aa a wk, a
bw a a a .
sbak a a a a a pb, a wk b a
w p a a p .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
13/122
m a aa a
-a
t aa b, , a k wk a
a a w aa aa apa, ak
f a pa.
g pa ba a pj p, aa
b a a ; a a
a , a aa b q
a .
t aa aa w pj a;
a w w a a b .
A f a a b, b a a w
a b pa.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
14/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
15/122
Given the highly volatile, ragmented nature oconict-aected country situations, a lot o inormation on
specifc people, decisions, and relationships can only be
acquired once you are on the ground.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
16/122
T
t p pj a a
a -a ,
pa, p, a aa pj. i invest-
ment climate aw, p, a, a
p a p a a, baa
f, a p.
W a a -a
p a. A ab
, a a b a f. v a
a a a ab a p pa.
i violent conict az a waa
a a, ap, a a a b
(b 1). t wa ba f q a appa
a a paa, b, a a
a .
1 What to Expect rom This Guide
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
17/122
t pa
a a pp:
a bp ,
a a
q p. t p
a a,
z w
a ic (a sa
l), a ap
. B a
ap a
a b j-
aap a app
. t a
p a a a a ba ,
pf a pa a af appab.
Box 1 Defnitions o conict
There is no agreed defnition o armed conict in inter-
national law, but a longstanding defnition o it within
academia has been developed and used by Uppsala
Universitys Uppsala Conict Data Program and the In-
ternational Institute o Peace Research. This defnition
was developed to support the creation o a databaseo armed conicts worldwide since 1946 (with 1989 to
the present covered in great detail). It defnes armed
conict (war) as a contested incompatibility involving
government, territory, or both where the use o armed
orce between two partiesat least one o which is the
government o a stateresults in at least a thousand
battle-related deaths in one calendar year.
Source: http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/data_and_publications/ defnitions_all.htm
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
18/122
Wa a wa k. ia a
a b a ba pj aa, pj a
a awk p b ,
ap, a aaw p p a-
f b . spaa aa b p pf
aa a a w p , a
p pa z -a a a
apa a p a.
t a p u.s. A iaa dp
(usAid) Guide to Economic Growth in Post-Conict Countries (s 2007).
ic a bf a pap w usAid p
. ma a w a usAid a ic wkp,
a a b a w a b a.
t p p a a k a
, ap, a pj . t a a
a 40 w w ic a W Bak a, a ic a
a w wk , a sa l w b ic
a ab a pj wk -a . t
a bf p aba bw ic a d
ga t Zaab (gtZ) - pa
p.
t az a a pa pj , w
. w , p a w k
a a a -a
a wa pj a a. t az
pp aaz a pj -a
. t p a a a-
, pa, pa, a aa a a pj.
t w a b aaab , w k a
ba, a a w, a w a
p, a, pa aa, w, aa, a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
19/122
pp a a w w pa a b
a wk.
Akw
t r g i ca r c-A c
wa w b a a a b rb K. A b pp a b-
w : Wa ca (u sa A
iaa dp), ta ha, J naa, a ca sa
(iaa a cpa).
o a a w, a a ak
: ma Ab, Awa Aaaba, ma A, Ja Bk, a
ca, la c, Paa dapa, na d, Bja hzb,
ta Jab, K K, Ja lpk, saa mab, ma,
ca ma, ha m, mak mak, Aa m, J na,
K-W o, ma P Pka, tak sa, ra s, Kas, ma ta, i tj, n tw, ra va, a
g Wa.
t a bf p p w ra
Ba, s ha, a Ja s (u sa A iaa
dp), tk aa (ia dp Bak), ra gp
(u sa i Pa), Bja hzb (iaa a
cpa), a P m (W Bak).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
20/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
21/122
It takes time to get the market to sort things out, andthe market in post-conict countries is usually distorted. A
lot o actors in the market have distortionary powers that
may be related to the number o machine guns that they
have stored somewhere.
Interview with IFC Sta
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
22/122
2
W
Wa a -a , a wa
a ?
A -a a p pa
10 a, p , a k .1
c a a wa a ak -
bak k (c 2007). e a
-a a a
p, a a p a a k
(d ca 2008; c, h, a r 2006;
g 2000).
s c Wa www
a pa , , , a,
1 t f a -a a a . tW Bak gp f paaap.
What do investment climateproject teams ace in conict-
aected countries?
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
23/122
a a b
w a a bw
a. c a ak
a : a wa
( a bw u
sa a iaq),
a a a
( a ca
Aa rpb; A,
ia; a s laka),
a -ba
a b-a
( a bw h a ca ia). Ab 90 p
aa a w a (gaz 1997).
Key ideas in this section:
Mostconictshaveastrongeconomicor
commercialdimensionandaredrivenbyrational
decisionsforlegalorillegalprot.
Conicthaswide-reachingnegativeimpactson
people,infrastructure,institutions,markets,and
trustingovernmentwiththescopeofsuch
impactsdependingontheextentofconict.
Investmentclimatereformiscrucialtohelping
countriesrecoverfromconict.
Jobsandinvestmentarecriticalforpeace;
investmentclimatereformincreasesboth.
Investmentclimatereformisalsocriticaltostate-
building;reformsofgovernmentinstitutionsthat
regulatethebusinessenvironmentcaninculcate
transparency,honesty,professionalism,andclient
serviceallkeytorestoringgovernment
legitimacy.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
24/122
r a pa a wa j
a b a ap a b a .
ra a a a -a a a
w p a b p (ta 2004,
p. 10). t a a -fa, ,
a aa, a a ( b, , a, a
p a), w p aa pw, a, a
a , b p, wa, a a aza-
.t a p a aw b a
ak b p apa a a a a a
(Baa a sa 2003; ta 2004; ma a
nzk 2005).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
25/122
tab 1 a -a a pa
a
a ipa
r a pb
iab a ak a kp awa a a ap
dpa ppa m wk p a - ; b a, w-k jb
d a daa a, p, pw, aa wk - pp a a p
la wp a, w ap-p a a aa
B w - -apa pj
capa , bak , w a- a a
c a a p af ba
a ak, wpa -a, p p, aa wa a a
ia a a aa a a; aa a b a a
K p-
z b w- , pa pb pa a pa-
a k a
Wak faa ba (b a/ aa
aa), a a apa, a wb f , - - -w b
taa p a a a, k a, apap
m a pa w a
lw apa , p , aab b ; p, paba b pb aa
g aa b,w aa,w , w p, a p
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
26/122
t a baz a a aw a pp,
, a fa a a a w pa a
a, ppa, , , a a pf (Ba
a ma 2000; Ka 1999). v a
ab aa a. v q a b
b a ppa, aa b a (Kw a
s 1999) a a aba, ab pp a a. i
, pw a a a ba a
a ppa (df 2001; maa 2002).
c-a w a p a
a , apa, a pa ab, a a b p-
ab a p (tab 1). t a p
, a a
a a. l b w wa a,
a a a apa. capa a -
a (a, b, b, a wk)
w. ap, a b a a
gdP a b a pa p w a
a (Ba a ma 2000; Ka 1999). t a
a a a a a a ab, wak a a
a a p a a wa pa (
undP 2006).
t ba a a aa az a
w ba ap: a a. Aa
a wa a pa a a a b p
wa. Aa a qa a j a
a a (Ba a nzk 2003).
t a a b a a,
a pa ba wk b W Bak dp ra
gp. t p a a a
a qa appa a-
a a k wa. ia k wa a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
27/122
p a a a p aa
p (c 2003).
t a a aa paa wa, a
a pp f p aa w (Ba a nzk
2003). A bj a qaa , a a
p a w . c a wa
a a a a ppa aa j (c
2003). w b p f w a a jfa a b p a, a aab a
ap a a.
B a ba a a aaa a
ap p a . ra a b b a
a , wa a p, q a a-
a wa, pw, pa, a . g a ab pa a .
rz p pa ba p pa
(Ba a nzk 2003). ua a a aa
a wa a p p a a . i
pb w k pb w a
a a p- , a a a q.
tp
ha p a q a
, a ba p a p p a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
28/122
pa ba a. uppaa u a a w-kw p a
p a b baf a a a
a pa a , -
a a , a a (p://www.p../paaba/
a.pp). pp , w b af b a,
p, a . da w a
a a, p a ap pa a ,
a a b a a .
t ba a a p pj a wa a pa -
a a p a ap ab a
a a -a .
tab 2 b a p
a a ab pf. t d B 2008
a W e cp 2007 a
pa a . A
ab, a Doing Business a p w
a , a w a pa
ak b a a
w.
l a a a apa a w a a
a . i a a a a , wa (
b a a ), a pa -
, a apa wa k p b a pa, a
a w k , a a b . mzabq a
a p, a 17 a a ak a
w iaa a cpa Doing Business a
(tab 2). s laka a a a ( a
) b pa a w a-
a a a Doing Business . A, appa
mzabq a s laka w ba k apa a a b
p a a (B 2).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
29/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
30/122
i a -a
e w pa a a a wa pa -a . ra a k -
a pa p- 40 p w a w
a a (c, h, a r 2006). A w
a a , aa w, a aa p
pakp a a 75 p k pp bak wa 10 a
w pa. t a w aa pakp
p a 10 p w a j a 37 p (c2007). w pa b a a k ,
a w aa p apa gdP $250 a a 15 p pbab
wa w f a. t pbab a b a a
w aa p apa gdP $600, a a 4 p a
w p apa $1,250 (hp 2003). m, p
k a b a p
pa (c 2007). t ap b b a a b a.
t pa a a aaz a a-
- w. i a w a
- -a , a a
a pa pp a a . t
wa a pp a pa p-p a, pa aaa .
B a k a b , p a
pp pa a b w ap (g 2000). -
, a a a b pa a , a a
a a -
a a w a pa
pb. t p a pp a
a b p a a a .
i p b , a b pa a b-
pa b b p fa a w,
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
31/122
w a a k, p p pp, , a a a ba aa a
a a a a (la 2005).
Pj a z a w a a a
w wk a a wa ( ), pj a-
k p a a a
a . i a pj a a a b a, b , b pa -a .
Pa, w , a b a a a a
. Pa b a a a, a b
Box 2 How does conict aect human and institutional
capacity?
Lebanon and Rwanda have both experienced short conicts (one month in
Lebanon in 2006 and three months in Rwanda in 1994), but the starting capacity
and impact o the two countries conicts varied. Lebanon had a better-educated
population and ewer deaths during its war, while the education level in Rwanda
was low and the death toll very high. Rwandas lower education starting point and
higher death toll meant that its short conict had a greater impact than Lebanons.
Liberia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have similarly sized populations that expe-
rienced many deaths and extensive displacement and physical destruction. Yet
their human and institutional capacities diered at the end o their wars. Liberias
skilled population let just beore the start o its 14-year war, and stayed away.
Fewer o Bosnias skilled population let during its shorter war, and more people
were educated. Bosnias institutional capacity also remained stronger than Libe-
rias ater their respective wars. The quality o Bosnian institutions and the number
o people with institutional memory was greater than in Liberia, where institutions
were severely damaged during its conict. Liberias institutions were o much
lower quality when its conict began, and its longer, high-intensity, whole-coun-
try conict meant that its reconstruction needs were greater than those o Bosnia.
Source: IFC Interview, 14 March 2008.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
32/122
pa, a p ap, ab a. i a
p a p a . K pa a
pw a a wa a
a , wk a bk .
Pa b a b pa .
ta wa a rwaa 1994, w rwaa Pa
a h a . i a , p
a b aa a p az pa
pa, a b, a a pw w
baf bq pa .
Pj a a w a a. t f a
a a a a ab . t
a w a , awa
a apppa a. t , bakw ,
pa a, a a, a
a w a a -a (la
2005). Pj a w a pa a
a a aa, a p
pj a pa a a a pa , a
j a ap.
i a a a-b
cpa aa p- pa a pa-
a-b, w a aa aw,
p, a a a a a .
ea b a a a ab a-
ab pa ba a a a
a b fa a fa a pa a .
t p- a
p a pa w aw a appp-
a , a w a b a aaz b
. h p b p pa a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
33/122
a a a a a a a
p a pp p a a aa
. W , p a -a a
abz pa a a p b ap b a-
a p a. i a pp
a-b ba b a a a p
a. t z w p- a
a a a bf pa.
r a a pb faa aa a
a p b, a
a p, ja ak , a
a pp a a a ba.
i a a b apa a a
a pa a w a-b a
a a a wa .
i a a pa p
W a a a wa w a-a aa-
(a sa l saa), w a wa -
ap p (a npa s laka), w a wa a
a (a Ba), a a f a
a -z f a .
i w a a wpa aa, wa
a b pa b aa a f a w b
a a a .
a apa, a a s-s
b a W pa a .
c-a a Aa, iaq, a sa l
a a p wk a paa aaa
.
t a a
wa pa pa a a aa -
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
34/122
a pa w. t a aa
a a p- a
a w pa a a
aaz a. t a
a p wa a bakwa ak p p
a pa a p p a a a
ak. a, a aa w w a
a pa a ak pa, a
a a, aw pa a fa b b a
f , a f p.2
rpa a pa wk a w
w w a a aa ba a
p pa -a . s,
a bf a f ba
a a pa pa p. a pp, -
a a a ea i tapa
ia, pb faa aa, a ap a -
a . o a a a a pa
, p a a, ab ab pa
z, p apa -
a .
A wa a a -a a b pa -
b b a b a b a .
m b a a a a, a k
pa . s b pa a a
a, a ab w b a p
wkpa ba , w pa ppa
f.
t p fa a b p , pa a
b a - p q
2 tw a aza, iaa A a a, a p a abk pa pa -a . s p://www.a.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
35/122
a aa ba a a : a
b a, ba , p a p, pa a,
a ab a a aa.
Aa, w ak k a -
-a , a a a
bf a p pa, a z. t p b -
p ba a a
b a wa wa w a p a aa
a -a . i, ap, a a a
-z b a a p, b a
paa p.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
36/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
37/122
Conict, and not technical defciencies in the privatesector, is the problem in conict-aected countries.
Interview with IFC Sta
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
38/122
A
3Guiding Principles or Catalyzinginvestment climate reorm in
conict-aected countries
A w p
t q w a a a
-a a. m pj a
b a a. s p w w w pa
pj :
Ba a a aw pp a
a p a b a.
P aaa w wa.
t ba a .
ha a paa,
.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
39/122
s a
a b p
b ba a a
w
a . na b
a a b pb
aa w f a
pp, a w a
p. t pj
a wa
-a
a b .
c, a a
f pa , pb -a .
Key ideas in this section:
There is no universal blueprint or reorm in
conict-aected countries
Key preconditions or reorm include sta saety,
humanitarian relie, donor engagement, and
openness to reorm
Flexibility and innovation are essential at all
stages o reorm
Conict sensitivity and do no harm principles
must guide all project decisions
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
40/122
Pj a p a pa p p a
p a paz wk a . W
a wk p a a, , a
p aa p, pa p a-pa w a pa pa.
Pj a ba w a paa w wk
-a . , a pb a a a
a a a p b a a
a. hw a a aw, w a pa
pa a p , w qpp a pa aa a a pb. ta
pb a a, a a a a w p-
a a .
s, pj a a ba w a a a -
ak a -a. t a a pj a
b a pa w -a k ak,Wa w a b wa w b ,
pa, b , a w w b a?
t q a pj a wk, pa, a
p .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
41/122
B b a a
t -a q a pja b b a a pj (ic iw 21, 8 Ap
2008). sa a a a , w p a a
. A pa a p appa -
k . r -a a
a pa, w a w pa
b. Pj a b w a ab p -
a a w pp, k a w a w - , a ba a wk (b 3).
Box 3 Perseverance and adaptation in Iraq
In 2006 the Iraqi-American Chamber o Commerce and Industry (IACCI)
approached IFC seeking accreditation to market Business Edge, IFCs train-
ing kit or small and medium-size enterprises. The accreditation process isintensive and interactive, and given that Iraq was still experiencing active
fghting and IFC sta could not enter the country, prospects or working to-
gether were dim.
Committed to collaboration, IFC and IACCI had to fnd ways or IACCI sta
to participate in Business Edges course on training trainers, and then or
IACCI sta to train its members using Business Edge. Because IFC sta could
not enter Iraq to teach the course and videoconerencing was too difcult,IFC unsuccessully tried to obtain visas or IACCI sta to enter Egypt and Ye-
men or the training. IFC sta ultimately succeeded in bringing IACCI sta to
Jordan, but on the condition that IFC sta confscate IACCI sta passports
during the stay.
The IACCI sta who received the training ended up being highly innovative.
One carried two sets o identity papersone with a Sunni name and one with
a Shiite nameand used them based on the neighborhood he intended tovisit to train IACCI members. Other IACCI trainers worked in pairs, with one
conducting the training and the other keeping watch or possible attacks.
Source: Shohaieb and Nader 2006.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
42/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
43/122
Ppa aip -a f a pza a
q. ta ak a pa pj -
w p a. tpa a bw
Qk w a w ap a a p
b a a.
ia b .
d pa b pj a a p a qa pa b pa b a apa
a a.
s a , a a w a a a-
b a, a a a b a ak.
e q a
t q pj a b , w
pb ba a , pa pp, a pp-
a b pj a ( bw a). W
a ap a a , a b a
a w a a a a a ppa pa pa
a b ab a pb-pa a a ab
. Pap a a q a ba wa
pj a a ba pj , a a wa
aa .
c a a pp a
i -1990 aaa a wk -a
ba w pa a w ppa w a, a w a f w w
a wk a ppa. ma aaa a
a a pa a pp ,
, bak, , , a wa b a bf
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
44/122
f ppa . s a kp w
ak pp a ppa a b
a pa a p. Hutu Interahamwe f w
p- rwaa a a a ap a
ga, da rpb c, a , a aa,
a pa p a a a b aak ba wa a
ap w aa a.
s p -a
a pp. t pp p aa -
a aaa a, wa
a f ap a p a wa a
p b pa. t pp w paaz
q a aaz w ,
w w pp a a wa a z
p ap a a bw wa b
a a, , a a .
A ap tajka p- . A a a ba
a pj p b a
f . t a aa w a a
aa, b w w ppa b p a
. t p p a w wa p a
a a pp a wk a a, a a-
a a a a bw w p
(A 1999).
t a pp wa w a
a p a a b app p p a-
a, pa p. c a app
a a a w a pj
pa, z a a a
, a ak a a a a pa3.
3 s www..; iaa A 2006, a gaa a la 2001
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
45/122
eap a a
, a
eab pb-pa b a a a w a
pb a pa pa a a .
mak a pa a a p a ab pa
a a a a.
dp pa z wa a p a
wp.s a p a ak pb
bb pa a f a pa a
a.
A a pa pp, a pj a ap
pj .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
46/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
47/122
Its a question o knowing the countryyou need toknow who is calling the shots.
Interview with IFC Sta
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
48/122
D
4 Investment climate diagnosticsin conict-aected countries
da wk a a
a pj -a . s
a a a -
ap ab b pj p.
da p a a a a
app w . o pj a
pj ap a pa a a pa
( ). s w a
a pj a. o , pj a
pa wa a a ab w
b pp a -
a , bak pj. t p
bw aa.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
49/122
t a p a-
-
a (ab 3).
t f a aa
a,
aa pa
a pw, a
aa a
g p
-a , a
ap ab a
a a pa a pw, a pj p ,
b a . i a ak ap
a p a k b a pp
Key ideas in this section:
Technicalanalysisoftheinvestmentclimatemust
beaccompaniedbyanalysesofpoliticaland
economicpowerandofthecausesofconict.
Conict-affectedcountriesdonotallowmuchtimefor
longtechnicalstudiesbutshorteranalysiscanstill
beeffective.
Politicalandeconomicanalysisiscriticalforunder-
standingwhohaswhatpowerandinterests,and
whoisconnectedtowhom.
Goodconictanalysiswillidentifyrootorhistorical
causes,proximateorrecentcauses,andtriggers
ofconict.
Projectteamsoftendonothavetoconductoriginal
conictanalysis,andshouldconsultexistinganalyses.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
50/122
w w a. t pj w bf a a-
a , w a a a a, p-
a ba a fa a pa .
ta aa a
Pa p pj a a a a a aa a. ma aaa aa ,
a p p a. -a -
a a baa p
a qa. A ap p , b a b a
tab 3 t a aa a wk -
a
i a Pa a
pw
ca
Wa a a aak a a?
W wa a bab p?
Wa w b ?
W a wa a a
pj?
Wa a apbw kakw pa a pw( pa
)?
W a wa
k paa pw ,paa ak a
?
Wa a -a -, p,a ab
?
W b p ap ?
hw a aa pja w
, b ,p pa?
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
51/122
a a a a -a .
o wa a iAs a baa w a
a a aa aaa p, aa
ba w (ABr). ABr a a w a a -
k b pba ba k a p
- a. t p a p a p p
a, p, a aa a
a a Ba a hza, lba, a sa
l, a ab a b aa pa,
ak p, a a . A ABr a
a w a p wk a
, w a a p a .
m-a a a z w a aa-
a w a a . t a
, a baa wk aa
k a a a aa w pp b
pa p a. t p a a
b a a a b ak a aa q.
t bw a a aaa p a a ab
p w a. t f pp pa;
. i pa a -a
(w - w-) a pa a pa a,
a qk a a a pa.
t a f ap a ak a.
i a p w- (a npa)
f pa (a ia Ppp),
a b z a pa. i a a-
ab a pj a a aaa .
t J n A (JnA) a aaa p-
aa b u na a a W
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
52/122
Bak gp. ap, ic wa 2003 JnA iaq. ia-
a b a a a p a
p JnA a a awk a w
a aap .
Aa pa a pw
t political and economic power analysis a a pa, b
a a a a a a
a pw a wa a. i k a- a a a a a w a a a
ap a a a a .
A a -a q a-
q aa, pf, , a aab a k a a
a a a a pa (b
4). i a ap a , a a, a, a, a aa.
Box 4 The importance o political economy and
conict analysis in Kosovo
Strong understanding o a countrys political economy has practical policy and
operational implications. In 2004 the Kosovo Trust Agency began privatizing300 Kosovar state enterprises. The process was guided by a policy o not
prejudicing the eventual fnal status and equal treatment o Kosovos ethnic
groups. Thus, or example, rather than selling land held by state enterprises,
long-term leasing arrangements were developed, bids were allowed to be
submitted in both Serbian majority and Albanian majority cities, and all ad-
visory sta were brieed on the ofcial policy o neutrality. By 2007 most o
the enterprise sales had been completed. Knowledge o political economy
proved critical to this success.
Source: Bach 2008.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
53/122
ua pa a a a -a
a w a. , a a a, aba,
a b pa p (W
Bak 2002). s, p a a a. K pa, a w
a pw a wa, a a pa a
a. t pj a a a a w aaz p-
a a pw:
Pa a a awa a pj a . e
a pa, pa aa a b a a
a p a a a wa p p
. s aa a p k a a
pj a a a a a p. A a pj
a b a k a aa
a pa , a a a a a a
p a a kw.
A -a p a pw aa a
paq, a -qa, a, aab a a
b. W a pb aaab, ba
a pj a a a paa wa.
a w p p a , a
a a a b
a a ba a pa
.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
54/122
Conducting political and economic analysis beore the
frst mission
Kw a pa a a w a a pj
. e a kw pj
pa, a j b a p aa a
a a pj. A pj
a a a
a a pb
a pa a a
a. g
a
p a aa pap
,
p a ja,
pp pj a pa a wk,a pp w a wk .
A w wb w pb aaab aa :
p://www.w./ (irin w, a p b un of
ca haaa Aa).
t BBc, cnn, The Economist, a Christian Science Monitor.
Wb a p a a w a a wpap
:
p://www.wp.
p://www.w-wpap.
Far Eastern Economic Review (p://www..)
p://www.b.bk./sseAl/sAa/w.
p://www.aab.
p://www.ba.w.//mea/.
Tip:
Interpreters sit in on critical meetings about conict-
aected countries and have access to all the key
players and insight into local culture and politics. By
working closely with them, project teams can gain
invaluable inormation on the environments in which
they are working.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
55/122
p://www-.a./aa/2.
p://www.AAa.
s -a a a e-aa wpap
a a a aa aa . t wpap
a aab , b w a a a a
a. e-aa wpap a b a -
pa w a a .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
56/122
Conducting political and economic analysis during the
frst mission
g a, a a -a ,
a a pf pp, , a ap a
p a b ab a b aq
pj a a . ma a aaab
a a b pa a aa. s
a astakeholder analysis.
1 A pa ap pa a
ap a -a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
57/122
1 p a pa ap pa a ap
a -a . t a a ap, ak a bak p pap
a aw p a a a aa
a . a , a a k
a. t a a p pw, , a ap
w pp ap a w pp a
b w a pa a pw (b 5).
A kw a ab a pp w pa
a , a w . daw a
a a ( ) a a ap, a-
a pa ap. t a a ap
p pa pp pj pa a pw a . Aa ap a a
a a a b az a a
f ( ).
Box 5 Questions or conducting political and economicanalysis o individuals in conict-aected countries
Whattypeofpowerdoeseachpersonhold?Isitphysical(thatis,thethreat
ofviolence)?Economic(theabilitytoprovideorwithholdresources)?Social
orreligious(acharismaticorspiritualleader)?Technicalororganizational
(theyhaveskills,accesstokeyplayers,orholdakeyposition,suchas
anadviser)?
Whoaretheirfriends?
Whoaretheirenemies?
Howaretheyconnectedtokeypoliticalactors(suchasthepresident,prime
minister,speakerofthehouse,rebelorfactionleaders,ministers,orsenior
militaryleaders)?
Howaretheyconnectedtokeybusinessactors(suchascompanyowners
orheadsofbusinessassociations.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
58/122
s w a a-
b ? m w
a
a a. u
ap (p -
a) w ak q
pp a pj
a . A w p ba a:
t . i k a w kw pj
a w a a a f . sa w pp
w w a a pa . sa a a ic
W Bak f a pa aza wk a pf
pj a p aw q.
Baa un a a paa a b
w a wk b a a a. t
a a a wa a w a wa ,
w w, a w a wa wa.
iaa a a b a a a,
w un nAto pakp u.s. a ( ap,
Aaa iaq). t a a a aaz pa
a a.
la ja a b aza (paa p pa a ) a a .
B a w pp a
p, ba a b a w pa pa.
J a pj a ba a , k
a ab pj a.
mb a b a a
a, b a a a a
p aa. s a p a a a a
a a a pa w pa pw ,
aab a a pw
.
Tip:
When meeting with leaders or those with authority,
watchandlistentothepersonsecond-in-charge.While
the person in authoritymay be circumspect andevendiplomatic in her or his speech, the second-in-charge
issometimeslesscarefulandoftenrevealstheleaders
actualattitudeorthinking.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
59/122
-a a w a b w
aa p pak a a p a b
a. s a a pa pa
appa a a a a a w p
f p w pa a . i pb,
a aza a pj a w
a.
Checking the backgrounds o project stakeholders
Bak k ak a a k pa pa a
aa a -a a b w a w
pa f a b fa a a pj
(b 6). i a p- , k pa
Box 6 What to ask when conducting background checkso stakeholders
Wherewasthepersonduringthewar,andwhatwasheorshedoing?
Whatarethepersonsareasofbusiness?Lookforcompanynames,
owners,andsectors,andwhenthebusinessoccurred.
Whatisknownaboutthepersonsnancialportfolio?
Whatarethepersonsknownsourcesofincome?
Whatisthepersonsreputationforhonesty?
Isthepersoninoroutoffavorwithpoliticians?Withwhichpoliticians,
when,andwhy?
Hasthepersoneverbeeninapoliticalorcommercialcrisis?Whatis
knownabouthowheorshereacted?
Ifthepersonjoinedthediaspora,wherewasheorsheliving?What didheorshedowhenlivingthere?Whendidthepersonreturnto
theconict-affectedcountry?
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
60/122
Box 7 Background checks or partners and contractors in
Kosovo
While undertaking privatization in Kosovo, IFC sta oten had to dealwith people who might have been involved in wrongul behavior dur-
ing the conictranging rom smuggling and looting to war crimes. The
main question was, who should be allowed to bid or companies and
assets? Answering that question involved navigating a minefeld o po-
litical sensitivities while maintaining a pragmatic approach to privatization.
The team conducted background checks o winning bidders. Privatization rules
generally barred people rom bidding i they were convicted o a elony aterJune 1999, when major hostilities ended. The approach was not airtight, and
there was still a risk that people with dubious backgrounds slipped through
the net. Still, it ultimately proved sufcient or detecting ineligible bidders and
avoided the accusation that the project or IFC colluded with power players.
Such airness helps support commitments to peace among the population.
Source: Bach 2008.
ba a b a a .
t pa a b b aa -
a, pb a a a pa a, a
pa aa a a.
W a bak k, g a aa a a
p. Pj a a a , a a-
aba, faa a a ak pa, a a
p. i a, ic a a a i d d
a a a a un a ba, un a z,
a aa pa, a a pa (b 7).
Wa a -pf , , a a
pa bb. i a -a , -pf
a a bba b a a a. A a
w pa , b a , pa a b app
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
61/122
a w a a b a w a a
aa pp a.
Aa a
A a aa, aa a a -
a p b a pj a. B a a
pa a p pj a a
aaa a b pa b a a. c
aa , ap, w a pa
a b, ba a , a p a p -
b .
c aa pf a b ba i
aza a p . W pj a b
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
62/122
awa aa, a a
aa w f ap.
c a p a:
Structuralpa a b b p, , a
ab a a a p .
Proximatea b a a
aa, pa a p pb.
Triggers apa a aa
(p://www..//8).
A a ap, 1994 rwaa:
A a a b wa aa a a wa a a
(p-1950) pa appa bw h a
t a p a h a
aa.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
63/122
A pa a b a h pw wpap a
a pa, a 1990, a a t w aa .
A wa w rwaa P Ja
habaaa apa, w b wk h
pa a habaaa a a pa a w a t
p ( rwaa Pa ) f h-a
.
A w pa a aa, a a b aa . i a ab
pa a aa, aa a b a:
Aa bk, a Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis
(c a saba 2005).
http://www.business-humanrights.org/Home, a a, p, a
wb b a a a a p.
http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource-guides/corporate-social-responsibility/
business-and-conict, a p a p a b
a a .
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cm, w aaz , a,
a p aj .
http://www.iiss.org/programmes/conict, w p pa a
a a .
http://www.peri.umass.edu/Modern-Conicts.404.0.html, w b
bak a a .
http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html, a p - a -
a w .
http://jir.janes.com/public/jir/resource.shtml, a a a a
p az , a ab, k,
a , a pa a aa.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
64/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
65/122
Working in conict-aected countries involvesmore everythingmore cost, more time, more risk.
Interview with IFC sta
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
66/122
O
o a wk p, pa a p
a -a -
p pf pa a f
p f ab a a ,
pa a a, a a . Pa
a w ak p w
a p, aa , a pp pa.
Pa a
d a ak -a . i a
ic a a wk , a 80 p- a a pj b a -
.
5Planning or investmentclimate reorm in conict-
aected countries
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
67/122
r ak
-a
a a. Wak -
, pa ,
pab pa p-
p, apa a -
a bakw, a
f f f a
a w wk
a -a a
a p .
o , pa
a a b a-
b, a b a a , a
pa a a.
Key ideas in this section:
Timeframesarelongerandcostshigherinconict-
affectedcountries,andprojectsshouldbuildinextra timeandbudgetsaccordingly.
Startearlytondtherightteammembersand
ensureeffectiveplanningandcoordination.
Securitypreparednessandstaffwell-beingshould
notbeleftlast.
Reputationriskscannotbeavoidedonlymitigated.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
68/122
Pap a a a a
pab a a p a a -p
-a . ea b b pj aw
p, aa a a pa, a .
A a , a a bw a -
a qk pp . o appa
a pj ba -, -, a - pp-
. rap, a a b pa f
a pj, a a f pa
612 p, a 1218 p. ta wa, pj
a a w a pa w, a
aw b .
B
Wk -a p. i a ica a wk -a , 63 p p
a a pj b -a b a
. i a, 58 p b a p b
.
c a -a a a a. A
a b q a p, a apa, pw,
a wa a b w aaab. v a b a
ba, p b - a, a wa
p wa ak b wa-k. s a a b ba
p a f a aa w 24- a a,
wa p, ba- a a-p ww a a a
pa w un m opaa s saa (moss). i
a a a a b q. i a, a
a a a ap p. o ic a b
b a pa a a, a b a $10,000,
a $80,000 w w .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
69/122
i a, w a a a apa a -
pa a a wk q a pj a p
-a a/ a a wk w
pab a a a aa pa.
i, p a w apa -a a
f p a p. m, - pj a a a
pa, w a b .
a b a a
o b a pj a a -a
f pp a a ab a f
p a . m pp wa wk -a
, a f pp w k a a b
f a -. t a a
aa a -. g a k b aw, pa pp a p a a
pj.
t f p k. tw p k a q:
a a pa. ta k a a f, b
pa qa a pp pa -
a a b.
Pj a wk -a a f
a b qa a a ,
ab wk a a ab , kw a
a , , a p, pa a a-
k, pa, p, b, a a. i -
a a a b awa qa a k
b a a a a a pp
(mak a A 2008).
g a f aa a -a -
a a a b a p pj a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
70/122
w , a, a (b 8). Pj
a a w a a. B a p-
w un a a a aza, a a
a a b a fa p a a a p wa.
m, wa a a a a a a
a ba apa, a pa.
A a a a pa a a, wa
a a b a pj.
A -a ak f aa pj .
Paa k a a, a, , a
Box 8 Recruiting local talent in Yemen
In 2006, IFC began work with the Yemeni government on a Mining Policy
Reorm Intervention. Within a year the project had produced clear results,
including an internationally competitive fscal regime, drat Mining Law, andrationalized licensing procedures. Recruiting local talent was a major reason
or this success. A strong local team made it easier to coordinate and commu-
nicate with the client and to retain needed longer-term momentum. The local
team also provided invaluable local knowledge and expertise.
Source: Essmat and Tadros 2008.
pa a b q ab a - pj p-. t a a a pj a a a ,
b. d p ab b a
a a. i a wa a
a k a pj, b a ap,
a aaz pj a w . i a, a a
p a kw a a w a
p , a a a pj pa-. A a p a p p a pj a a
a (ic iw. 21, 8 Ap 2008).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
71/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
72/122
t a a a a pj a a a a a pj -
a. Wk -a , a
aa a a pj a a. Pj a
-a w a a -
w wa, p a , a
a w b paa a a p. i
a, a a p aa kw
a b a a a/ a pp a a
a wk. A p a a wk ak
aa a, a ba a a b a a -
b a, a bw , a a aa.
W b pj a -a , a
a b faa paka. Pj pa ppa
a ab a, a, a w a,
a b p pj. ma
aa a w a wk a -a
p p , a p aa
a w a p a -ba aa.
ia pa j pa
Pj a a a w aza-
w a pa. ca a
w a pj a p a, w a b a ab
af, fa, , a .
ca pa a aw a pj a a wa
a a ab p. i a p wa
a a pa aaa wk, , a p
w a pj a, a. W -
z w , a pp a
aa a p p pa a aa pa.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
73/122
d p
t pa -a a b aaa. Pj a pa aa ab a -
p f. Paa p a a b ak :
Taking security courses or eldwork in confict-aected countries, such
as the training oered by the United Nations Department o Saety and
Security (UNDSS). t undss ba a
aa f (p://../wb/). t wb ab pb, b q a a pf. t
undss a aaab un afa a, a
a w w ak f a a a
a a. t ak a w b
a a pj a a, a wa
a a kp, a jak, a bb p a
a pj f, a . Baa a a a a - a w pj a a papa.
When traveling to a confict-aected country, ensuring that every member
o a project team obtains a security clearance or that country through
the UNDSS website. W aa a , fa
a a - un f, a a pj a b
a b un p
b a aa. i a, a baa a a w pa -. i a w a b
w ba a p -
, a p b a .
Visiting the in-country UN security oce or a security brieng, so that
the project team can be better prepared. t pj a a
a a a (, aa p b a,
a p b) w f a b. t
pj a a ak a a p b a pb
f a a a a f wa app
a . i a aa , w k b b a b
a un f ak a pp b aa. B
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
74/122
a bf, pj a a ak k a
a w b a .
W Bak gp a b awa a w un a f kw
a W Bak gp pa un , a a a
a iaa a cpa. t, a
a aa , a a W Bak
gp a f w un p a fa a a
bf w a -a .
Ap k
Wk -a a k a a
pa aa. t k a a k
ap a a w pb. ma -
a ak a a pb. ga a b a b
a pj a, p, pj a a a a a a. l a b p
k.
W pp a paa, a a b a a a
-a k a a. A a
p, a aa b
-a a a a a. A w k b ap, a a b w pb (dAc 2001).
sa a a a k a. sa a a
k a, w a b pa pa a aa
( ab) a a b b a W Bak f f. i a -
un , wk a p (-p) a p
a a un a a a aza. o k a a b b b pp p, b, a
a pa. d a b paa a ba
p a baa pw a aaa
pa pj p.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
75/122
rk aa pa a pp p b a qa a
k. Pap a k pj a
pa. i -a p a pa
pa a b w. t ab pa
pa a awa a a , a a a a
a pa ap w pp w w a a
. Pj a a w pap
w pp w a a kw p, pa p
ba, b pa a a a. t a a b
w pa kw a a papa a , a
wap pa ak pa a f a. Aa
w pa, w w , a pj a
a w a.
W wk Aaa, ic a w ak
p a a bak pa
w a a- a, fa ,
ba a p A-Qaa a wa p
a. i lba, b aa a a w
un s c a ba a a a z. i iaq, aa
a wk w u sa a w pa k
ba aa w a u
sa. W a a a wk ap wa a
a , a ap a b a aa a appa
. B a a a a ak pj
a a b a a , pj a pa
a a a aa (iw w ic a
ma 10 2008; ic iw n. 36 ma 14).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
76/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
77/122
Implementation is key. It is not enough to havegood institutions on paper.
IFC Interview 9, 7 March 2008
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
78/122
T
t w a p a a
p a a f b pj a
.
Wk w
rap a pa a aa
Pa w paz bf
pa ap w pa. i a wak
a a ap, pj a a awa
a aa a . i
a p ap w a pa
a a a w - pa a a p a
pj wa p a a. B a-
p w a pw pa a a p
pa ak a a pj.
6Implementing investmentclimate reorm in conict-
aected countries
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
79/122
Key ideas in this section:
Relationshipstakeprecedenceoverimplementationarrangements;thelatter
canchangeeasierthantheformer.
Clientcapacityinconict-affectedcountriesoftenneedextensivehelpwith
reforms,fromsmalltolargetasks.
Managingexpectationsisimportantinanyproject;inconict-affectedcountries
itcanimprovethesecurityofprojectstaff.
Effortsshouldfocusonbuildingaconstituencyofreform,andavoidinga
singlechampion.
Includingunconventionalstakeholdersinreformcanpreemptattemptsto
spoilchange.
Womenareoftenasilentbutpowerfulstakeholdergroupforinvestment
climatereform.
Thediasporacanbringideas,talent,moneytosupportinvestmentandreform; theycanalsosparkresentmentfromthosewhostayedincountryandendured
theconict.
Quicksupportandrapidfollow-uphelpsbuildtrustincommitmenttoreform.
Eventheappearanceofimpartialitycanbepoliticallydangerous;acommunica-
tionsstrategycanhelp.
Mid-levelpractitionerscanbeimportantsourcesofadviceandreformprogress;
theyshouldnotbeignoredinfavoroftop-levelgovernmentstaff.
Coordinationisdifculttoachieveinnormaldevelopingcountrycontexts.It
isevenmoreimportantinconict-affectedcountries,andextendspastagencyto
agencycoordinationitinvolvesstrategiclocationofreforminthewiderrecon-
structionagenda.
Culturaldifferencesinaretobeexpected;inconict-affectedcountriesthey
includedifferencesbetweenthosewhohavehadtosurviveinverydifcult
circumstancesandinternationalaidworkers,andincludedifferencesbetween
militaryandciviliancultures.
Setbacksandfailurearearealpossibility,asisthereformworkbecoming
alowerpriorityascrisesemergeandpoliticsshift.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
80/122
ia ap a a pa a ak-
wk . ia ap p b pj
a a a pa a a a
a a p a a app. ea b aapp a a a a a
pj wk.
spp pa
A , a apa a b a a . P apa-
q pj a p a a p pa
p a a a a aa pj a a k a
pa a b pp a p-
paa aa w . cpa a p w
a a a, a a w p pap, a
b, pa , ppa pa, w .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
81/122
Pj a b a apa ap a b w-
p p p w . A a , pj a
b awa a p a p apa b. d
pp pa a p a pj a
, b w b apa .
e a wp
o a a pj a w
aw a a a a , w wk w a apa b apa-
. W pa a p pj p a qa,
a a w ak a wp . t
b a a p, a a a -
a b p w pb.
A b a a w wk - w a ap k a b baab a a b a a a . tpa
, , a w k a a a
a pp, k pp f wk w,
ak k a a ak. i a, pj
a a a ap a w b p a a
a: b , a a, a
a a apa b w a .
maa pa
W pa a aa aa a,
p a a a fa aa a. i a, pa-
aa a ba pa a pp a k
a b. Pp, a pa baa,
k ap p pa a wa ab a pa . la a a
p , a p a b k ab a
a -f a pa ppa pa a
a p.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
82/122
i a a , a
a p apa a a a b . t
a k pa a
p. W p w
p jb, a b wpa app a a a
a a. i a b a a
a p .
t wa a pb b a ab
k pp , pp a w w
, a pa pa b. t aa -p-
a - ba . i a p b
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
83/122
a a a aa a a bj a pa,
a pb aa pa b
w .
A a ap
w a a w ap a pp
a. A ap a pa a w
a wak a a p a a. A a ,
a ap p a a pp.
ap, a a p a -a a p
a pj a p a p, pb, p.
Pa, a a ap w a bak
a kw a a pa k pj a a. r
p ap p aa ab, -
, a a aab, a p wk ap b
p. ia a ap a.
Pj a a p a b pa b
pp w a ak pp . t aq a pp a
a a pa a pb , a a
. o wa b p ak -
a wk p pf , a .
t wk p a a wp a
paa ak, p a w pj a -
, a b p a a a a
pp pa.
A k ak, -. B a
b a pa pa, a j .
t pa a b , a a
pp ; pa a f p
a -a . sak a
, w a p pw aa. Pj a a p
k p a . Paaaa a a a
ak, a a b ap ba a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
84/122
a a a . ua, w aw w a
pa a ba, ak paaaa
a ak a w .
ra a ak
Pj a a a aa a a p
papa a ak, a pap a.
d w b f , pa a
kw a a ab, a p w -
b a a. d f pa a, a
p. rb a a b appa
a a w pw app-
pa b pa a.
rb aa a a a pa p a pp
pa b , a pj a a w a
. i , ba pp a ba
a aw a a aa pa -
a. mb b p a a a b
aa , a p a a
a .
iaa a pakp a a a
ak p pj a. s a p
bak a pa a b pa ,
a a kw a . t a a aab
a a b pj . ap, usAid a
f a pak Aaa a p b
u.s. a.
i w
W a k pa p, a -
a . W a ppa ;
a a a a aa ba
a a, a, a a a w f. t a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
85/122
a w f pa
ap. i a, a e saa, ea,
a lba, w pp w ap . W
a a a, pp bf
w a wa aa a
ab.
W a a b a aab pp a
w . W w p ap k a a
w aa a a f -
a a p b a ak a a a a-
ak b a .
d apat apa a b a ,
a w b a a
. t a b a f aba ba
w q a a a aa, k
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
86/122
w kw . t apa a a a, a,
a, a a a ak b wk a
ak. Pj a a a apa aa a
aab a pb a
a a .
B apa a b, a p -a
a a pa a. ic a apa -
sa l a, p a wk, a
a a pa a b a .
dapa a a a a pp a
a bak p- p
jb, , a a, , a a .
m, apa a b a w a a ,
w a paa p. W paa a , a-
pa b a a a a a . o wa
a pa a w app k a -
apa b a a b, wb apa
b a f a ab a pa . dapa
b a pp b pap a
a b a . ca -
b b ap b b aa, k bp
q.
Pb-pa a a a
ia a ic, a az pb-pa a-
. t a a p- ,
bf a b a b a
a. ic p a a w a pb-pa a
a a -a a, p a
bw b pb a pa . ic p-
pb-pa a 13 -a (b 9).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
87/122
Box 9 Sustaining peace in Cambodia through public-
private dialogue
When fghting in Cambodia ended in 1998, the country had undergone a
UN-administered election and was in the midst o transitioning rom a com-
munist state while struggling with the Asian fnancial crisis. The government
was ocused on instituting a market economy, an eort that enjoyed some
initial success. The conuence o these actors led the government to realize
that the emerging private sector should be included in the development o
the economy i it was going to grow.
The Government Private Sector Forum is structured in two parts, with the
main orum held biannually under the chairmanship o the prime minister
and making binding cabinet decisions, along with seven working groups
that meet regularly on issues such as law, tax and governance, export
processing and trade acilitation, and banking and fnancial services. Each
working group is co-chaired by a government minister and private sector
representative. The working groups discuss policy-related issues and direct
operational impediments acing the private sector (such as road conditions,
unofcial ees, and damaged inrastructure).
An important actor that enabled the orum to move orward was the ocus
on a neutral, shared, apolitical platorm that could be used or constructive
consultation on issues. I the orum had been perceived as other than a
constructive, participatory process, it would not have encouraged business-people to engage in a participatory process or development.
Source: Herzberg and Wright 2006.
B b p -a , pb-
pa a b p b a aab
a a a ap a bw pb a
pa w ak . i a, w pa
pa a pa pa wk
k f a a
a a b f a a b a .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
88/122
APProAch
hza a appa ?
o a w a w ak a
za a appa. A za appa ak ba
p, a p aa a p a a b-
a, , p, a pfa,
, a p. A a appa a w k
, a a ba a a aa ak ab.
A za appa a a a a, bf-
a b qa. B appa a a ak a
a a b a a w apa
pa w. A a appa a a a b
a apppa f p aaz w a ak b k a a .
B b a w , a a appa ba wa
a a b aa p
ab b.
W b appa a a pj, -
pa k a a,
, a p ak a a p a
. d p p a a k a pp -
a a a pp p
a b ak p.
B a ?
t ak b a pja pj. t w p
a apa a pa w (b 10). opp
w bw a a b a , a
w a ap aa w -. B
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
89/122
w apa , a a a pa
b; ak a a wpa a-
a , pa w b b w a a p
ba ak a. i a, a aak .
W apa a a pa w a a a
bw a , b a ak . B
q pp w f pw a ap a w a
ab .
c
ca a b a a pj a.
d a, a, a w w a a a
a a. e pj a a aa w a
Box 10 Boldness in Lebanon and incremental steps in
Sierra Leone
In Lebanon, high-intensity conict o short duration has recurred since the
1980s. The capacity o Lebanons human capital has remained high, and
entrepreneurialism has remained intact and grown over time. By contrast,
Sierra Leones conict was intense and lasted or more than 10 years, taking
a deep toll on human capital and entrepreneurialism.
While politics in both countries are complex and shiting, Lebanons govern-
ment had considerable interest in enacting reorms as a sign o resilience
ater the countrys month-long air bombardment by Israel in 2006. For ex-
ample, bold reorms were made to the company registration system. In
contrast, government workers in Sierra Leone needed considerable ongoing
support, and much eort was needed to ease government suspicion o the
private sectors in both Lebanon and Sierra Leone because their reorms pro-
gressed incrementally rather than boldly.
Source: IFC Sta Interview 24, April 3 2008.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
90/122
a aa , a p a w pp w a
a p a a wa w.
ap, a b a f a w f
w ak w a
a -a. i a b f
a a f a b pa.
ca a a a b a b a ab
a awk w a ak pa. t a b
a, b a bk a a, b k b a-
, b ak pp w a a wk .
Pj a a a w pp w kw -
, a wa wa a wa pp w a.
la p a ap a aa w a
a p. ma a b a a a a . t
a a -a a b a ak apa
a apa p a , a a a a a a
bak a a. a, a b a a
p a . ca a ja p a
a aa w a aa a app a p a
a . B a a pa pp ,
a , a , p, a . r-
pa a pa a
wp a p p. ca awa ab a
pj a a aa p appa aa-
ab a a a f wa
pp a wap pa p z
a ja .
B paa, b a qa
e a a wa a , w k a bw f a-
. Appa a p a, a, a
jpaz a pj . t a a pp a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
91/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
92/122
appa -a . t appa f
aaa a -1990 w wa z a
a a a a . t a bj a a b , b
a pa a abz a ap bw
p (gaa 2001; A 1999).
i a a a a a b
pj a bf a a.
ap, a a pj a pp p a a
aa aa b a ba, a
a pp, a a a-
a. B a - wp, w a
a a w p a ppa wa ab,
a pj w a a a ab a w
a a. B a abz , pj
w a a a . s, w b pp-
a wa wa z , pj a b
a qa.
dp a a a a
A a a a a a -a . ,
pw pp pp . s, a b b
a . A , pp w a aa .
i w a a b a -
. Wpa awa p b a aa
a. t a a pj a
w a a a a.
A a a a ak a , a a-
w a a a apa. t a
pp, a a, a . ap,
a a a apa a apppa, a -
pb ba wak a (raa a 2007).
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
93/122
A , a pp a a ab -
a b w a a a
-a . i p
a a pw pa a a , pa
p a a b -aa a
a ba .
s b w a .
i a a b a pa
a b . ia a
b f a a -
a a a b a ap a -
a . sa, a a p
b a -a a a f,
a a a. t p a,
a w b b aa a pa a, pa
pa a ap . ta ,
a w, a fa b a a a pp
a p- a a a a a -
. B papa a a, p
a a a aa ; a a b aa
a p b a. tp a a a
a a k- a g.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
94/122
rz pa
e pa a a . t a a p apa, aa a . s p pa
a pa . i u sa, ap, pa a
aa a a a a
w aa, p a a pa w a ap.
Pa a awa b a pab a -
a , w ba a a w ba pa ab. s, w b
ap . i a ww
w pb, w aa w ap. i
a, pa a app a w
a a b a paa . i a
b a b j a a pa
a a a wa a aaa a.
sk a pp wk a a
W p , a pa
ak. o ak -
pa a k a a w a
a a pp .
tp- a a w aa pp bk a-
p a b pab. B a a a pp pp a
a a , b . tak
pa pa w w ak
a a pp a p . Pp wk a
a a p
a pp (ic w 9, 7 ma 2008).
sk qk pp a ap w-p
W pa , a. n a , a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
95/122
p . o wa a pj a a p b
p a a b a a qk.
Pz qk pp wa paa , k
a pa, a b a a paa wa
ab (ma 2007). Wa a pa w a b a,
a aa a a pa
a a.
t a ic d B rap r u p a
b qk, aab a aa. c a
kp ab pb a k a
pj a w w w ppa. o wa a w
pz ap w-p a a, ak
ww pp a a a a a pa-
a .
ca w aa a
t a b a a a a a b -
f pa. ca a a wk -
a a (b 11). t a a p a
wa a a a a a
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
96/122
p wk. sa a a w pa
a b wa a p . B b
a a, a a aa k pa
a a a p a a ak p-
. i f pa , a a pa
a a a a a w .
pj a, a W Bak,
u na, a p bak ( a Aa dp
Bak), baa a, a aaa a.
d b p wk a w p
i f p b , fa
w wa a p, a , ba
, a jb. i a a b a a w p.
Box 11 Coordination in conict-aected countries
International assistance in conict-aected countries is oten coordinated
in ormal structures, where international partners and government meet
in technical working groups to discuss a common reconstruction agenda.
In Liberia, donors and the government met in the context o the Liberia
Reconstruction Development Committee. In the Democratic Republic oCongo, donors and the government convened the Consolidated Assistance
Framework. These coordination structures helped ocus donor assistance
on post-conict government development strategies, which are oten sub-
sequently articulated in poverty reduction strategies.
One crucial dierence between Liberia and the Democratic Republic o Con-
go is the ocus o government leadership on reorm. In 2006, Liberias newly
elected government was ocused on reorm, which enabled a broad reormagenda to be implemented. In the Democratic Republic o Congo the lead-
ership was less ocused on reorm, and a modest reorm agenda remains
difcult to implement.
Source: IFC Interview 36, 14 March 2008.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
97/122
a b , awa a
. o a a b a a w. Wa
a pa a b pp a w
pa aa. n, , pakp-
, a aaa p k b - z
- w q a ppa p a
. t pj a w a a a
a w a a a a
a a.
t a a wa a pf a wk. t
a, b ab, a a
a b a pa. t a b ab
a a w k pa w w b a . t a b
a -- a a a wa
a pa a wkp a a ba a a
a. A appa p fa k bw
pp a w aa p b -
a aa pa. i a, a a
b k pf a a pz.
Ppa bak a a
P apa, aqa a, a , b ,
a ak a a a
a a . m a -
w pa a wa pa a
ab w wk a -a . Pj a b
ppa k a. dp b ap a
pa a pa, pj a ap a a pj a
a b a a .
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
98/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
99/122
We have obvious technical indicators but theseare not enough, more so in conict-aect countries.
IFC Sta Interview
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
100/122
M
m a aa a b f a b . t
a -a p f.
uab a, p , a wak apa a ak
aa f.
t pa aa, a, pa a
a aa a f a a p
a a aa aaab a . o b
a apa a b a f, a
a pa . sap a ap a a p
b f , pa ap b -
wa a a p fa f. ip a p
a b ba p
. sa a , , a a aa,
p p wa k e, a b aaab.
i a a a , pwa ,
7Monitoring and evaluation oinvestment climate reorm in
conict-aected countries
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
101/122
p
, p , a
a aa
a b a .
Pj a
-
a a w
f -
a aa.
sa a
g k a a pj a w a ak
a aa, p b a a pb. t w k
q pa ba a ab ba a
Key ideas in this section:
Theextentofdamagetobuildings,institutions,re-
cords,andskilledworkersmayleaveacountrywith
littleornodataordatacollectioncapacity,makingitverydifculttomeasureimpact
Giventheimportanceofbaselinesinassessing
projectprogress,datacollectionshouldbegin
immediatelyafterconictends;oftenmanyagencies
areconductingsurveys,andtheirdatacouldbe
usedorincludequestionsrelevanttointendedreform
Thegoldstandardofdatacollectionwillelude mostprojectteams;effortstoinnovatewithmethods
withindicatorsmaybeneeded
Asdifcultasitmaybe,effortsshouldbemadeto
measurehowinvestmentclimatereformcontributes
topeace.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
102/122
a. W a a aa a a w-
a , k a a a a
w aa b , k k pj-pf q
b a pa . caba w a a a
p w a a a. t a a
wk b a a a -a k a ap
a a a .
Kp p
Ba aa a b a a w aa f, a b b-
j a w a a a a pa ,
a . i a a b p a apa
b aa, a b a a apa a
b a aa aja a p. tak a a a
pj a aa a b a, a w
pj a a p , a appaa a pj .
B a w q
B ppa b . s pj a a pap
pa aa a aaab a a
a. Pp p b b w a w -
a w a b pa a a p
a aa a. i ab a a a
, a b a a p a (im iw 21,
8 Ap 2008). i -a , a aa -
q w k p a a b appa a aap a -
p ab q .
i kw a
t , w pj a a a a ba p
kw a b a p a ab wa (w
p az f, ap). ca a w-az, a ab
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
103/122
pj b a p a.
Wa a a p
Wa pj a a a ap pp ab wa
pa a ak , pa , a
a, a aa a. ap, pj a
a appa a a a, w
a ap a a . B a
a a ak, a a. t a a a ap pb p,
aa, a p.
ma pa
dp a a aa -a -
, pa a a -a a. g
a a pj -a a a
b pa a a a , pj a a
a w pj a a p pa.
t a pab , a p pj,
a ak aa a a a ab pj a a
a. ra w a pa a, w ,
a p aa a a a a p- -
.
s, pp pa a -a a a b
a a p w ba a w pa ak-
. t b , b a aa, a-
k a a pa a a. A a ap,
a a b a b pa, a , a b a . i a a a pp a w
p a a a a
.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
104/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
105/122
A thriving domestic private sector operating ina transparent business environment can attract, provide
services or and partner responsible international investment.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
106/122
1. A g-n g ck l a i ca r Pj-
a c-A c (mak a b w a
a x)
ha a, a a?
d pp a ?
ha b a a ?
i p aaa w wa?
i a ?
i a pa ?
8 Check lists and tips
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
107/122
i a b w ak w a , ba p- wk
a a b . a a
b a a pa, a w
a w a a, w a b a f w p-
/ , w a b a pa.
2. s P ck l (mak a b w a a x)
A a pj a b f ak a f ?
ha a pj a b a pj w undss?
ha pj a a - a bf un f pj
?
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
108/122
d a pj a b a a p b a pj a a a ta p?
d a b pj a a a a b (.. p b, a a
, a a)?
d a pj a b a a p p a ww a a w a un f
a -a a?
d pj a a a a pa a b a aa a ba a ?
3. ca sa tp4
Feet on the ground. ep a a ca of a
w a p z, a a p a a
a wk w a w a a w k
.
Implement a Communications Audit and Stakeholder Mapping. i
a a a w k ;
a pa ap a a w
a , w bf b a a b aa;
a f p a a . tpa,
pa pa , pa aa,
a, ja, p, a .
Find a trigger. ak app i, p
a a a a a a a k
.., p, a w a ,
pp, bf a a a a
. t a a b pp b aa W Bak gp
aa d B a a f a .
4 s: naa yaa o-Aa. (2009). Reorm Communicatons Chrcklist. ic.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
109/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
110/122
Start the story. dp a a k a pf
a a aa a f a pa
a p f p k . hp
pa wa a a aa ak pa p
a. , p, a -a apa
pa a a p, a p, w
, . t p apa a f a p
p .
Walk with Two Legs. t pa b awa a a
pp a a ab W Bak gp a
a a ab . epa bj, ,
a p a pa a p p
w a ab pa a a a p,
pp a p a . A pa
pa a apa b a aa, p
a pa pb aa . ea
ak a. t a p pf
pa a b p/wk a aa ba.
ta a b/ a faa w p
pa p, a pp kw
aa w a, ja ., p pp
ak a.
Answer the so what?hp pa p
aa. t a b a a a w a
a p k bw p a
a a p a, pa a
.
The reform network and input into public policy. B apa a
wk a pa ap f a a
app a a a, pp Pb Pa da(PPd) b p aa pa a aa a
pp aa. A a p
wk w wk ab aa,
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
111/122
p a pz aa. PPd pp
ba a a a aab.
Set clear targets. ea a a w k
a p p a pf b
aa21 p 4 . la apa
p b awa a p a
pa b a wk a pf
a f a.
Then and Now. upa apa a p aa. A a apa a b a, ,
b p a pp b a a
p a b a. t a pa a
k kw a bf p p;
p p aa.
Investment Promotion. A pf p (.. 21
p ), p a v a a -a apa a pa a a a
a a app, a a a ab bf a
a pz a a, pa
a . t apa a pp p
a, a a aa . i a a b
p aa
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
112/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
113/122
The more limited market activity is and themore widespread damage is, the more important it will
be to begin with activities that help resume the basics o
market activities.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
114/122
r
A, ma. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support PeaceOr War.
B, c.: l r.
Aza, Ja-Pa, da Ba, Pa c, sa d, Ja W. g,
a s. Paa. 1994. s e cq
ta c Wa Pa. P ra Wk Pap
1392. W Bak, Wa, d.c.
Ba, Ka. 2008. A c Aa a i ipa Pj ga
a rpa rk: l K. Smart Lessons. ic,
Wa, d.c.
Ba, Ka, a va ha. 2005. eab e Pa:
Pb P c s B. un gba cpa,nw yk.
Ba, Ka, a hk nzk. 2003. B g a ga:
P l s Pa e A
c. iaa Pa Aa. P rp. nw yk.
Ba, Ka, a Jak sa. 2003. i. i K. Baa J. sa, ., The Political Economy o Armed Conict:
Beyond Greed and Grievance. B, c.: l r.
Ba, rb. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy o
Development. nw yk: n & cpa.
Ba, rb, A g, a sa s. 2002. oaz v.
Journal o Conict Resolution 46 (5): 599628.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
115/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
116/122
. 2007. P c r: hw s P B d?
o u, dpa e, c s
Aa e, o, u.K.
c, Pa, a Ak h. 2004. g a ga c Wa.
Oxord Economic Papers 56: 56395.
. 2005. r r, ga, a c.Journal o Conict
Resolution 49 (4): 62533.
c, Pa, a na saba, . 2005 Understanding Civil War:
Evidence and Analysis. W Bak, Wa, d.c.
c, Pa, Ak h, a d r. 2006. B g a
ga: ab a c Wa. Wk Pap 2006-10. o
u, dpa e, c s Aa
e, o, u.K.
dAc (dp Aa c). 2001. Guidelines on Helping
Prevent Violent Conict. Pa: oaa e c-
pa a dp.
d ca, gaaa. 2008. Rebuilding War-Torn States: The Challenge
o Post-Conict Economic Reconstruction. o, u.K.: o
u P.
d la, la. 2003. B a d Wk c Z.
iaa lab oaza, t.
df, mak. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging o
Development and Security. l: Z Bk.
ea, saa, a a ta. 2008. B ep
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
117/122
a la la ta: l m P r
y. Smart Lessons. ic, Wa, d.c.
a, Ja. 2004. W d s c Wa la s m l ta
o?Journal o Peace Research 41 (3): 275301.
. 2007. e dp, i, a c Wa. sa
u, dpa Pa s, Pa A, ca.
gaa, ca, a maa la. 2001. Conict Sensitive Approaches
to Development: A Review o Practice. l: iaa A,
saw.
gaz, K. 1997. Wa PW Wa ii W: s epa
t a a ta Appa. i da t, ., War and
Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. r, n.y.:
u r P.
g, Aa. 2000. t Pa s a Pa. The Brown Journal o
World Aairs 7 (2).
hzb, Bja, a Aw W. 2006. The PPD Handbook: A
Toolkit or Business Environment Reormers. Wa, d.c.: u.K.
dpa iaa dp, W Bak, ic, oecd
dp c.
hb, d. 2000. r, g a P v
c.. Ploughshares Monitor. 21 (2).
hp, maaa. 2003. Economics and Violent Conict. cab,
ma.: haa u P.
iaa A. 2006. Conict Sensitive Project Finance: Better Lending
Practice in Conict Prone States. l: iaa A.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
118/122
J, Paa. 2006. o lk bw v c a c
P: hw m d W ra Kw? cPrc Wk Pap 61.
u s, i dp s.
. 2007. o lk bw v c a h P:
hw m d W ra Kw? microcon ra Wk
Pap 1. u s, i dp s.
Ka, ma. 1999. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era.
Pa A, ca.: sa u P.
K, da. 1998. t e v c Wa.
Ap Pap 320. o: o u P,
iaa i sa s.
. 2000. i a d v. i ma Ba a
da m. ma, ., Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in
Civil Wars. B, c.: l r.
. 2001. t Pa e Wa. i a swa a vap
za, ., War and Underdevelopment. Volume 1: The
Economic and Social Consequences o Conict. o: o
u P.
Kw, c. l., a h. l. s. 1999. t r ra rwaa
g. Communication Abstracts 22 (3).
la, Bja. 2005. t Pa s a gw a sa:
A la rw. dpa iaa dp,
l.
maa, Ja, . 2002. t nw haaa: A rw t
gba haaa A. rp 11. haaa P
gp, l.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
119/122
mak, Ka a Ba A. 2008. A s c-A
c: da W n o. Smart Lessons, ic,
Wa, d.c.
ma, da, a hk nzk. 2005. e Aa c Wa:
Wa W Kw, Wa W n Kw. d Pap 2005-07.
u na uW i dp e
ra, hk.
ma, ca. 2007. Implem a Bee Pa a P-
e: t ca s sa. Pa a a
Been Aa c, ob 2007, cap tw, s Aa.
. 2008. da a d ipa B-
eab e r a P-c e. Smart
Lessons. ic, Wa, d.c.
m, rb, a a Qa. 2006. t i ca P- c
sa. W Bak i, Wa, d.c.
o-Aa, naa yaa. 2009. Reorm Communications Checklist. ic,
Jab.
raa, saa, Bja hzb, J c, a Ka saaj.
2007. sa ca B e r:
A g sak ea a r P. ic,
Wa, d.c.
sab, maa, a raa na. 2006. g m Baa!
Smart Lessons. ic, Wa, d.c.
s, Ja. 2007. A g e gw Pa Pa
rb c. usAid, Wa, d.c.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
120/122
swa, a. 2002. r ca v c dp
c. British Medical Journal 324 (7333): 34245.
swa, a, a v. za. 2000. War and Underdevelopment: The
Economic and Social Consequences o Conict. o, u.K.: o
u P.
swa, ., . hp, a n. la. 1997. c c dp
c la Qa a c: A epa ow
e a sa cq. Oxord Development
Studies 25 (1): 20.
ta, mak, . 2004. e c: t n ga P
rp. rp ep ca c e
a dp. rp 436. a, o.
undP. 2006. National Human Development Report Liberia: Mobilizing
Capacity or Reconstruction and Development. ma/nw yk.
W Bak. 2002 t c Aa awk (cA): i
c-a oba dp. da n 5.
sa dp dpa, Wa, d.c.
. 2003. Breaking the Conict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy.A
P ra rp. W Bak, Wa, d.c.
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
121/122
8/14/2019 IFI-Investment Climate Reform in Conflict Affected Countries
122/122