“ “ If you deliberately plan on If you deliberately plan on being less than what you are being less than what you are capable of being then I warn capable of being then I warn you, you will be very unhappy you, you will be very unhappy for the rest of your life.” - for the rest of your life.” - Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow
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“If you deliberately plan on being less than what you are capable of being then I warn you, you will be very unhappy for the rest of your life.” - Abraham.
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““If you deliberately plan If you deliberately plan on being less than what on being less than what you are capable of being you are capable of being then I warn you, you will then I warn you, you will be very unhappy for the be very unhappy for the rest of your life.” - rest of your life.” - Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow
Think about this:Think about this:
What motivates you to do the What motivates you to do the following things?following things?
A) come to schoolA) come to schoolB) exerciseB) exerciseC) clean your roomC) clean your roomD) participate in extra-curricular D) participate in extra-curricular activitiesactivitiesE) eat lunch E) eat lunch
MotivationMotivation
Module 11Module 11
MotivationMotivation
a need or desire that energizes and a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goaldirects behavior toward a goal
Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation Historic Explanations: Historic Explanations:
Instincts Instincts (1(1stst psychological explanation of motivation) psychological explanation of motivation)
inherited, unlearned inherited, unlearned preprogrammed, preprogrammed, complex behavior complex behavior occurring throughout a occurring throughout a speciesspecies
examples: jealously, examples: jealously, curiosity, cleanliness, curiosity, cleanliness, domination, making domination, making thingsthings
Instincts QsInstincts Qs
Do you agree that all of the behaviors we Do you agree that all of the behaviors we discussed are instincts? Why or why not?discussed are instincts? Why or why not?
What are some other human instincts? What are some other human instincts?
What are some examples of your own What are some examples of your own behavior that the instincts theory of behavior that the instincts theory of motivation might explain? motivation might explain?
Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory
drive - aroused tension states created by drive - aroused tension states created by imbalancesimbalances
a physiological need creates an aroused a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the needorganism to satisfy the need
Drives QsDrives Qs
How do the instinct theory and drive-How do the instinct theory and drive-reduction-theory differ? reduction-theory differ?
Level stimulation (alertness & Level stimulation (alertness & responsiveness) you like to maintainresponsiveness) you like to maintain
Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
a degree of psychological arousal (alertness & a degree of psychological arousal (alertness & responsiveness) helps performance, but only up to responsiveness) helps performance, but only up to a certain pointa certain point
optimum arousal depends on the difficulty of taskoptimum arousal depends on the difficulty of task
each person has an optimum level of stimulation each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintainthey like to maintain
Yerkes-Dodson Law QsYerkes-Dodson Law Qs
Answer the questions below based on your graph:Answer the questions below based on your graph:1.1. What level of arousal is needed to perform well on What level of arousal is needed to perform well on
easy tasks?easy tasks?
2.2. What level of arousal is needed to perform well on What level of arousal is needed to perform well on difficult tasks? difficult tasks?
3.3. What happens to performance on difficult tasks as What happens to performance on difficult tasks as arousal increases?arousal increases?
4.4. How could you apply this information to your own How could you apply this information to your own
life?life? 5.5. How would you describe your optimal state of How would you describe your optimal state of
arousal?arousal?
Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
HomeostasisHomeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal stateor constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (hormones, water chemistry (hormones, water levels, blood glucose) around a levels, blood glucose) around a particular levelparticular level
any change in levels, up or any change in levels, up or down, results in being down, results in being motivated to bring the level motivated to bring the level back to normal.back to normal.
Homeostasis QsHomeostasis Qs
What is the difference between What is the difference between homeostasis and the drive-reduction homeostasis and the drive-reduction theory?theory?
desire to perform a behavior desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or because of promised rewards or threats of punishmentthreats of punishment
Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a behavior for its desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effectiveown sake and to be effective
What tasks are you intrinsically motivated to do? What tasks are you intrinsically motivated to do? What tasks are you extrinsically motivated to do?What tasks are you extrinsically motivated to do?
Which do you think is the better form of motivation?Which do you think is the better form of motivation?
What effect do grades have on your motivation to What effect do grades have on your motivation to learn?learn?
How could teachers motivate students to learn How could teachers motivate students to learn without giving grades? without giving grades?
Clinical Explanations: Clinical Explanations: Achievement & Hierarchy of NeedsAchievement & Hierarchy of Needs
Achievement Achievement
Henry Murray - first established Henry Murray - first established achievement motivation theoryachievement motivation theory
Achievement motivation: Achievement motivation: desire for significant desire for significant
accomplishment accomplishment desire for the mastery of desire for the mastery of
things, people, or ideasthings, people, or ideas desire for attaining a high desire for attaining a high
standardstandard
Achievement QsAchievement Qs
What behaviors or thoughts in your life What behaviors or thoughts in your life are driven by achievement motivation?are driven by achievement motivation?
Have you ever met someone with a low Have you ever met someone with a low level of achievement motivation? What level of achievement motivation? What made you think they had a low level of made you think they had a low level of achievement motivation? achievement motivation?
Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow - Abraham Maslow - humanistic psychologist humanistic psychologist who developed hierarchy who developed hierarchy of needsof needs
hierarchy of needs – hierarchy of needs – human needs; higher-level human needs; higher-level needs won’t become needs won’t become active until lower-level active until lower-level needs are satisfiedneeds are satisfied
Self-ActualizationSelf-Actualization
according to Maslow, a person’s according to Maslow, a person’s highest needhighest need
the need to live up to one’s fullest and the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potentialunique potential
What we can be, we must be!What we can be, we must be!
Maslow’s Maslow’s Hierarchy Hierarchy of Needsof Needs
Hierarchy of Needs QsHierarchy of Needs Qs
Do you think the order of needs is true for Do you think the order of needs is true for most people?most people?
What might be some exceptions to this What might be some exceptions to this order? order?
Are there important motives not included Are there important motives not included in the hierarchy? in the hierarchy?
Warm UpWarm UpTheories of Motivation ReviewTheories of Motivation Review
Standard SSPBF5:aStandard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation
Answer the following:Answer the following:What is motivation?What is motivation?
Match the following:Match the following:__ Instincts__ Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment a) desire for significant accomplishment __ Drives__ Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance __ Arousal Theory__ Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatc) meet basic needs first; higher levels after that__ Homeostasis__ Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain d) level of stimulation we try to maintain __ Intrinsic/Extrinsic__ Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate
actionaction__ Hierarchy of Needs__ Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forcesf) motivation from internal or external forces__ Achievement__ Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal stateg) maintain balanced or constant internal state
Warm Up AnswersWarm Up AnswersTheories of Motivation ReviewTheories of Motivation Review
Standard SSPBF5:aStandard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation
Answer the following:Answer the following:What is motivation? A need or desire that energizes and directs What is motivation? A need or desire that energizes and directs
behaviorbehavior
Match the following:Match the following:e e Instincts Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment a) desire for significant accomplishment b b Drives Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance d d Arousal Theory Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatc) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatg g Homeostasis Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain d) level of stimulation we try to maintain f f Intrinsic/Extrinsic Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate
actionactionc c Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forcesf) motivation from internal or external forcesa a Achievement Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal stateg) maintain balanced or constant internal state
Associate your high achievement with Associate your high achievement with positive emotions – CELEBRATEpositive emotions – CELEBRATE
Connect your achievement with your Connect your achievement with your efforts – give yourself credit for your efforts – give yourself credit for your hard work/good gradeshard work/good grades
Raise your expectations – set Raise your expectations – set reasonably high goalsreasonably high goals
Motivating OthersMotivating Others Cultivate intrinsic motivation – assign tasks that Cultivate intrinsic motivation – assign tasks that
foster curiosity; praise effortfoster curiosity; praise effort Attend to individual motives – find what motivates Attend to individual motives – find what motivates
each personeach person Set specific, challenging goals – help others define Set specific, challenging goals – help others define
their goalstheir goals Choose an appropriate leadership styleChoose an appropriate leadership style
Task leadership (goal-oriented) sets standards, Task leadership (goal-oriented) sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attentionorganizes work, and focuses attention
Social leadership (group-oriented) builds Social leadership (group-oriented) builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers supportteamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Hunger: A Hunger: A Closer LookCloser Look
Guided Reading QuestionsGuided Reading Questions
Physiology of HungerPhysiology of Hunger GlucoseGlucose - form of sugar that circulates through - form of sugar that circulates through
the body; low glucose = hungerthe body; low glucose = hunger InsulinInsulin - hormone allows body to use glucose - hormone allows body to use glucose
for energy or fat production; as insulin levels for energy or fat production; as insulin levels increase, glucose levels decreaseincrease, glucose levels decrease
LeptinLeptin - Protein produced by bloated fat cells; - Protein produced by bloated fat cells; send a message to “stop eating”send a message to “stop eating”
OrexinOrexin - Hunger-triggering hormone produced - Hunger-triggering hormone produced by hypothalamus; glucose levels drop, orexin by hypothalamus; glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungrylevels increase and person feels hungry
Set Point Theory of WeightSet Point Theory of Weight
Set Point - point at which an individual’s Set Point - point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.“weight thermostat” is supposedly set.
When the body falls below this weight, When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight.lost weight.
BMR – resting rate at which we burn BMR – resting rate at which we burn calories for energycalories for energy
Set PointSet Point
Environment Environment and Hungerand Hunger
External IncentivesExternal Incentives
Include the sight, Include the sight, sound, and smell sound, and smell of foodof food
Affect some Affect some people more than people more than othersothers
Cultural Influences on EatingCultural Influences on Eating Cultural views on obesity can varyCultural views on obesity can vary
White Americans – weakness, lazinessWhite Americans – weakness, laziness African-Americans & Latinos – less concerned African-Americans & Latinos – less concerned
about weight, more accepting of overweight about weight, more accepting of overweight
Culture influences the foods we like and Culture influences the foods we like and dislikedislike Shun foods we are not exposed toShun foods we are not exposed to Examples: horse, dog, rat meatExamples: horse, dog, rat meat Repeated exposure to new foods increases our Repeated exposure to new foods increases our
willingness to try themwillingness to try them
Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder in which normal Eating disorder in which normal weight people suffer delusions of being weight people suffer delusions of being overweightoverweight
Usually in adolescent femalesUsually in adolescent females May put themselves on self-starvation May put themselves on self-starvation
regimensregimens May become dangerously underweightMay become dangerously underweight
Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Eating disorder characterized by episodes Eating disorder characterized by episodes
of overeatingof overeating Usually overeat high calorie foodsUsually overeat high calorie foods Overeating is followed by vomiting, Overeating is followed by vomiting,
using laxatives, fasting, or excessive using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exerciseexercise
Fearful of gaining weight, preoccupied Fearful of gaining weight, preoccupied with food, often suffer from depression with food, often suffer from depression and/or anxietyand/or anxiety
Causes of Eating DisordersCauses of Eating Disorders
Genetic link – identical twins more likely Genetic link – identical twins more likely to have same eating disorderto have same eating disorder
Abnormal levels of chemicals that Abnormal levels of chemicals that facilitate neural communicationfacilitate neural communication
Cultural pressure to be thinCultural pressure to be thin