If this packet is LOST, pleasebrunsonbio.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/0/6/14061412/packet_4_biochem... · At the end of the unit you will turn in this packet). ... Write a paragraph for

Packet #4 – Biochemistry and Digestion, Part 2 (Unit 3) Summer 2014

This Activity Packet belongs to: __________________________ At the end of the unit you will turn in this packet). Record the completion due dates in the chart below. You should expect a variety of quizzes: announced, unannounced, open-notes and closed-notes.

If this packet is LOST, please:

drop it off at the BHS Science Dept. (rm 365) OR drop it off in Ms. Brunson’s classroom (rm 351) OR

call the Science Dept. at (617) 713-5365.

Packet page Activity

Points

Earned Avail.

Nutrition Labels: What are they saying? 5+

Digestion System Notes: • Part I: Video Guide • Part II: Labeling organs/structures • Part III: Notes • Part IV: What is biosynthesis • Part V: Digestion Problems • Part VI: Summarizing what you know

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Digestion Test Review (Part 2) 10

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Nutrition Labels: What are they saying? You will look at two nutrition labels and identify the types of macromolecules in them, their relative amounts, and determine if the food is a healthy option for your lifestyle. A few tips: • Minerals include elements: Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Magnesium, etc (things on the periodic table) • Sodium refers, usually, to salt • The % Daily Value numbers are based on a 2,000 calorie diet and tell you what percentage of your daily

requirement for the describe chemical is met by eating the food. • Total fat includes both saturated and unsaturated fats in total number of grams reported. The breakdown

of how much of that total fat is saturated or trans is written below the total fat. • 1 mg = .001 g OR, in other words, 1000 mg = 1 g • If your food has an “as prepared” column, this calculates the total calories and nutritional information for

1 serving of the food when it is prepared as instructed on the food container. Nutrition Label 1: Nutrition Label 2: # calories per serving

# servings per container

How big is a serving?

Total Fat (g)

Total Fat % daily value

Saturated fat (g)

Saturated fat % daily value

Cholesterol (mg)

Cholesterol % daily value

Sodium (mg)

Total Carb (g)

Total Carb % daily value

Fiber (g)

Sugars (g)

Protein (g)

Vitamins (list them)

Minerals

What nutrients are NOT provided (Carb, Lipid, Protein)?

Any strange ingredients?

For each of the nutrition labels, explain whether or not you would recommend eating this food and WHY you would or wouldn’t. Draw on your knowledge of nutrition, digestion, and the use of things like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Do not give a lame answer like “it’s healthy” or “it’s bad for you”—explain yourself in your response. Write a paragraph for each nutrition label on a separate sheet.

Digestive System Part I: Digestive System Video Guide: Answer these questions as you watch the National Geographic short video on the digestive system. 1. Where and when does digestion begin?

2. Number the parts of the digestive system below:

_____ Mouth _____ Small Intestine

_____ Stomach _____ Esophagus

_____ Rectum _____ Large Intestine/Colon

3. How long is your digestive system?

4. What enzyme is present in your saliva? What macromolecule does this enzyme begin to chemically digest?

5. What chemicals are responsible for digestion in your stomach?

6. What are the small projections in the small intestine called?

7. What is the benefit of having many folds in the small intestine?

8. What is/are the function(s) of the large intestine? Part II: Labeling organs/structures.

This picture is a zoom-in on some of the organs in the bigger diagram.

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Part III: Digestive system notes What are the four steps of food processing? What is “digestion” and why do we do it? Mouth Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Small Intestine - Duodenum Small Intestine – Absorption Large Intestine/Colon

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Where are different chemicals broken down chemically? Carbs – Proteins – Lipids –

Part IV: What is biosynthesis? 1. Watch the video segment “Introduction to Biosynthesis” and answer the following questions. (1.5 pt)

a. What are proteins broken down into (what is their smallest component)?

b. What are the amino acids used for in the predators tissues?

c. Compare the Rat Protein and Snake Protein. How are they different? How are they similar?

2. Write a description of what happens to a foreign protein molecule before and after it gets absorbed in an animal’s intestine. (1 pt)

3. The digestive system is a group of organs that breaks down food into small molecules. In this way,

molecules can be absorbed into the blood and transported by the circulatory system to all cells of the body. Label the figure with the term break down or absorption at each organ that the food passes through according to which process occurs at that stage of digestion. (2 pt)

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4. Read the essay Anorexia Nervosa: Dying to Be Thin (below). From where do you think the building blocks for biosynthesis (like amino acids) are obtained for a person suffering from anorexia nervosa? Where do healthy people get their building blocks? (This is a thinking question! The reading does NOT tell you the answer, just a little bit about what anorexia is) (1.5)

From BSCS Biology: A Human Approach, Third Edition, page 337

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Part V. Digestion Problems 1. A patient was having problems with her digestive tract, and so her doctor ordered tests to be done to determine the pH at various locations along her digestive tract. The results from the testing are shown in a graph below.

a) What would be a good title for this graph? (choose one) i. pH and digestion ii. pH along a patient’s digestive tract iii. pH and digestive diseases iv. pH data b) What is the pH in each part of the tract shown in the graph above?

Location pH Mouth Stomach Small intestine

c) Based on what you know about the digestive system, what surprises you about the data above? d) How would the process of digestion and absorption be affected in the patient above as compared to the average healthy person? Be specific and detailed using your knowledge of the digestive system. 2. Another patient goes to his doctor and complains of attacks characterized by steady, severe pain in his upper abdomen that increases rapidly and lasts from 30 minutes to several hours. When asked when these occur most often, he reports that they often happen after eating meals particularly high in fat, but not proteins or carbohydrates. a. What organ do you think might be damaged? Why? What is your evidence? b. Why is fat particularly difficult to chemically digest?

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Part VI. Summarizing what you know Complete the following chart as a way to organize what you’ve learned about the digestive system. Part of tract Mechanical

digestion? (Y or N?) Chemical Digestion? (Y or N? Of what?)

Absorption? (Y or N? Of what?)

List helping (accessory organs)

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

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BSCS Biology Unit 3 Test Study Guide – Digestion (Part 2) Digestion: o Structures of the digestive system and their functions (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small

intestine – including duodenum, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine/colon) o Where each molecule (lipids, carbs, proteins) is broken down and which enzymes break it

down (the only enzymes you need to know are pepsin and amylase, but you should also know the function of bile, which is not an enzyme)

o Mechanical vs. chemical digestion and where each happens The following list of questions is NOT comprehensive, but a starting point for your studying. Make sure you know all of the information listed above and you study all journals, labs, and notes sheets. 1. Why is digestion necessary? 2. What is the location of digestion in the human digestive system of carbohydrates, lipids, and

proteins? 3. What is the location of absorption in the human digestive system? 4. Which organ in the human digestive system could be considered the “main organ of

digestion”? Why? 5. What is the chemical reaction of digestion is called (dehydration synthesis or degradation

hydrolysis)? 6. What is the role of teeth in the mouth? 7. Why is it preferable to break food items into smaller pieces? 8. What is digested in the mouth? What is the enzyme and what glands make the enzyme? 9. What happens in the esophagus? (That is, how does food move through the digestive

system?) 10. What is digested in the stomach? Describe what conditions are like in the stomach. 11. What is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder? What does this substance do? 12. The pancreas is important in the digestive system. Why? 13. Name 3 substances digested and absorbed in the small intestine. 14. What is the name of the structures on the surface of the small intestine? What is the role of

the structures named? 15. Describe three things that happen in the large intestine. 16. On the diagram on the next page, label each organ and fill in the blanks. (For this question,

you do not need to draw the digestive system into your review – you can simply do this right on the diagram on this packet).

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Biochemistry & Digestion Test Study Sheet

Vocabulary: Here are some vocabulary words, which you should understand and be able to apply: Macromolecule Monomer Polymer Nutrients Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Saturated Unsaturated DNA/RNA Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Glucose Fructose Sucrose Maltose Lactose Starch Sugar Cellulose Indicator Iodine solution Biuret’s solution Catalase Positive control Negative control Molecular formula Structural formula Amino Acid Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Protein folding Enzyme Catalyst Active site Peptide bond Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Triglyceride Fatty acid chain Glycerol (Glycerin) Steroid Hormone Pancreas Liver Homeostasis Insulin Glucagon Amylase Peristalsis Pepsin & HCl Protease Pancreatic juice Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Absorption Unit Overview ❏ Biochemistry:

o For lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids: § The structure/shape of the molecule § The function or uses of the molecule in the human body § The monomers and polymers of each § The processes that break them apart (hydrolysis) and build them up

(dehydration synthesis) o The structure of enzymes (including the location of the active site) o How enzymes work (in diagrams AND words) o Why enzymes are important for reactions in the body

❏ Digestion: o Structures of the digestive system and their functions (mouth, esophagus, stomach,

small intestine – including duodenum, large intestine) o Where each molecule (lipids, carbs, proteins) is broken down and which enzymes

break it down (the only enzymes whose names you need to know are pepsin and amylase)