IEEEXplore

Abstract -- We cover the amazing progress from the $10,000 microwave magee; the early World War (WW) II Massachusetts Institute for Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory fire control and precision landing radars (N/SCR-584 and Ground Approach Control [GCA] Mark-I); to the Hawk system; the early air traffic control radars; the first mass produced phased array radar (Precision Approach Radar [PAR] AN/TPS-25); to present day $7 magee; the new “Wonder of the World” the SBX missile defense 75 ft diameter, 45,056 GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) Transmit/Receive (T/R) module X-band active array radar; the single chip < $10 X-band MMIC T/R module; the low cost ($100’s) 24 GHz car blind spot phased array radar; the new GaN technology which allows higher power (~x10) and power efficiency; the hand held Hot Wheels $20 speed radar.

Index Terms— Radar, radar history, World War 2, active-phased arrays, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, MMIC, T/R nodule, phased array, active electronic scanned array, AESA, electronic scanning array, ESA, Sea Based X-Band Radar, SBX, X-Band Radar, XBR, GaAs, adaptive arrays, Space-Based Radar, SBR, Haystack Radar, low cost radar, low phased arrays.

I. DURING WORLD WAR 2 ERA

Fig. 1 shows some of the outstanding contributions made by the MIT Radiation Laboratory during the World War (WW) 2 Era. The very significant contributions of the Raytheon Company are given in Fig. 2.

II POST WORLD WAR 2

Contributions made after WW 2 by Raytheon with respect to mechanically scanning commercial and military radars are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Lincoln Laboratory MIT, formed in 1951, did pioneering work on phase arrays after WW2 under the leadership of Dr. John Allen. The pioneering contribution made by Raytheon (except for Multifunction Array Radar [MAR] by Sylvania Electronics Systems) to passive arrays is given in Fig. 5.

This was followed by work on active arrays using hybrid (discrete) transistors and later by integrated circuits (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC)); see Fig. 6 (right side of) and Fig. 7. Figure 6 also shows some of Raytheon’s contributions to solid state “bottle” transmitter mechanically scanned radars.

III. BREAKTHROUGHS AND FUTURE TRENDS

MMIC has reached the point where it is possible to put a whole T/R module on a single chip at X-band (>10 mW) and Ka-band (40 mW). The latter has permitted Raytheon to a build an active 35GHz seeker array -- ~ $30/element having about 600 elements that is projected to cost about $19K. A truly low cost phase array radar has arrived for automobiles -- a 24GHz blind-spot detection radar costing only few 100 dollars; see Fig. 8. Even lower cost speed radars are available one -- for baseball speed measurement costing about $80 and a toy one costing only $20; see Fig. 9. Every radar engineer should buy one.

Lincoln Laboratory MIT has been a national asset since its inception. It has carried out pioneering work to radars used for air defense, ballistic missile defense, space surveillance, ship defense and foliage penetration. It has carried out cutting edge work dealing with radar signal processing (e.g., adaptive processing, space-time adaptive processing [STAP], the displaced phase center antenna [DPCA] and components (MMIC, T/R module, surface acoustic wave [SAW] deices. Most recently they are upgrading the Haystack radar to provide satellite images to the phenomenal resolution of 1cm; see Fig. 10. Other leading edge work they are involved in is the potential for a carbon transistor providing a terahertz clock speed instead of the GHz available with Si and the potential for an increased dynamic range in the presence of receiver nonlinearities; see Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. Other Boston area government and industry organizations have made and are making major contribution. For example, MITRE with the Cobra Dane, PAVE PAWS, AWACS, Surveillance Radar Program [SRP], Upgraded Early Warning Radar [UEWR] programs among many others. RCA when in the Boston area did the lunar landing radar. M/A-Com did the 15,000 diode phase shifters for COBRA DANE; M/A-Com is also developing low cost automobile radars. Hanscom ESD is a major acquisition agency of radar systems. Still others are Sylvania, Sperry, Varian, Signatron, Radant, Ansoft, TASC, and BAE. Horizon House has been a major contributor through its publications of Antech House books and its publication of the Microwave Journal which celebrated its 50th Anniversary last year with 12

Boston Radar History – From $10,000 Magee to $10 Single Chip T/R Module .… Better Than Fiction

Raytheon Company Eli Brookner

978-1-4244-2804-5/09/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE IMS 20091401

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special exciting and informative anniversary issues. The July to December 2008 Microwave Journal issues also contain a very good history of the microwave industry. I have just touched the surface here and must be forgiven for not mentioning everyone. To get a more complete coverage, the reader should go to the references and the reference they in turn refer to.

REFERENCES

Brookner, E., “Phased-Array Radar: Past, Astounding Breakthroughs and Future Trends,” Microwave J., 1/08 Brookner, Eli, “Phased Arrays and Radar – Past, Present and Future,” Microwave J., 1/06 pp 24-46 Brookner, Eli, “Phased Array and Radar Astounding Breakthrough – An Update,” IEEE RadarCon ‘08, 5/26-30/08 Brookner, Eli, “Phased-Array Radars,” Scientific America, February 1985, pp. 94-102 Brookner, Eli (Ed.), Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems, Artech House, MA 1991 Brookner, Eli, Aspects of Modern Radar, Artech House, MA 1988 Brookner, Eli, Radar Technology, Artech House, MA 1977 Brookner, Eli, “Major Advances in Phased Arrays: Part I & Part II, “ Micro J. 5/97, pp 288-294 and 6/97, pp 84-92 Fowler, C.A., “Rad Lab, Luie Alvarez, and the Development of the CGA Radar Landing,” IEEE AESS Mag., 5/08, pp A1-A16 Fowler, C.A., “Old Radar Types Never Die; They just Phased Array or…55 Years of Try Scan,” IEEE AESS Mag., 9/98, pp 24A–24L Fowler, C.A., “Three R’s of Radar: Recollections, Remonstrance’s, and Ruminations,” IEEE AESS Mag., 8/89, pp 18-25 Freeman, E.C., Technology in the National Interest, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 1995 MIT Radiation Lab. 28 Vol. Series, available from Artech House on CD Brookner, Eli, "Array Radars: An Update", Microwave Jour., Part 1, Vol. 30, No. 2, Feb. 1987, pp. 117-138 and Part 2, Vol. 30, No. 3, March 1987, pp. 167-174 Brookner, Eli, "Radar of the 80's and Beyond – An Update", IEEE , Electro/86, Session 25, 5/13-15/83 Brookner, Eli, "Radar of the 80's and Beyond", IEEE Electro, Session 4, 5/15-17/84 Microwave Jour., July 2008, pp.84-100, 150-209; Aug. 2008, pp. 106-110; Sept. 2008, pp. 188-190; Oct. 2008, p. 104; Nov. 2008, p. 130; Dec. 2008, p. 82

Fig. 1. MIT Radiation Laboratory WW2 Contributions

Fig. 2. Raytheon Contribution to WW 2

Fig. 3. Raytheon Post WW2 Mechanical Scanned Radars

RAYTHEON SOLVES MANUFACTURING

PROBLEM FOR MAGEE

ORIGINAL,S-BAND,10 KW PEAK

SOLUTION: STAMPOUT SHEETS OF CURATHER THAN MILL

RAYTHEON SOLVES MANUFACTURING

PROBLEM FOR MAGEE

ORIGINAL,S-BAND,10 KW PEAK

SOLUTION: STAMPOUT SHEETS OF CURATHER THAN MILL

RAYTHEON PRODUCTION: 17/WEEK

TO 2,600/DAY,80% OF US WW 2 NEEDS

PROXIMITY FUZERADAR – TOP SECRETONE OF 3 INVENTIONS

CREDITED WITHWINNING WW-2

SG-0 TO -7 RADARS1ST NAVY MICROWAVE

SURFACE SEARCH*

RADAR, > 4000BUILT FOR WW-2 PRES. KENNEDY ?PRES. KENNEDY ?

S0-0 TO -13 PT BOAT RADARS6000 BUILT FOR WW-2

*FOR SGPROGRAM MANAGER:

FRITZ GROSSTECHNICAL DIRECTOR:

DR. BILL HALL

MICROWAVE EARLYWARNING (MEW)S-BAND RADAR

BOMBING & NAVIGATION

ELECTRONIC STEERINGUSED

EAGLE (AN/APQ-7) ON B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

MARK-1PAR

X-BANDMARK-1PAR

X-BAND

• OCT. '40 TO DEC. '45• DESIGNED ~ 1/2 RADARS OF WW II• CREATED >100 DIFFERENT RADAR SYSTEMS• CONSTRUCTED $1.5 BILLION WORTH OF RADAR• ~ 4,000 PEOPLE WORKING ON MANY CONTINENTS

MICROWAVE EARLYWARNING (MEW)S-BAND RADAR

BOMBING & NAVIGATION

ELECTRONIC STEERINGUSED

EAGLE (AN/APQ-7) ON B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

MARK-1PAR

X-BANDMARK-1PAR

X-BAND

• OCT. '40 TO DEC. '45• DESIGNED ~ 1/2 RADARS OF WW II• CREATED >100 DIFFERENT RADAR SYSTEMS• CONSTRUCTED $1.5 BILLION WORTH OF RADAR• ~ 4,000 PEOPLE WORKING ON MANY CONTINENTS

MICROWAVE EARLYWARNING (MEW)S-BAND RADAR

BOMBING & NAVIGATION

ELECTRONIC STEERINGUSED

EAGLE (AN/APQ-7) ON B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

S-584S-BAND

FIRECONTROL

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

AN/APS-20" X-BAND RADAR

1ST AEW RADAR

MARK-1PAR

X-BANDMARK-1PAR

X-BAND

• OCT. '40 TO DEC. '45• DESIGNED ~ 1/2 RADARS OF WW II• CREATED >100 DIFFERENT RADAR SYSTEMS• CONSTRUCTED $1.5 BILLION WORTH OF RADAR• ~ 4,000 PEOPLE WORKING ON MANY CONTINENTS

ARSR-1 AND -2 AIRROUTE SURV RADARS

LATE 50’S ON

HAWK SEEKER

MARINE RADARS, BY '74, >15,000 X-BD, >10,000 S-BD

TERMINAL DOPPERWHEATHER RADAR

COBRA JUDYX-BAND (1982)

RAMPARTRADAR. WSMR

HAVE STARE (1991)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

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Fig. 4. Additional Raytheon Post WW 2 Mechanical Scanned Radars

Fig. 5. Example Boston Passive Phased Arrays Having Large Productions

Fig. 6. Mechanical-scanner and Active Array Radars Using Hybrid-Transistors Transmitters

Fig 7. Raytheon Ground/Sea MMIC Active Arrays Deployed and Under Development

Fig. 8. A 24 GHz Blind-Spot Detection Radar

Fig. 9 Buy Your Kid a Radar

MARINE RADAR

(>200)

(>70)

(>200)

(107)* NATOSEASPARROW

(>190)

(800+)

(>70)

(>200)

*NUMBER BUILT

(VALEO RATHEON WEB SITE)

VALEO RAYTHEONSOPHISTICATED PHASED ARRAY RADARTECHNOLOGY MEASURES APPROCHINGVEHICLES DISTANCE, DIRECTION ANDRELATIVE SPEED. IT ALERTS YOU TOVEHICLES YOU MAY NOT SEE,GIVING YOU THE EDGE.

(VALEO RATHEON WEB SITE)(VALEO RATHEON WEB SITE)

VALEO RAYTHEONSOPHISTICATED PHASED ARRAY RADARTECHNOLOGY MEASURES APPROCHINGVEHICLES DISTANCE, DIRECTION ANDRELATIVE SPEED. IT ALERTS YOU TOVEHICLES YOU MAY NOT SEE,GIVING YOU THE EDGE.

UK

ROTHRROTHR

BMEWS Upgrade

(2)

PAVE PAWS (4)

UK

ROTHRROTHR

BMEWS Upgrade

(2)

PAVE PAWS (4)

ASRASR--11 (DASR)11 (DASR)

SS--BAND, 17 KWBAND, 17 KW

ASRASR--23SS L23SS L--BANDBAND

TO 50 KWTO 50 KW

ASRASR--23SS L23SS L--BANDBAND

TO 50 KWTO 50 KW

LONG RANGERADAR, L-BAND

LONG RANGERADAR, L-BAND

ASDE-X, X-BAND

AIRPORT SURFACESURVEILLANCE

ASRASR--10SS10SS

SS--BANDBANDTO 30 KWTO 30 KW

ASRASR--10SS10SS

SS--BANDBANDTO 30 KWTO 30 KW

RAMP, L-BAND

21 KW

RAMP, L-BAND

21 KW

AN/TPN-25(18)*

COBRA DANE (1)COBRA DANE (1)

*Number Manufactured*Number Manufactured*Number Manufactured

(60)

AN/GPN-22

(60)(60)

AN/GPN-22

PATRIOT

(173)

PATRIOT

(173)

SLQ-32(>400)SLQ-32(>400)

MUSTRAC(1)MUSTRAC(1)

AEGIS (SPY-1) (234)AEGIS (SPY-1) (234)

MARMARMSR

(1)MSR

(1)

MSR XTRMMSR XTRM

MSR(1)

MSR(1)

MSR XTRMMSR XTRMMSR XTRMMSR XTRM

COBRA JUDY(1)

COBRA JUDY(1)PATRIOT

(173)

PATRIOT

(173)

B-1 (100)B-1 (100)

(WALMART.COM)

EVERYONESHOULD

OWN ONE

MARINE RADAR

(>200)

(>70)

(>200)

(107)* NATOSEASPARROW

(>190)

(800+)

(>70)

(>200)

*NUMBER BUILT

GBR-P (1) ATNAVICS

(5) [19](5) [19]

THAAD(5.5)THAAD(5.5)

*

FORWARD BASED BMDS (X-BAND)FORWARD BASED BMDS (X-BAND) SEA-BASED

X-BAND RADAR

ASTORASTOR

JLENSJLENSJLENSJLENS

IRIDIUM(>250)

ZUMWALlt SPY-3/VSRCOBRA JUDY

REPLACEMENTCOBRA JUDY

REPLACEMENT

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DOPPLER RES

SL

AN

T R

AN

GE

ΔR

s=c/

(2B

W) ROTATION

HAYSTACKX-BAND

HUSIR95 GHZ

COMPACT RANGE DATAΔRc=λ/(2Δθ)

(J. USOFF, RADARCON-2007, BOSTON, MA)

Fig. 10. Simulated Upgraded Haystack ISAR Image

*US 6,639,537, US 7,173,555, G. M. RAZ;See also: Dr. James Anderson, HPEC08** Panel Sess.MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington MA24 Sept. 2008, www.ll.mit.edu/hpec**High Performance Embedded Computing

PATENTS TO IMPROVE A/D DYNAMIC RANGE*

AMPLITUDE PROBESIGNAL

PROBE SIG HARM

SIGNALNOISE

SIG HARM

FREQUENCY

Fig. 11. Possible A/D Breakthrough

Fig. 12. Other Options for Higher Signal Processing Speed

Dr. Eli Brookner received his BEE from The City College of the City of New York, ’53, MEE and DrSc from Columbia University ’55 and ’62.

He has been at the Raytheon Company since 1962, where he is a Principal Engineering Fellow. There he has worked on the ASDE-X radar, ASTOR Air Surveillance Radar, RADARSAT II, Affordable Ground Based Radar (AGBR),

major Space Based Radar programs, NAVSPASUR S-Band upgrade, CJR, COBRA DANE, PAVE PAWS, MSR, COBRA JUDY, THAAD, Brazilian SIVAM, SPY-3, AEGIS, BMEWS, UEWR, Surveillance Radar Program (SRP), and COBRA DANE Upgrade. Prior to Raytheon he worked on radar at Columbia University Electronics Research Lab. [now RRI], Nicolet and Rome AF Lab.

He received the IEEE 2006 Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technology & Application “For Pioneering Contributions to Phased Array Radar System Designs, to Radar Signal Processing Designs, and to Continuing Education Programs for Radar Engineers”; IEEE ’03 Warren White Award; Journal of the Franklin Institute Premium Award for best paper award for 1966; IEEE Wheeler Prize for Best Applications Paper for 1998. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, AIAA, and MSS.

He has published four books: Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998; Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems (1991), Aspects of Modern Radar (1988), and Radar Technology (1977), Artech House. He gives courses on Radar, Phased Arrays and Tracking around the world (22 countries). Over 10,000 have attended these courses. He was banquet speaker and keynote speaker six times. He has over 110 papers, talks and correspondences to his credit. In addition, he has over 80 invited talks and papers.

*P. D. YE, IEEE SPECTRUM, 9/08, **MIT TECH. REVIEW, W. DE HEER, GEORGIA TECH., P. 59-60

• CARBON TRANSISTORS**; RE SI:•1000 X CLOCK SPEED (TERAHERTZ VS GHZ)• LOWER RESISTANCE• BETTER HEA

CONDUCTION

• GaAs TRANSISTORS*• 3X TO 4X CLOCK SPEED (9-12 GHZ VS GHZ)• INTEL ANNOUNCED INTEREST IN 2005

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