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Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation
(EACI)
LCC-DATA Life-Cycle-Costs in the Planning Process. Constructing
Energy
Efficient Buildings taking running costs into account
Grant Agreement EIE/06/154/SI2.447798
IDM for LCC, Energy analysis and Service Life Planning (FM) –
draft open standard
Document ID: LCC-DATA-WP2-SINTEF-D5-D7 IDM LCC-Energy-FM
Authors: Dag Fjeld Edvardsen, Guri Krigsvoll, SINTEF, Jeffrey
Wix, AEC3
Status: Finalised
Distribution: All partners, CO
Issue date: 31/05/2009
The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with
the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the
European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible
for any use that may be made of the information contained
therein.
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Table of Content 1
Introduction.................................................................................................................
4
2 Purpose and
scope.......................................................................................................
4
3 Information Delivery manuals - IDMs
.......................................................................
6
4 IDM for Life Cycle
Costing........................................................................................
8
4.1 Process
Model.....................................................................................................
8
4.1.1 Exchange requirements for cost modelling – projects
costs..................... 12
4.1.2 Exchange requirements for life cycle cost
modelling............................... 12
4.2 Exchange requirements LCC “order of
magnitude”......................................... 13
4.2.1
Overview...................................................................................................
13
4.2.2 Specification of Decision Point
Gateways................................................ 14
4.2.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation
......................... 15
4.3 Exchange requirements LCC “Approximate Estimate”
................................... 17
4.3.1
Overview...................................................................................................
17
4.3.2 Specification of Decision Point
Gateways................................................ 20
4.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation
......................... 20
4.4 Formulas for LCC calculation
..........................................................................
23
4.4.1 Real rate of interest
...................................................................................
23
4.4.2 Net present
value.......................................................................................
24
4.4.3 Annuity
.....................................................................................................
24
4.4.4 Net present value calculations and the annuity cost factor
....................... 25
5 IDM for energy calculations
.....................................................................................
25
5.1 Process
Model...................................................................................................
25
5.1.1
Overview...................................................................................................
25
5.1.2 Specification of the Process
......................................................................
25
5.1.3 Specification of Decision Point
Gateways................................................ 28
5.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation
............................. 28
5.2.1
Overview...................................................................................................
28
5.2.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation
..................... 28
5.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to Design
............................. 35
5.3.1
Overview...................................................................................................
35
5.3.2 Exchange Requirements Energy Calculation to Design
........................... 35
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5.4 Formulas for energy calculation
.......................................................................
35
6 IDM Service life planning
........................................................................................
43
6.1 Process
maps.....................................................................................................
43
6.1.1
Overview...................................................................................................
43
6.1.2 Specification of
Processes.........................................................................
47
6.1.3 Specification of Data Objects
...................................................................
51
6.1.4 Coordination Point Gateways
...................................................................
62
6.2 Exchange Requirement – Service Life (Design)
.............................................. 63
6.2.1
Scope.........................................................................................................
63
6.2.2 General Description
..................................................................................
63
6.2.3 Information Requirements
........................................................................
65
6.3 Exchange Requirement – Service Life
(Reference).......................................... 67
6.3.1
Scope.........................................................................................................
68
6.3.2 General Description
..................................................................................
68
6.3.3 Information
Description............................................................................
69
6.4 Information Requirements
................................................................................
69
6.4.1
Preconditions.............................................................................................
69
6.4.2 Object Selection
........................................................................................
69
6.5 Exchange Requirement – Service Life
(Estimated).......................................... 73
6.5.1
Scope.........................................................................................................
73
6.5.2 General Description
..................................................................................
73
6.5.3 Information
Description............................................................................
75
6.6 Information Requirements
................................................................................
76
6.6.1
Preconditions.............................................................................................
76
6.6.2 Object Selection
........................................................................................
76
6.7 Exchange Requirement – Service Life
(Residual)............................................ 81
6.7.1
Scope.........................................................................................................
81
6.7.2 General Description
..................................................................................
81
6.8 Information Requirements
................................................................................
82
6.8.1
Preconditions.............................................................................................
82
6.8.2 Object Selection
........................................................................................
82
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1 Introduction The purpose of this report is to describe and
demonstrate how Building Smart technology can be used in decision
making and Life Cycle Thinking in Facility Management and building
projects, and to provide Information Delivery Manual (IDM) for Life
Cycle Costing, Energy calculations, and Service Life Planning (SLP)
as part of the facility management.
An IDM is a description of what information should be
transferred between which actors, how this transfer should take
place, and when it should happen.
The IDMs presented here can be used as a basis for an
understanding/contract between actors, possible adjusted in order
to fulfil local needs. It provides program developers with
information about how data can be exchanged, and it gives modellers
a guideline to what information should exist in the Building
Information Model (BIM) at what time.
The Life Cycle Cost Modelling is based on Cost modelling in
general, having more input than the cost modelling of the project
costs or investments.
2 Purpose and scope The purpose of this deliverable is to
describe the processes and information to be transferred between
partners, and in this sense also between ICT tools, in a planning
and decision making process. The 3 processes are shown in Figure
1.
Figure 1 Processes in planning and decision making – life cycle
costing
CostData base
Energycalculations
Servicelife planning
LCC
CostData base
Energycalculations
Servicelife planning
LCC
Maintenance intervals, service life
Energy demand
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LCC in early design phase will not necessary need information
from the other activities, but the more detailed calculations and
analysis that are required, more information from the building
information model is needed. Some examples are given in Figure
2
Figure 2 Information in the building information model BIM
Life Cycle Costing used as decision support gives a process
where the results are used for different decision throughout the
planning process (stages described in Chapter 3). The results might
be used to change the design or technical solutions, but also to
change the requirements when the costs of fulfilling the
requirements are higher than the willingness to pay.
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LCC analysis
Energycalculations
Earlydesign
Improveddesign
LCC phase 1LCCKey number
OK?Userrequirement
NO
Yes LCC phase 2OK?
NO
Yes
Improved, detaileddesign
Energycalculations
LCC detailed
LCCKey number
Real costs
Figure 3 Flow diagram fro LCCA
3 Information Delivery manuals - IDMs IDM captures (and
progressively integrates) business process whilst at the same time
providing detailed specifications of the information that a user
fulfilling a particular role would need to provide at a particular
point within a project. The standard stages used in IDMs, compared
to stages in the process, are shown in Figure 4. To further support
the user information exchange requirements specification, IDM also
proposes a set of modular model functions that can be reused in the
development of support for further user requirements.
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Figure 4 Standard Stages in IDM and HOAI 1Stages
An IDM is a document set which describes the information need
seen from different domains. For each of these domains the
information need is described from a process view in a Process Map
(PM). Each of the processes are associated with a stage in a
selected Reference Process (RP) allowing the complete information
need to be described for all phases in a project.
Each process, sub process or task identified will reference an
Exchange Requirement (ER) which describes both the information
needed to execute the item as well as the the information expected
produced, the result, from the task. For every information element
identified in an Exchange Requirement a further reference is made
to either another Exchange Requirement or a Functional Part (FP). A
Functional Part is the most technical of the building blocks in the
IDM Methodology, its purpose is to break down the understood and
identified information elements to specific entities and
attributes. Although the main target for FPs is people with a
technical background or interest, some of the high level
description might be interesting for users with high domain
knowledge. An IDM will consist of:
Process Maps (PM)
Exchange Requirements (ER)
Functional Parts (FP) A Process Model (PM) describes the overall
process in the context of a specific domain. Examples are Cost
analysis, Structural engineering or Energy analysis, and the
process flow for each such domain is modelled.
An Exchange Requirement describes the information needed by a
business process to be executed as well as the information produced
by the same business process. An exchange requirement attempts to
break down these information requirements into concepts which can
be easily understood. Each Exchange Requirements will be referenced
by one or
1 HOAI stands for the "Honorarordnung für Architekten und
Ingenieure" (i.e. Regulations on Architects' and Engineers' Fees or
Guidance for Clients on Architects' and Engineers' Fees) applicable
in Germany.
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more Process Map(s) (PM(s)) and normally an ER will be
identified through the description of a PM.
The purpose of a functional part is to describe the actions that
are carried out within a business process to provide the output
information. A functional part is concerned with a particular unit
information within an exchange requirement. For instance, to
exchange a building model, it is first necessary to model the
walls, windows, doors, slab, roof etc. The action of modelling each
of these elements is described within a functional part.
The information described in a functional part may be of a
general nature. In this case, a functional part may be used by a
number of exchange requirements. That is, functional parts are
reusable. Examples of reusable functional parts are those dealing
with relationships (such as applying a classification to an
element) or those dealing with geometric shape representation.
Where a functional part is reusable, specific detail that
customizes its use within an exchange requirement is given within
that exchange requirement. For example:
geometric shape representations are identified by type (bounding
box, boundary representation etc.)
a reusable functional part specifying shape representation
generally cannot be specific about the type of shape representation
that may be used
an exchange requirement may require an element to have a shape
representation of a particular type
the exhange requirement defines the value that should be
assigned to the geometric shape representation identifier
Functional parts describe an action in close detail. Whereas an
exchange requirement describes information in non technical detail,
functional parts describe the use of every entity, every attribute,
every property set and every property concerned. Because of the
detail included, functional parts can also be broken down into
other functional parts. That is, a functional part may call on the
services of other functional parts in the same way as exchange
requirements.
4 IDM for Life Cycle Costing
4.1 Process Model Cost modelling, in this sense meaning both
investment/construction costs and life cycle costs, is a process
that attempts to bring design and price together. It has the
objective of controlling costs, not just to measure them. Cost
modelling therefore is defined to be the assessment and control of
cost prior to the availability of knowledge of the element content
of a project.
The role of the cost modeller is to facilitate the design
process by systematic application of cost criteria so as to
maintain a sensible and economic relationship between cost,
quantity, utility and appearance which thus helps in achieving the
client’s requirements within an agreed budget. It commences when
little is known about the project other than
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the client’s requirements, and hence it’s overall size, probable
location and type (or intent).
Cost modelling is undertaken progressively throughout the design
and construction of a project and makes use of the information that
is available at the time. It starts at the earliest stage when
information may be available only about the type of building
required together with its expected overall size and location. As
more detail is added to the design, cost modelling can be refined
based on area measurement of spaces until estimates can be
developed based on complete knowledge of the elements to be
incorporated within the project.
Five cost modelling stages (Figure 5) are considered for the
purposes of developing exchange requirements.
Figure 5 Cost Modelling stages
The diagram in Figure 6 simulates the progressive refinement of
information about a project from the initial stage where all that
is known is that a facility is required, through determining the
type of facility, decisions on building construction such as type
of structure, type of servicing and then on to the detail of the
elements that will be used in building the facility such as the
individual wall types, structural element types etc.
The diagram then also illustrates on what level the costs can be
determined, from key numbers on building level, to detailed costs
on element level. Some cost will always be on building level
(energy use, insurance etc), even though the detailed information
about the building is determining the costs.
Other costs, as cleaning, might be on space or room level, as a
combination of quality required and materials chosen.
Other costs again, as maintenance, can be on very detailed
level, and then aggregated to higher level.
Order of Magnitude
Preliminary Appraisal
Approximate Estimate
Detailed Estimate
Actual Cost
CM stage 5 CM stage 2 CM stage 1 CM stage 3 CM stage 4
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Figure 6
From this simulation, the level of detail for costing for each
of the cost modelling stages can thus be identified:
Order of Magnitude. ‘Objects’ may be limited to just a
‘building’ or ‘civil engineering works’ of a ‘type’ in a ‘location’
and the cost required is an overall budget value broken down into
these major parts (e.g. external works, preliminaries and
contingencies). The cost in use stage and for demolitions/end of
life can then be key number of the same magnitude.
Preliminary Appraisal. ‘Objects’ may be ‘elements’ of a
particular ‘material’ and ‘configuration’ of building shape with
broad specification and the cost required is still an overall value
but broken down into the elements of the construction project. A
‘configuration’ of building ‘shape’ means element unit quantities
(EUQs) or measures
Requirements for a Project from the Organisation's Strategic
Business Need
Facility
Building Type (New/Refurbish)
Super-
structure
Services Sub-structure
Sheet cladding
Cavity
wall
Curtain
wall
Internal walls and partitions
External walls Frame
SteelworkIn-situ
concretePre-cast concrete
Cavity Facing
BlockworkColumn Beam Connection
Parameters that will influence cost
Unit Rates at different levelsSite
Time
Risks
Type of contract
Type of client
Specification
Quality Standard
below this line is a Whole Building Classification Level
below this line is a Group Element Classification Level
Project organization
Location
Legal framework
Labor/skill availability
Staff availability etc.
below this line is an Element Classification Level
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of shape, such as wall to floor ratios etc. from which EUQs can
be derived. When more exact information is available, also the use
stage costs can be modified. Energy costs can be determined by use
of energy demand calculations.
Approximate Estimate. ‘Objects’ may be ‘elements’ that comprise
a further collection of other ‘component objects’ of a particular
‘standard’ (or sub-elements). The cost required is still an overall
value broken down into elements but with more detailed evidence of
how that value has been deduced through detailed costs of the
elemental parts of the project. On this level alternatives in
technical solutions may be used for determine the differences in
Life Cycle Costs.
Detailed Estimate. ‘Objects’ are as for the approximate estimate
but possibly measured in more detail or with added ‘attributes’
such as ‘construction process’ which provides the basis of more
accurate costing of the elemental parts of the project. When
materials and solutions are chosen, the differences in maintenance
scenarios can make basis for more exact life cycle costs.
Actual Cost. Objects’ are as for the detailed estimate but are
measured from their incorporation into the project. Both actual
costs and detail estimates for objects may be maintained so as to
provide an immediate comparison of expected and realized
construction. When the as built situation is known, Life Cycle
Costs can be recalculated giving basis for cost bearing rent or
also for support in future Facility Management.
For construction, the cost modelling stages above are expected
to be approximately mapped to specific project stages according to
the table below:
CP Stage
Name Project Stage
Name
2 Outline Feasibility 1 Order of Magnitude
3 Substantive Feasibility
2 Preliminary Appraisal 4 Outline conceptual design
3 Approximate Estimate 5 Full conceptual design
6 Coordinated design and procurement
4 Detailed Estimate
7 Production information
5 Actual Cost 8 Construction Information
Stage 9: Operation and Maintenance
Cost modelling may also be carried out at the operating and
maintenance stage of a project. Here, the cost model is about how
much maintenance is expected to cost as opposed to how much
construction is expected to cost.
It is anticipated that a maintenance plan and schedule is in
place that defines the objects to be maintained and the maintenance
processes to be executed upon them. Therefore, the object level
breakdown is broadly equivalent to that of the quotation. It is
however likely
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that different object grouping will be used so that cost
modelling may be related to assets as well as components.
The equivalent exchange requirements that would be used for
operation and maintenance are:
Pre-construction estimate Planned maintenance cost
Final Account Cost of completed maintenance
4.1.1 Exchange requirements for cost modelling – projects costs
These requirements are earlier described by IAI international.
er_exchange_cost_model (order_of_magnitude)
er_exchange_cost_model (preliminary_appraisal)
er_exchange_cost_model (approximate_estimate)
er_exchange_cost_model (preconstruction_estimate)
er_exchange_cost_model (request_for_quotation)
er_exchange_cost_model (quotation)
er_exchange_cost_model (claim_estimate)
er_exchange_cost_model (variation_estimate)
er_exchange_cost_model (final_account)
4.1.2 Exchange requirements for life cycle cost modelling The
exchange requirements are based on ER for cost modelling, but new
requirements are set. Task Scenario Identify Object Building is a
type of commercial office block on a particular site for a specific
client.
Site has an urban location (i.e. not located in a city center
but within a developed area with good connections to the
center).
Quantify Elements The method of measurement would be 1 unit of
each building and the site cost, with a time perspective, or could
be formulated as functional equivalent according to CEN TC350.
Calculate Life Cycle Costs
The method of life cycle cost calculation would be € (or other
currency) per building Calculations would be based on available
knowledge of e.g. similar types of buildings in equivalent
locations – key numbers. Factors applied to cost might be in terms
of time change (when built), building quality, location, legal
requirements, risk factors, type of client, organisation of project
team etc.
Summarise Costs Cost is summarised into relevant cost
categories, as defined in deliverable 4.
It is assumed that a building information model is used in the
planning and design, and that information should be transferred
between the BIM and calculation tools, data bases, etc.
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For the early design stage the modelling stages 1-3 are of
highest interest, and stage 1 and 3 is used in the exchange
requirements in this IDM. For the more detailed stages, it would
more recommended to make several Exchange Requirements, one for
each main building part (or installation) emphasising maintenance
cost, in addition to those on building level (energy cost,
cleaning- room by room etc). For maintenance cost, the IDM in
chapter 6, will give information about service life and/or
replacement intervals.
4.2 Exchange requirements LCC “order of magnitude”
4.2.1 Overview The scope of this exchange requirement is life
cycle cost modelling stage 1 – Order of Magnitude. An example
scenario for this stage is shown in the table below:
Concept Design BIM Complete
Type Initial pre-Concept BIM
Documentation It is assumed that on this stage more or less only
the client’s requirements; type of building, quality, use etc is
described. The physical building is not described.
The specific information required is listed in the Exchange
Requirements
In addition to information from the BIM, the LCC calculations
need cost information. This can at this stage be key number, and a
task for asking for this number, and transferring them to the LCC
calculator have to be added.
Prepare and adjust BIM for LCC Analysis
Type Task
Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant
actor in order to prepare the BIM for LCC calculation. The
intention is to add all required (and possibly some data tagged
optional) so that the LCC calculation can be done with the desired
precision.
Request for Cost
Type Task
Documentation When it has been prepared, a request for specific
costs is sent to the cost data base.
Exporting BIM for LCC Analysis
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Type Task
Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to
IFC for LCC analysis. All the required exchange requirements in ER
Concept to LCC Calculation are supposed to be met.
Validate BIM for LCC Analysis
Type Task
Documentation When the LCC calculator has received the BIM it
will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the
required information ref. ER Concept to LCC Calculation.
Calculate LCC Performance
Type Task
Documentation The exact calculation of LCC performance is
outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most
of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided at
the end of the chapter.
Write results to BIM
Type Task
Documentation The LCC calculator will write information into the
BIM in accordance with
ER_Results_of_LCC analysis.
In addition to this exchange requirement the LCC calculator can
provide an url for the client where it is possible to download an
LCC report regarding LCC performance of the building
4.2.2 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for
LCC Analysis Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the LCC calculator decides
if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that an LCC
calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the exchange
requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the scope for
this IDM, but the LCC calculator can potentially take advantage of
software to do this validation.
If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the LCC calculation can
be
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done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with
information about what information that has to be added to the
BIM.
Review LCC Results Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the LCC performance of the
building is compared with the requirements in the client’s brief
and the targets set for the building.
If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the
back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that
the LCC performance of the building improves, and in parallel
message goes to the client that the requirements or budget have to
be evaluated.
If the performance is satisfactory the details about the LCC
performance of the building is written back to the BIM.
4.2.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Name
Exchange of Design to LCC Calculaton
Identifier ER_Design_to_LCC_Analysis
4.2.3.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to
exchange information about the building and other information
relating to the calculation of LCC performance in CM1, including
the performance targets. If possible the information should be
standardized using IFD (“ISO 12006-3 compatible ontology”).
4.2.3.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Type
of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units
Project Informal id x String n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Client x string n/a
Modeller x string n/a
Site Address x string n/a
Building Informal id x string n/a
guid x guid n/a
Description x string n/a
Functional x string n/a
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classification
Area x string m2
Economy Calculation rate
x string %
Calculation period
x string year
Construction project
Project start x string date
Project end x date
Costs2 Capital costs3 X € or €/m2
Administration costs
X €/m2
Operating costs
X €/m2
Maintenance costs
X €/m2
Development costs
X €/m2
Consumption costs
X €/m2
Cleaning costs
x €/m2
Service costs x €/m2
Quality4 Management x %
Operation X %
Energy X %
Cleaning X %
Maintenance X %
Owners responsibility5
Management x %
Operation X %
2 Costs according to proposed cost classification system 3 Can
be key number or from the ER Cost modelling 4 Gives the user
possibility to enter an assumes diversion from key
numbers/statistic costs 5 Gives the possibilty to have the results
divided in owner and users responsibility/costs
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Energy X %
Cleaning X %
Maintenance X %
Replacement X %
Development X %
Service x %
Performance targets
Actual performance target
x string €
Performance target
x string €
4.2.3.3 Exchange Requirements for LCC Calculation to Design
4.2.3.3.1 Overview This ER describes the information transferred
from the LCC calculator to design.
4.2.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements LCC Calculation to Design Type
of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units
Project identification X string n/a
guid X string n/a
Economy Estimated
LCC
X string €
URL for detailed LCC calculation report
x url n/a
4.3 Exchange requirements LCC “Approximate Estimate”
4.3.1 Overview The scope of this exchange requirement is cost
modelling stage 3 – Approximate Estimate.
That is, the cost model is based on group elements within the
building, each group having a typical unit cost basis. For
instance, the following groups might have approximate estimate
bases as shown:
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Walls, slabs (floor, roof etc.) by area
Windows by item (per window)
Heating system by item (per heat emitter)
Air conditioning system by expected energy used in
refrigeration
Structural system by weight of structural components From this
energy demands can be calculated (see chapter 5)
An example scenario for this stage is shown in the table below:
Task Scenario Identify Object The object of concern is to look at
different types of building elements or technical
solution which have influence on the energy consumption.
Quantify Elements The method of measurement would be sq.m. of
cavity wall modified for cladding a
steel frame Calculate Costs The method of life cycle cost
calculation would be annual costs in operation € (or
other currency) per square meter of building per.
Summarise Costs The total cost would be the total life cycle
cost
Concept Design BIM Complete
Type Initial -Concept BIM
Documentation It is assumed the architect has specified the
buildings design with all required buildings elements and space
objects. In addition to this other information that is required for
the life cycle cost calculation must also be present. For instance
information directly related to the physical building, such as the
area of exterior walls and surfaces for cleaning, has to be
included. In addition information such as information about the
buildings heat inertia must also be present.
The specific information required is listed in the Exchange
Requirements
In addition to information from the BIM, the LCC calculations
need cost information. At this stage key numbers might not be
satisfactory, but only used when no other information is available.
This can at this stage be key number, and a task for asking for
this number, and transferring them to the LCC calculator have to be
added.
It is assumed that the cost modelling (project cost is done, and
this costs are already in the BIM). It is also assumed that energy
demand is calculated, and the costs of interest in the data base is
then €/kWh.
Prepare and adjust BIM for LCC Analysis
Type Task
Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant
actor in order to prepare
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the BIM for LCC calculation.
The intention is to add all required (and possibly some data
tagged optional) so that the LCC calculation can be done with the
desired precision.
Request for Cost
Type Task
Documentation When it has been prepared, a request for specific
costs is sent to the detailed cost data base.
Exporting BIM for LCC Analysis
Type Task
Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to
IFC for LCC analysis. All the required exchange requirements in ER
Concept to LCC Calculation are supposed to be met.
Validate BIM for LCC Analysis
Type Task
Documentation When the LCC calculator has received the BIM it
will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the
required information ref. ER Concept to LCC Calculation.
Calculate LCC Performance
Type Task
Documentation The exact calculation of LCC performance is
outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most
of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided at
the end of the chapter.
Write results to BIM
Type Task
Documentation The LCC calculator will write information into the
BIM in accordance with
ER_Results_of_LCC analysis.
In addition to this exchange requirement the LCC calculator can
provide an url for the client where it is possible to download an
LCC report regarding LCC performance of the building
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4.3.2 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for
LCC Analysis Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the LCC calculator decides
if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that an LCC
calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the exchange
requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the scope for
this IDM, but the LCC calculator can potentially take advantage of
software to do this validation.
If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the LCC calculation can
be done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with
information about what information that has to be added to the
BIM.
Review LCC Results Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the LCC performance of the
building is compared with the requirements in the client’s brief
and the targets set for the building.
If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the
back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that
the LCC performance of the building improves, and in parallel
message goes to the client that the requirements or budget have to
be evaluated.
If the performance is satisfactory the details about the LCC
performance of the building is written back to the BIM.
4.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Name
Exchange of Design to LCC Calculaton
Identifier ER_Design_to_LCC_Analysis
4.3.3.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to
exchange information about the site, the building, the use, the
storeys, the building components and their relevant properties. In
addition other information relating to the calculation of LCC
performance has to be transferred, including the performance
targets. If possible the information should be standardized using
IFD (“ISO 12006-3 compatible ontology”).
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4.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Type
of info Information Required Optional Data
Type Units
Project Informal id x String n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Client x string n/a
Modeller x string n/a
Site Address x string n/a
Building Informal id x string n/a
guid x guid n/a
Description x string n/a
Functional classification
x string n/a
Gross Area x string m2
Economy Calculation rate x string %
Calculation period x string year
Construction project
Project start x string date
Project end x date
Building Information
Main material6
Cleaning areas7 m2
Area/volum/number of main components and building parts (walls,
roof, windows, heating system…)
m2
Energy demand kWh
Water use m3
Waste Kg and/or
6 Used for insurance cost 7 Divided into different categories –
material and quality required
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m3
Use information
Number of users8
Type of user n/A
Cost information
Capital costs X
Administration costs X €/m2
Taxes X €/m2
Insurance X €/m2
Administration X €/m2
Operating costs X €/m2
Running cost X €/m2
Maintenance costs X €/m2
Maintenance costs for each main component/building part
€ and/or €/m2
Replacement costs for each main component/building part
€ and/or €/m2
Development costs €/m2
Consumption costs X €/m2
Energy costs9 X €/kWh
Water X €/m3
Waste10 x €/m2 and €/m3
Cleaning costs11 x €/m2
Service costs X
8 Used for calculating waste 9 List of costs for different
energy carriers/energy sources 10 Divided into different categories
11 List of costs for cleaning of different surfaces – either as
time used and personnel costs, or cost
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Owners responsibility12
Management x %
Operation X %
Energy X %
Cleaning X %
Maintenance X %
Replacement X %
Development X %
Service x %
Performance targets
Actual performance target
x string €
Performance target x string €
4.3.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to
Design
4.3.3.3.1 Overview
4.3.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements LCC Calculation to Design Type
of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units
Project identification X string n/a
guid X string n/a
Economy Estimated
LCC
X string €
URL for detailed LCC calculation report
x url n/a
4.4 Formulas for LCC calculation
4.4.1 Real rate of interest When the quantities that enter into
the calculations are based on a fixed monetary unit, the rate of
interest will, by definition, be a real rate of interest. The real
rate of interest is
12 Gives the possibilty to have the results divided in owner and
users responsibility/costs
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approximately equal to the difference between the nominal rate
of interest and the rate of inflation. More precisely, the
relationship between the real rate of interest and the nominal rate
of interest is expressed with the formula
iir
r n
1
where rn is the nominal rate of interest – i is the rate of
inflation – r is the real rate of interest
4.4.2 Net present value Amounts that stem from different dates
can be compared when they are calculated in a fixed monetary unit.
The standard usually indicates that the project’s date of
completion should be used as the zero or present date. All costs
are converted to net present value by means of a discounting
factor.
The discounting factor is expressed as follows
ttr
-r)(1 )1(
1
where r is the rate of interest expressed in decimals – t is the
number of years from the present date until the cost accrues
The project’s lifetime cost is the sum of the capital cost and
the net present value of each individual year’s MOMD-costs
(Management, Operation, Maintenance, and Development) plus the net
present value of the residual cost, RT. This can be expressed as
follows:
T
t
T
t
TT
tt
tt rRrFDVUrFaKK
1 1
0 1 1 1
where K0 is the project cost – Fat is the ground rent – t is the
number of years from the date of completion – T is the functional
lifetime – r is the rate of interest – MOMDt is the MOMD-costs for
the individual year – RT is the residual cost at date T – -(1 + r)
-' is the discounting factor
The value of the site is included in K0 if the site has been
previously purchased or owned. The ground rent will then be set
equal to zero.
4.4.3 Annuity The conversion of costs in the annual form is done
individually by multiplying the net present value by an annuity
cost factor (also called an annuity factor).
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The annuity cost factor expresses how much must be paid each
year over a period of time in order to pay interest on and pay off
a loan of one monetary unit. The yearly amount that is required in
order to pay interest on and pay off all of the costs incurred by
the building during its functional lifetime is derived by
multiplying the calculated net present value by the annuity cost
factor.
The annuity cost factor, b, is expressed as
TT
T
tT
t
rr
rrr
rb
1
1 - 1
1 - 1 1
1
1
where r is the rate of interest expressed in decimals – T is the
functional lifetime in number of years This formula can be derived
from a series. The assumption underlying the formula is that all of
the costs for the year are dated on the last day of the year
(interest in arrears). It is customary to operate with a time
period of one year.
4.4.4 Net present value calculations and the annuity cost factor
The net present value of a series of payments of equal amount can
be calculated by multiplying the fixed amount by the inverse of the
annuity cost factor.
The net present value of a series of payments of varying amounts
must be calculated by discounting each individual amount
separately.
5 IDM for energy calculations
5.1 Process Model
5.1.1 Overview Energy calculation is needed in order to
demonstrate and document the energy performance of a building. The
calculation will show if the building designs energy performance is
in line with the requirements and/or targets, and provide an
estimate of the buildings energy performance in actual use.
5.1.2 Specification of the Process Design Phase Energy
Calculation
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Figure 1: Swim lanes for Energy Calculation
Concept Design BIM Complete
Type Initial Concept BIM
Documentation It is assumed the architect has specified the
buildings design with all required buildings elements and space
objects. In addition to this other information that is required for
the energy calculation must also be present. For instance
information directly related to the physical building, such as the
area of exterior walls and the thermal values, has to be included.
In addition information such as information about the buildings
heat inertia must also be present.
The BIM should include information such as
The location of the building and the site, their elevation, and
information about the direction of north.
Information about the building storey
Geometry (3D) of the building, including doors, windows,
exterior walls, floors, roofs etc. For each of these building
components thermal values are also required.
The specific information required is listed in the Exchange
Requirements
Prepare and adjust BIM for Energy Calculation [1.1]
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Type Task
Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant
designer in order to prepare the BIM for energy calculation. The
intention is to add all required (and possibly some data tagged
optional) so that the energy calculation can be done with the
desired precision.
Exporting BIM for Analysis [1.2]
Type Task
Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to
IFC for energy analysis. All the required exchange requirements in
ER Concept to Energy Calculation are supposed to be met.
Validate BIM for Energy Analysis [1.3]
Type Task
Documentation When the Energy calculator has received the BIM it
will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the
required information ref. ER Concept to Energy Calculation.
Calculate Energy Performance [1.4]
Type Task
Documentation The exact calculation of energy performance is
outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most
of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided in
Appendix I.
Write results to BIM [1.5]
Type Task
Documentation The energy calculator will write information into
the BIM in accordance with
ER_Results_of_Energy analysis.
In addition to this exchange requirement the energy calculator
can provide an url for the client where it is possible to download
an energy report regarding energy performance of the building
(typically containing two parts; one part with information about
performance relating to the building codes, the other containing an
estimate of the buildings energy performance in actual use).
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5.1.3 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for
Energy Analysis Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the energy calculator
decides if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that
an energy calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the
exchange requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the
scope for this IDM, but the energy calculator can potentially take
advantage of software to do this validation.
If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the energy calculation
can be done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with
information about what information that has to be added to the
BIM.
Review Energy Results Type Decision Point
Documentation In this decision point the energy performance of
the building is compared with the requirements in the building code
and the targets set for the building.
If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the
back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that
the energy performance of the building improves. If the performance
is satisfactory the details about the energy performance of the
building is written back to the BIM.
5.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation Name
Exchange of Design to Energy Calculaton
Identifier ER_Design_to_Energy_Analysis
5.2.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to
exchange information about the site, the building, the storeys, the
building components and their relevant properties. In addition
other information relating to the calculation of energy performance
has to be transferred, including the performance targets. If
possible the information should be standardized using IFD (“ISO
12006-3 compatible ontology”).
5.2.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation
Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units
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Project Informal id x String n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Client x string n/a
Modeller x string n/a
Site Address x string n/a
Longitude and latitude
x two triplets degrees, minutes, seconds
Site elevation x real m
Building Informal id x string n/a
guid x guid n/a
Description x string n/a
Functional classification
x string n/a
Location rel. to site origin
x two triplets degrees, minutes, seconds
Orientation (clockwise deviation from true north)
x real angular degrees
Building height
x real m
the volume of heated air
x real m3
Building storey
Informal identification
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Description x string n/a
Elevation (rel. to building datum)
x real m
Building story height
x real m
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Building storey perimeter
x real m
Building Storey Gross Area
x real m2
Space Informal identification
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Description x string n/a
Functional classification
x string n/a
Inside or outside space (inside = true)
x boolean n/a
Space height x real m
Space gross perimeter
x real m
Space net perimeter
x real m
Space Finished Ceiling Height
x real m
Space Finished Floor Height
x real m
Space Gross Floor Area
x real m2
Space Net Floor Area
x real m2
Space Net Volume
x real m3
Wall Informal description
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Area x real m2
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U-value x real W/m2K
Inside or outside space (inside = true)
x boolean n/a
Door Informal description
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Area x real m2
U-value x real W/m2K
Inside or outside space (inside = true)
x boolean n/a
Total area including lining and frame
x real m2
Area of only lining and frame
x real m2
Floor Informal description
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Area x real m2
U-value x real W/m2K
Inside or outside space (inside = true)
x boolean n/a
Roof Informal description
x String n/a
Guid x Guid n/a
Area x real m2
U-value x real W/m2K
Inside or outside space (inside =
x boolean n/a
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true)
Window Informal description
x String n/a
Guid x Guid n/a
Area x real m2
U-value x real W/m2K
Inside or outside space (inside = true)
x boolean n/a
Total area including lining and frame
x real m2
Area of only lining and frame
x real m2
The effective window area for supply of energy from the sun
x real m2
Thermal bridge
Informal description
x string n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Length x real m
U-value x real W/mK
Zone Description x String n/a
Guid x guid n/a
Relating components
x array of guids
n/a
air-to-air heat recovery device
Heated part of floor area served by one air-to-air heat recovery
device
x real m2
Effect of x real kw
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supply air fan before the heat recylcler
Effect of supply air fan after the heat recylcler
x real kw
The temperature efficiency of the heat recycler
electrical appliance
Specific average heat supply
x n/a w/m2
light source specific average heat supply
x n/a w/m2
Ventilation system
The quantity of added air in the mechanical ventilation
system
x real m3/h
The quantity of removed air in the mechanical ventilation
system
x real m3/h
The average amount of ventilation air
x real m3/h
Ventilated zone
the average amount of ventilation air
x real m3/h
The number of hours in the month outside business hours
x real h
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The number of hours in the month inside business hours
x real h
The average ventilated air quantity in business hours
x real m3/h
The average ventilated air quantity outside business hours
x real m3/h
Energy systems
Share of delivered energy as oil
x real percentage
Share of delivered energy as gas
x real percentage
Share of delivered energy as remote heating
x real percentage
Share of delivered energy as bio fuels
x real percentage
Share of delivered energy through other energy carriers
x real percentage
Performance targets
Actual performance target
x string n/a
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Performance target
x string n/a
5.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to Design
5.3.1 Overview
5.3.2 Exchange Requirements Energy Calculation to Design Type of
info Information Required Optional Data Type Units
Project identification x string n/a
guid x string n/a
Estimated
actual performance
x string n/a
Estimated
performance calculated according to building codes
x string n/a
URL for detailed energy calculation report
x url n/a
5.4 Formulas for energy calculation The formulas in this
chapther are according to Norwegian Standard NS 3031.
The heat transport coefficient is calculated as
(1) infHHHHHH vgUD
where
HD = direct heat transmission loss to outside air (W/K)
HD = heat transmission loss to outside air (W/K)
Hg = heat loss to the ground (W/K), calculated by 6.1.1.1.3
HV = heat loss caused by ventilation (W/K)
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Hinf = heat loss caused by infiltration (W/K)
The Thermal loss number is calculated by:
(2) flA
HH '' [W/(m2*K)]
where
Afl is the heated part of the gross floor area, in m2.
H is the heat transport coefficient calculated by (1), in
W/K
The need for heating in month i is calculated by:
(3) igniHiIsHindH QQQ ,,,,,, [kWh]
The degree of efficiency is specified as:
(4)
1;1
1;1
1;11
,,
,
,1,
,
,
iHiH
iHH
H
iHaiH
aiH
iH
if
ifa
a
ifH
H
Where iH , is the relation between heat supply and heat loss
defined by:
(5) iIsH
igniH Q
Q
,,
,,
The dimensionless factor for a building’s heat inertia (in
heating mode) is given by:
(6) 16
1 Ha
The time constant is defined as:
(7) H
ACH
A
HC flj
jj ''
[h]
Where
Afl is the heated share of gross floor area, in m2
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Aj is the area of non-transparant element j, in m2 C is the
buildings total heat capacity, in Wh/K
C’’ is the buildings normalized heat capacity, in Wh/(m2*K).
Values for C’’ is defined in table B.4 in the standard.
H is the buildings heat transport coefficient, in W/K
j is the effective heat capacity for element j, in Wh/(m2*K),
determined by the rules
in NS-EN ISO 13786.
Total heat loss for month i is calculated as.
(8) igiieHsetVUDiIsH QtHHHHQ ,,,inf,, [kWh] Where
HD is the direct heat loss caused by transmission to the ouside,
calculated below
HU is the heat transmission loss to zones without heating, in
W/K, calculated below
HV is the heat loss caused by ventilation, in W/K, calculated
below
Hinf is the heat loss caused by infiltration, in W/K, calculated
below
ti is the number of hours per month divided by 1000 for
recalculating into kWh
Qg,i is the heat loss through the ground for month i, in kWh,
calculated below
iset , is the fixed point temperature for heating, in ºC
ie, is the average outside temperature for month i, in ºC
The effect of intermittent heating (night- and weekend based
lowering of the temperature) can be calculated from the
standard.
Calculation of heat loss through building components facing the
outside climate (9) [W/K]
kkk
iiiD lAUH
Where
Ai is the area of the element (building component) calculated as
internal area, in m2. For windows the total window area is to be
used, including the area of the lining / frame.
lk the length of a linear thermal bridge, k, in meters. Ui is
the heat transmission coefficient for non-transparant elements
(building
components), i, as measured according to NS-EN ISO 8990 or
calculated by NS-
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EN ISO 6946, in W/(m2*K). For windows (transparent elements) the
thermal coefficient is to be calculated based on the standard.
k is the thermal bridge value for thermal bridge, k, calculated
based on internal area, in W/(m*K).
Thermal bridges are to be calculated based on NS-EN ISO 10211.
Alternatively the thermal bridge element in (9) can as a
simplification be calculated as:
(10) [W/K] flk
kk Al ''
where
Afl is the heated part of gross floor area
'' is the normalized thermal bridge value, in W(m2*K). Values
for '' are listed in table A.4 in the standard.
Calculation of heat loss through building components facing
unheated zones Specific heat losses for elements facing unheated
rooms/zones are calculated as:
(11) [W/K]
i kkkiiU lAUbH
where
b is the heat loss factor for reduced heat transportation caused
by the unheated room/section, given by:
(12) ueiu
ue
HHHb
where
Hiu is the heat transport coefficient between the heated part of
the building and the unheated zone, in W/K
Hue is the heat transport coefficient between the unheated part
of the building and the outside, in W/K
When doing a simplified calculation the approximated values for
the heat loss coefficient, b, is provided in the standard.
Calculation of heat transportation through ventilation The heat
loss coefficient for ventilation is calculated as
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(24) [W/K] TV VH 133.0 where
V is the average amount of ventilation air, in m3/h
T is the temperature efficiency of the heat recycler. The
standard gives definition and formulas for calculation.
Notice that the number 0.33 the airs heat capacity per volume
unit, in Wh(m3*K)
Average ventilated air amount is calculated by:
(25) redon
redredonon
ttVtVtV
[m3/h]
Where
ton is the number of hours in the month in business hours
toff is the number of hours in the month outside business
hours
onV is the average ventilated air quantity in business hours, in
m3/h
offV is the average ventilated air quantity outside business
hours, in m3/h
Standardized values for the variables in the nominator on the
right hand side are given in the standard, as are the lowest
allowed air quantities used for control calculations against
governmental requirements.
Calculation of heat transportation through infiltration The heat
transportation coefficient for infiltration is calculated as:
(26) [W/K] VnHV inf33.0
The change of air through infiltration is calculated as.
(27) 2
50
21
50inf
1
VnVV
ef
enn
[h-1]
where
e,f is the terrain shielding coefficients. Standardized values
are given by table A.5, and guiding values are given in the
standard
n50 is the leakage number at 50 Pa [h-1]. Guiding values are
given in the standard .
V is the volume of heated air, in m3, calculated according to
the standard.
1V is the quantity of added air in the mechanical ventilation
system, in m3/h.
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2V is the quantity of removed air in the mechanical ventilation
system, in m3/h.
For existing buildings the leakage number can be measured
according to NS-EN 13829. Infiltration can alternatively be
calculated by NS-EN 15242.
Supplied heat
The heat supplied for month i can be calculated as:
(28) [kWh] iisolign QQQ int,,,
Heat supplied from the sun Heat supplied from the sun in month i
can be calculated as:
(29) [kWh] SSisoliisol FAItQ ,,where
ti is the number of hours per month divided by 1000 for
calculation into kWh
Isol,i is the monthly average of sunbeam flux against the
windows, in W/m2.
AS is the effective window area for supply of energy from the
sun, in m2.
FS is the sunscreen factor for external sun screening from the
horizon, nearby buildings and vegetation. This is to be calculated
based on the standard.
Effective window area for supply from the sun, AS, is calculated
as:
(30) FtWS FgAA 1 [ m2] where
AW is the window area including the frame and lining, in m2.
FF is the frame and lining percentage, that is he part of the
windows area that is non-transparent.
tg is the sun factor for a combination of the class and the
artificial solar screen, as an average for the month.
For control calculation against governmental requirements
numbers in the standard is to be used.
Internal heat supply Internal heat supply in month i is
calculated this way:
(31) flfanperutslysii AqqqqtQ ''''''''int, [kWh] Where
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ti the number of hours in the month divided by 1000 for
calculating into kWh
q’’lys the specific average heat supply from illumination, in
W/m2.
q’’uts the specific average heat supply from appliances, in
W/m2.
q’’per the specific average heat supply from people, in
W/m2.
q’’fan the specific average heat supply from fans, in W/m2.
Values for q’’lys,q’’uts and q’’per is available in the
standard.
It is assumed that 100% of the energy used for illumination and
appliances is transformed into heat in the buildings heated area.
The exception is for small houses and block of flats where is
assumed that this number is 60%.
The heat loss from fans is calculated as:
(32) q’’fan =
fl
TT
fl
TT
AV
APPP 321321 133.011000
[W/m2]
Where
Afl is the heated part of the gross floor area, in m2.
P1,2,3 is the effect of fans independent of the placement of the
ventilation aggregate. P1 is supply air to the heat recycler; P2 is
supply air after the heat recycler; P3 is the exhaust air fan
before the heat recycler, in kW.
Energy demand for cooling (33) ilsCiCignindC QQQ ,,,,,,
[kWh]
Yearly demand for cooling, QC,nd, is calculated by summing over
all months in the year.
The efficiency factor is
(34)
0;1
1;1
10;1
1
,
,
,,)1(,
,
,
iC
iCC
C
iCiCaiC
aiC
iC
if
ifa
a
andifC
C
where
iC , is the relation between supplied heat and heat loss defined
as
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(35) ilsC
igniC Q
Q
,,
,,
Factor (without dimension) for the buildings thermal inertia (in
cooling mode) is:
(36) 15
1 Ca
where is the time constant for the building from equation
(7)
Energy demand for hot water The yearly demand for heating of
water, , follows from Table A.1 in the standard. ndWQ ,
Yearly energy demand from fans:
(37) 3600
,,,
rediredredoniononifan
tSFPVtSFPVE
[kWh]
Where
ti,on is the number of business hours in month i, in h; ti,red
is the number of hours outside business hours in month i, in h;
SFPon is the specific fan efficiency relative to the air quantity
in business hours, in kW/(m3/s)
SFPoff is the specific fan efficiency relative to the air
quantity in business hours, in kW/(m3/s)
onV is the air quantity in the business hours, in m3/h
offV is the air quantity outside of business hours, in m3/h
Business hours are defined in the standard, as is guiding values
for calculating the efficiency of fans.
Yearly energy demands for pumps in water based heating, cooling,
and hot water circulation is calculated as:
(38) drWp tSPPVE
where
WV is the circulated amount of water through the punk, in
l/s
SPP is the specific pump effect, in kW/l/s tdr is the active
hours per year for the pump, in h Calculation method for Ep and
guiding values are available in the standard
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Energy demand illumination is supplied by the standard
Energy demand for technical equipment is supplied by the
standard
Energy demand for protection against freezing of the heat
recycler is supplied by the standard
Energy demand for heat recycler is supplied by the standard
Total yearly energy need and energy budget
(39) [kWh/year] 12
1,,,,,,, eqlpndWidefrostifanindCindHt EEEQEEQQE
where
i is the month (1=January, etc). QH,nd,i is the heating demand
for month i, in kWh QC,nd,i is the cooling demand for month i, in
kWh QW,nd,i is the energy demand for tap water in month i, in kWh
Efan,i is the energy demand for fans in month i, in kWh Ep is the
yearly energy demand for pumps, in kWh
EI is the yearly energy demand for illumination, in kWh
Eeq is the yearly energy demand for technical equipment, in
kWh
Edefrost,i is the yearly energy demand for protection against
freezing of the heat recycler, in kWh
6 IDM Service life planning
6.1 Process maps
6.1.1 Overview This process map document is about determining
the service life of a type of product (during early design stages)
and of occurrences of products of a particular type (during later
design stages, construction and operation/maintenance).
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The determination of service life is undertaken at various times
during the design, construction and operation of a project. During
the early design stages when product information is aggregated a
level such as the whole building or as specifications of whole
systems; it is only the design life of a product that can be
determined. At the earliest design stages when only product
occurrences may be defined, design life is estimated at the
occurrence level. At later design stages, when individual products
are located and these products may be designated by type, design
life may be indicated for all occurrences at the type level.
Similarly, when individual products are identified, it becomes
possible to determine a reference service life when a
manufacturer/supplier can be identified. As with design life,
reference service life can be allocated to the product type level
in many cases.
At later design stages and during construction, when the
configuration and location of products has been fully established,
it becomes possible to analyse the service life of products
according to ‘in use’ conditions. These conditions can vary the
reference service life depending on factors such as exposure to
weather, aggressiveness of the local environment and other
degrading (or upgrading) factors. The result of applying in-use
conditions is to define an estimated service life which is simply
the length of time of a product occurrence lifecycle.
Finally, the condition of a product occurrence may be checked
from time to time during the operational stage. From the condition
of the product, a residual service life can be assessed. If
degradation is more than has been expected, the residual service
life may be reduced to less than the value that might have been
expected from the estimated service life.
For support in software, it is anticipated that all types of
service life estimate may be available from within a single or a
group of linked applications. This ‘service life planning view’.
This can be seen quite simply in the view below in which the
overall view definition for service life planning can be seen as
comprising the four stages of service life specification each of
which may be broken down further into functional areas of interest.
Note that each specification stage is further elaborated as an
exchange requirement.
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6.1.2 Specification of Processes LANE: Service Life Planning
POOL: Service Life Planner
Request Design Life Data [ID:1]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Request Design Life Data
Documentation During the design stages of a project, the life
cycle of elements or products that are to be incorporated within
the project may be estimated. Initially, this will be the intended
life expectancy of the element or product. The term element or
product may cover everything from an individual product that may be
purchased as an item to aggregations or groupings of products where
it is appropriate to consider the life expectancy of the
aggregation or grouping as a whole (as in a building storey or an
engineering system). During design stages, and particularly during
early design, it is anticipated that the design life (expectancy)
will be determined from historical information. It is further
expected that such historical information will be available through
databases in which the collected historical information is stored.
From the designers perspective then, having available the
appropriate level of building model (according to the stage in the
design process), the first requirement is to request design life
information for the products or elements of interest. The request
is for information about the various types of product used within
the project and not about each individual instance of a product.
Care needs to be exercised at the stage with the designation of
types (which, however, are expected to be the same as the types
used in design). For instance, all double blazed windows of a
particular size and using a particular type of glass will probably
be considered as being of the same type at this stage. However, the
specification of type may be varied at a later design or project
construction stage
Accept Design Life Data [ID:2]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Design Life Data
Documentation The design life information from the database that
is accepted within the building information model
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Propose Design Life [ID:3]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Propose Design Life
Documentation Proposes the Design Life data obtained for
elements and products to the building information model
Request Reference Service Life Data[ID:4]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Request Reference Service Life Data
Documentation During the detailed design stages/production
information stages of a project, a reference service is determined
for the various products and aggregations/groupings used. Reference
Service Life information provides information about the service
life of a product as provided by the manufacturer or supplier. This
is the service life that is known to be expected under a particular
set, i.e., a reference set, of in-use conditions and which may form
the basis of estimating the service life under other in-use
conditions. This information is typically taken from an external
database or external library reference. The database may be
directly available from the manufacturer/supplier. In many cases
however, it may also be available from an information broker. To
determine the objects for which the reference service life is to be
determined, a detailed building model is an initial requirement.
This should enable both type and occurrence level information to be
determined. For products, reference service life is expected to be
determined at the type level. For aggregations such as systems,
types do not exist and therefore service life is expected at the
occurrence level. Reference service life is also determined
according to a set of reference 'in use conditions'. Therefore
product types may need to be further subdivided according to
expected 'in use conditions'. Such subdivision may occur either at
the point of determining reference service life or at the point of
determining estimated service life
Accept Reference Service Life Data [ID:5]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Reference Service Life Data
Documentation The reference service life information from the
database that is accepted within the building information model
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Calculate Reference Service Life [ID:6]
Type Task ||
Name Calculate Reference Service Life
Documentation From the Reference Service Life information
provided, a reference service life value can be obtained. This uses
a specific algorithm to take a basic Reference Service Life and
apply the reference in use conditions to give the Reference Service
Life value.
Request Object In-Use Parameters [ID:7]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Request Object In-Use Parameters
Documentation To determine the estimated service life of an
object, the object in use parameters must be obtained. Typically,
these are requested from the same source as the Reference Service
Life but in this case, the effect of the estimated in use
conditions impacts on the service life. This includes factors such
as mechanical damage, air quality, environmental impacts and the
like.
Accept Object In-Use Parameters [ID:8]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Object In-Use Parameters
Documentation The object in-use parameters from the database
that are accepted within the building information model.
Calculate Estimated Service Life [ID:9]
Type Task ||
Name Calculate Estimated Service Life
Documentation In this task, the Estimated Service Life is
calculated using the Reference Service Life previously established,
the reference and object specific in-use parameters determined for
the objects concerned and the equation given in ISO 15686-8:2007:
ESL = RSL * (Fa * Pa) * (Fb * Pb) * (Fc * Pc) * (Fd * Pd) * (Fe *
Pe) * (Ff * Pf) *× (Fg * Pg) where:
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- Fn represents each of the service life factors that can be
applied - Pn represents the combination of reference in use
parameters and object specific in use parameters that is applied to
the factor. The bounded range of the Estimated Service Life giving
the pessimistic and optimistic values is determined by applying te
equation: ΔESL = ESL × √ ( (ΔRSL/RSL) 2 + (ΔA/A)2 + (ΔB/B)2 +
(ΔC/C)2 + (ΔD/D)2 + (ΔE/E)2 + (ΔF/F)2 + (ΔG/G)2 ) Note that,
according to ISO 15686-8:2007, in use parameters that have no
effect on service life can be omitted from this equation.
Calculate Residual Service Life [ID:10]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Calculate Residual Service Life
Documentation The Residual Service Life is determined by
checking the condition of of elements and products and determining
from this the residual life. The details of how to establish
residual life from condition information are not considered here.
Note that the calculation of Residual Service Life is considered to
be a recurring process.
LANE: Library Provider
POOL: Industry Data Provider
Accept Request for Design Life Data [ID:11]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Request for Design Life Data
Documentation The database storing design life information
accepts the request for information about particular products or
elements
Put Design Life Data [ID:12]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Put Design Life Data
Documentation Having accepted the request for design life
information and having obtained the required information from
within the database, the information is now collected together into
the appropriate form in which it is put to service life
planning.
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LANE: Library Provider
POOL: Supplier Data Provider
Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data [ID:13]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data
Documentation The database storing product specific grids of
information about the Reference Service Life that accepts the
request for information about particular products or elements
Put Reference Service Life Data [ID:14]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Put Reference Service Life Data
Documentation Having accepted the request for Reference Service
Life information and having obtained the required information from
within the database, the information is now collected together into
the appropriate form in which it is put to service life
planning
Accept Request for Object In-Use Parameters [ID:15]
Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)
Name Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data
Documentation The database storing product specific grids of
information about the Object In-Use Parameters that accepts the
request for information about particular products or elements.
Put Object In-Use Parameters [ID:16]
Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)
Name Put