Identifying and Measuring Urban Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Design Qualities Related to Walkability Walkability Funding by the Active Living Research program of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Reid Ewing, Otto Clemente, Susan Handy, Ross Brownson, and Emily Winston
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Identifying and Measuring Urban Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Design Qualities Related to
WalkabilityWalkability
Funding by the Active Living Research program of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Reid Ewing, Otto Clemente,
Susan Handy, Ross Brownson, and Emily Winston
Growing Body of EvidenceGrowing Body of Evidence
Mostly Gross QualitiesMostly Gross Qualities
Even Audit InstrumentsEven Audit Instruments
Not a Lot to Do with Experience Not a Lot to Do with Experience of Walking Down a Streetof Walking Down a Street
Genesis of ProjectGenesis of Project
• Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language -Towns Buildings Construction
• Richard Hedman, Fundamentals of Urban Design
• Allan Jacobs, Great Streets
• Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City
• Amos Rapoport, History and Precedent in Environmental Design
• William H. Whyte, City—Rediscovering the Center
Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework
Physical features
Perceptual qualities
Individualreactions
Overallwalking quality
-Sense of Safety-Sense of Comfort-Level of Interest
-Sidewalk width-Street width-Traffic volumes-Tree canopy-Building height-Number of people-Weather-Etc.
Walking behavior
More objective More subjective
Work PlanWork Plan
• Expert Panel
• Literature Review with Definitions
• Library of Video Clips
• Visual Assessment Survey
• Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses
• Instrument Development, Testing, and Training
• Illustrated Field Manual
National Expert PanelNational Expert Panel
• Victor Dover - urban designer• Rob Lane - urban designer• Geoffrey Ferrell - urban designer/code expert• Tony Nelessen - urban designer• Anne Vernez Moudon - urban designer/planner• Mark Francis - landscape architect• Michael Southworth - urban designer• Michael Kwartler - architect/simulations expert• John Peponis - architect/space syntax expert• Dan Stokols - social ecologist
Perceptual QualitiesPerceptual Qualities
41 qualities
8 qualities
• Imageability
• Enclosure
• Human Scale
• Transparency
• Linkage
• Complexity
• Coherence
• Legibility
Textbook DefinitionsTextbook Definitions
Imageability is the quality of a place that makes it recognizable and memorable. A place has high imageability when specific physical elements and their arrangement evoke distinct images or positive feelings.