IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR DIFFERENT ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

ISSN 0971 - 670X

Published by

ASSOCIATION OFHYDROLOGISTS OF INDIA

ANDANDHRA UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM - 530 003. INDIA

JOURNALOF

APPLIED HYDROLOGY

VOL. XXIV, No. 3 & 4, Jul. - Sept., 2011

64

IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR DIFFERENTARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES USING REMOTE

SENSING AND GISV. M. Rokade1, P. Kundal2 and A. K. Joshi3

1Dept. of Geology, School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon(MS) – 425 001, India

2Dept. of Geology, Nagpur University Law College Campus, Nagpur – 440 001, India3Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Dept. of Space, Post Box 439, Shankar Nagar Post office,

Nagpur – 440010, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Geographic Information System (GIS) is most powerful tool for storing, manipulating, retrieving,analysing, modeling and presenting both spatial and non-spatial data and for better assessmentand management of natural resources. Remote sensing with its advancements in data collectionand data processing has become a very handy tool for assessing, monitoring and conservinggroundwater resources. Satellite data provides quick and useful baseline information on theparameters controlling the occurrence and movement of groundwater like geology, lineament,geological structures, geomorphology, soils, landuse/landcover etc. GIS platform is useful toanalyse, integrate and useful to develop a model for predicting any possible situation of thenature. In present investigation, an attempt has been made to put forward a viable methodologyfor targeting zones of suitable artificial recharge structures using modern geospatial tools likeremote sensing and GIS and specifically GIS Modelling using Boolean logical operators (IF,AND, OR, NOT and THEN). In studied area, zones suitable for different artificial rechargestructures like Percolation tanks, Check dams, Roof top rain water harvesting, Contour bundsand Recharge-cum-discharge wells has been demarcated by GIS modeling.

Introduction

With the extensive use of resources to meet the demand, the resources have become scarce and sustainabledevelopment has become very important. Survival of life on earth essentially depends on water, nature’svaluable gift. Water resources are extremely limited but renewable exhibiting diversity in their quality andquantity (Rokade et al. 2004). Because of disturbances in the hydrological cycle due to imbalance in waterinput (recharge) and output (water use) whole world is facing the problem of water crises. To cope up withthese crises it has become crucial to divert surface runoff into the ground and allow to augment groundwaterlevel (i.e. artificial recharge). The artificial recharge projects are site specific, the replication of the techniquesfrom similar areas are to be based on the local topographical, hydrogeological, landuse/landcover andsocioeconomic environment of the area. The first step in planning the project is to demarcate the area ofrecharge. The project can be implemented systematically in case a hydrologic unit (watershed) is taken forimplementation (CGWB 2000).

Because of advancement in spatial, spectral and temporal capabilities of Remote sensing technique it hasbecome an efficient tool in assessing, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources. Satellite dataprovides quick and useful baseline information on the parameters like geology, geomorphology, land use/land cover, lineaments etc controlling the occurrence and movement of groundwater (Saraf and Choudhuray1998; Singh et al. 1993). Thematic layers like geology, geomorphology, landuse/landcover, lineaments etc.,

JOURNAL OF APPLIED HYDROLOGYVol. XXIV No. 3&4, Jul. & Sept. 2011, pp. 64-75

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can be generated by using high resolution remote sensing data. These thematic informations with adequatefield data, particularly well inventory and yield data can be integrated and analyzed in a GeographicInformation System (GIS) framework and predict the hydro-geological scenario of the area with the help ofmodel developed by using Boolean logical operators (IF, THEN, AND, OR and NOT).

The main objectives of the study are to collect ancillary data and to generate different thematic maps fromsatellite data and to develop a viable methodology for demarcation of suitable zones for different artificialrecharge structures with the help of GIS modeling using Boolean logical operators (IF, THEN, AND, OR andNOT).

Study Area

The Sasti watershed lies between longitudes 79010’30" and 79021’30" E and latitudes 19037’30" and 19053’45"N and is situated in the southern part of the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra State. This area is coveredin SOI Toposheets 56M/1, 56M/2, 56M/5 and 56M/6 mapped on 1: 50,000 scale and area is spread over 196.33sq. km. Climate of the area is semi-tropical with alternating dry and wet seasons. The average annual rainfallin the area is of the order of 1100 mm about 90 % of rain precipitates during the monsoon period. The annualtemperature variation is in between 48°C (maximum) to 10°C (minimum).

Plateaus, piedmont zone, pediplain and flood plain constitutes the Geomorphology of the area. WardhaRiver forms the large flood plain in area. Pre-Cambrian sediments, Lower Gondwana sediments, DeccanTraps and alluvium (Wardha flood plain) are essential components comprising geology of the area. Thestructural features that are important from the groundwater point of view are the lineaments. Area ischaracterized by major NW-SE, ENE-WSW and E-W trending lineaments (Rokade et al., 2004).

Data Used and Methodology

In the present study geocoded IRS–1C PAN data of 7th December 2000, IRS – 1C LISS III data acquired on 28th

October 2001 and SOI toposheets (No. 56M/1, 56M/2, 56M/5 and 56M/6) on 1 : 50 000 scale were used forgeneration of base map and other thematic maps. Secondary data on rainfall, hydrogeology, well data,recharge conditions, depth of bore wells, type of aquifer and depth of weathering were collected from theGroundwater Survey and Development Agency (GSDA, Chandrapur) as well as during the field visits.Geological mapping was done by referring Geological map published by Geological Survey of India on 1 :2,50,000 scale and litho logs exposed in the wells in association with satellite data. The methodologyadopted in present study (Fig. 1) involves integration of different thematic maps generated using GISplatform (Rokade, 2003 and Rokade et al. 2004). Zones suitable for different artificial recharge structureswere delineated in GIS platform by using Boolean logical operators IF, THEN, AND, OR and NOT. The mapgenerated through this logical modeling was correlated with the field checks and final map is prepareddepicting different zones suitable for recharge structures.

Results and Discussion

The satellite remote sensing enables generation of timely, reliable and cost effective information on variousnatural resources like geology, structure, geomorphology, drainage, land use/ land cover, soil and forestcover (Joshi 1992). For many hydrological purposes, remote sensing data alone are not sufficient and needto be integrated with data from other sources. Hence a multitude of spatially related (i.e. geographic) dataconcerning slope, rainfall, vegetation, geomorphology, depth of weathering, pre-monsoon and post-monsoongroundwater level fluctuations and characteristics of soils have to be considered (Rokade 2003). In addition,informations such as locations and types of wells, rain and river gauges, socioeconomic status of the areaetc. are also required. GIS provides an extremely useful technology for integrating data on spatially distributed

Identification of Suitable Sites for different Artificial Recharge Structures using Remote Sensing and GIS

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resources (Burrough and McDonnel 1998). In the present investigation, various thematic maps have beengenerated from the satellite data, existing maps, topographical maps and field observations (Rokade, 2003and Rokade et al. 2004). These maps were digitized, edited, topology built, polygonised and analyzed andmodeled for getting zones suitable for different artificial recharge techniques using logical operators (IF,THEN, AND, OR and NOT) in ARC/INFO GIS software.

Fig. 1. Flow chart depicting the broad methodology adopted in the study

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Geology of the area

The Vindhyan sediments, Lower Gondwana sediments, Deccan Traps, alluvium and soil mainly constitutethe geology of the area. The Geological map prepared by interpretation of satellite data, subsurfaceborehole data obtained from the Central Mining and Power Development Institute (CMPDI, Nagpur), otherancillary data followed by field checks is shown in the Fig. 2.

In study area, limestone, shale and shaley limestone represents Vindhyan sediments, and about 62% area ofthe watershed is comprises of Vindhyan sediments. Rocks of the Talchir, Barakar and Kamthi Formations(Lower Gondwana sediments) viz. sandstones, shale, carbonaceous shale and coal covers 23% area of thewatershed. Deccan traps represented by black, compact, fine grained basalt with vesicular structures areencountered towards the southern part of the Sasti watershed. From the observation of litho-logs exposedat Tumriguda and Kolamguda villages it is came to know that the zone of weathering extends upto the depthof about 2 – 5 m below ground level. Wardha River and its major streams have developed the flood plainscomprising sand, silt and clay along the bank of rivers and major streams. Black cotton soil and sandy soildeposits are generally at the average height of 5 m to 10 m above the stream level. In case of Wardha River,at some places it may be at the height of 15 m these deposits are generally situated about 100 – 300 m widealong the course of major stream (Rokade, 2003; Rokade et al., 2004).

Lineaments

Lineaments are natural straight lines or curvilinear features that can be correlated to faults, fractures, joints,bedding traces, lithological contacts, unconformities etc. mapped from satellite remote sensing data. Thestudy area is characterized by dominant NE-SW trend and ENE-WSW, E-W and NW-SE leaning lineaments(Fig. 2). Rocks of Vindhyan groups are characterised by NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE, whereas E-W, NE-SW andENE-WSW trends of the lineament is shown by Lower Gondwana sediments (Rokade, 2003; Rokade et al.,2004).

Geomorphology of the area

Geomorphology of the area plays very important role to control the groundwater regime. The landformsfeatures, types of the weathered material relief, slope, depth of weathered material and the overall assemblageof different landforms play an vital role in defining the groundwater system (Karanth 1997). On the basis ofdigital remote sensing, SOI Toposheets, field visits and well data geomorphology of the area is mapped out,it comprises of plateau, piedmont slope, pediment, pediplains and flood plain of Wardha River (Fig. 3).

Plateau is broad, elevated, and almost level, table like land. Southern part of the watershed along thewatershed divide is covered by plateau. Due to flat top, this landform is effortlessly identifiable in thesatellite data. In study area, this geomorphic unit is predominantly covered by open forest and it is occupyingan altitude of 509 m above MSL and drainage originating from this area shows trellis drainage pattern(Rokade, 2003; Rokade et al., 2004). Piedmont Zone is characterized by very high runoff and poor groundwaterrecharge region as it is the area between plateau and plains. In study area it is marked by presence ofpiedmont slope and pediment, and this zone is covered by open forest, it is characterised by very highrunoff and poor groundwater regime (Rokade, 2003; Rokade et al., 2004). Plains are the area between piedmontzone and the main river, represented by the presence of pediplains and flood plain of Wardha River. In studyarea, pediplains can be recognized as shallow pediplains (flat surface with a weathered zone that extends upto a depth of 10 m) and deep pediplains (flat surface with a weathered zone that extends up to depth morethan 10 m). Groundwater availability is believed to be poor to moderate in shallow pediplain as compared tothe deep pediplain (Rokade et al., 2004).


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Fig. 2. Geological Map of the Sasti watershed, Rajura Taluka, Chandrapur District (MS)

Fig. 3. Geomorphological Map of the Sasti watershed

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Slope

Contribution of rainfall to stream flow, duration of overland flow, subsurface flow, infiltration, groundwaterreservoir, depth to the water table, pattern of land use/land cover and feasibility of geotechnical constructionsfor storage and artificial recharge is mainly controlled by slope. In the study area, 89.2% of the total area ofthe watershed is nearly level slopes (0 – 1%) and occupies the central and northeastern part of the watershed(Fig. 5). Very gentle slopes (1 – 3%) is represented by foot slopes of the uplands and valley plains in theundulating terrain accounting for 5.8% of the total area. Undulating terrain and intermittent valley zones,occupying 1.32% area of the watershed is under the category of gentle slopes (3 – 5%). 2.02 % of the totalarea is characterized by moderate slope (5 – 10%) and geomorphologically covered by pediments andoccupies the northern, north-western, western and south-eastern part of the watershed. Southern andsouth-eastern parts of the area in association with foot slopes of the hills with an area of about 0.77% is

Land use / Land cover

Landuse/Landcover mapping has been carried out by using satellite remote sensing data in association withancillary data and field checks. Land use and land cover informations are necessary for assessment ofgroundwater availability and its management. In study area, agriculture is the major activity and 58% area ofthe watershed is under agricultural activities. The area under single crop accounts for about 52% anddouble-cropped area accounts for about 6% (Fig. 4). wasteland encompasses of land with scrubs (scrublandaccounts for 18% of the total area), land under mining activities (11.5% of the total area) and barren rockyland (2.7% of the total area). The deciduous forest occupies nearly 6.5% area. Area covered by streams,percolation tanks and ponds is only 0.5% and 2.8% area is occupied by built-up land (Rokade, 2003; Rokadeet al., 2004).

Fig. 4. Land use / Land cover map of the study area


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categorized under the category of strong slopes (10-15%). Steep slope gradients (15-30%), southern part ofthe watershed having an area of about 0.48% of the total area is characterised by small mounds. Geomorphiclandforms like piedmont slope and plateau is characterized by very steep slopes (> 30%) occupying an areaof about 0.41% of the watershed. High degree of gradient change is observed along the lithological contactbetween basalt and Vindhyan red shale resulting in not allowing the surface water to infiltrate in thesubsurface rock (Rokade, 2003; Rokade et al., 2007).

Fig. 5. Slope map of the Sasti Watershed, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra

Depth of Weathering

The depth of weathering decides the ability of subsurface rock to infiltrate water in the ground. Depth ofweathering is depends upon the type of rock, landuse/land cover and geomorphology of the area. In studyarea, depth of weathering fluctuates from place to place. It is observed that maximum thickness of weatheredBarakar sandstone (of the order of 23 m) has been recorded near Pauni and Gauri villages, weathering ofVindhyan sediments is in the range of 3 to 10 m bgl, whereas the thickness of weathered basalt ranges from2 to 5 m bgl (Rokade, 2003). Fig. 6 shows the depth of weathering overlaid by drainage network flowing in thearea.

Groundwater Potential of the area

Groundwater potential of any area is synchronized by rainfall, landuse/landcover, geomorphology, wateruse and geological parameters like type of rock, stratigraphy, porosity, permeability, lineament, joints andfractures in the rock, depth to water table, type of aquifer, direction of subsurface flow, soil texture, soilstructure, depth of weathering, water holding capacity, soil moisture etc.

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In present investigation, groundwater potential zone map (Fig. 7) is generated through GIS and verified withwell yield data in the field. in this area, four groundwater potential zones viz. Very High, High, moderate andlow have been identified and the prospect of groundwater has been described in relation to its geomorphologyand hydrogeological characteristics in each zone (Rokade et al 2007).

Very High Groundwater Potential Zone is mostly influenced by Quaternary sediments deposited in the floodplain of Wardha River. The ground water level in this zone is ranges between 3 – 15 m bgl having goodrecharge conditions and expected yield from this zone is more than 4000 lph. High Groundwater PotentialZone is mainly dominated by Kamthi and Barakar sandstones and by geomorphic unit like deep pediplainmay yield 1000 – 1200 lph water from the wells of this zone. Shallow pediplain of Kamthi sandstone, Talchirsediments and shales and limestones of Vindhyan age is under the category of Moderate Potential Zone.This zone is characterized by weathered and fractured rocks that influence the water table, ground waterlevel value ranges between 3 – 15 m below ground level showing moderate to good recharge conditions.Low Potential Zone is mainly a rocky terrain dominated by pediment zone, plateau and piedmont slope andinfluenced by rocks like limestones, shaley limestones, and red shales of Vindhyan age and Deccan Basaltsoccupying the area of 26% of the total. The groundwater recharge conditions are either limited or moderatedue to high runoff regulated by slope and surface characteristics. In this zone, ground water level is in therange of 3 – 20 m bgl and well yield is in between 300 – 600 lph (Rokade et al. 2007).

Fig. 6. Depth of Weathering Map overlaid by drainage pattern of the area


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Fig. 7. Map showing the groundwater potential zones of the area

GIS Modelling for Artificial Recharge

Model is a simplified illustration of actuality, representing considerable features in a generalized form. GIS isan efficient and brilliant tool for modeling the reality, GIS modeling is a process of combining set of inputmaps (viz. Geology, Geomorphology, Landuse/Landcover, Depth of weathering etc.) with logical function(IF, THEN, AND, OR and NOT) to produce an output map for prediction. In present investigation, GIS modelhave been generated by using Boolean logical operators (IF, AND, OR, NOT and THEN) for demarcation ofthe areas suitable for recharge structures like Percolation tanks, Check dams, Roof top rain water harvesting,Contour bunds and recharge-cum-discharge wells. A set of decision criteria have been established forevaluating the suitability of the area for different recharge structures as given in Table - 1. Modelling forartificial recharge involves logical combination of thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, groundwaterpotential, drainage network, landuse/landcover, slope, depth of weathering, surface and groundwaterresources and shortlist areas fulfilling criterion.

In the study area, percolation tanks are the most prevalent structures in watershed as a measure to rechargethe groundwater reservoir both in alluvial as well as in hard rock formations. The efficacy and feasibility ofthese structures is more in hard rock formation where the rocks are highly fractured and weathered. In theindustrial (cement factory) and built-up area, monsoon recharge can be harnessed to recharge the groundwaterreservoir through roof top rain water harvesting during monsoon. In the case of roof top rain water harvestingall conditions except built-up land are redundant and not playing a major role.

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Recharge Structures Area Selection Criteria using Logical OperatorsPercolation Tanks IF [(Area is underlain by Deccan Basalts OR Vindhyan Sediments OR

Gondwana Sediments OR Alluvium) AND (Lineament is present) AND(Area is having Geomorphic Unit Plateau OR Plains) AND (Area ishaving Low Groundwater potential OR Moderate Groundwater PotentialOR High Groundwater Potential OR Very High Groundwater Potential)AND (Area is drained by streams) AND (Land use /Land cover is Wastelands OR Agricultural lands OR Forest lands NOT Builtup Land) AND(Slope of the area is less than 10%) AND (Thickness of weatheredmaterial is less than 5 m OR greater than 5 m.)] THEN Area is suitable forPercolation Tanks

Roof Top Rain WaterHarvesting

IF [(Area is underlain by Deccan Basalts OR Vindhyan Sediments OR Gondwana Sediments OR Alluvium) AND (Lineament is present) AND (Area is having Geomorphic Unit Plateau OR Piedmont Zone ORPlains) AND (Area is having Low Groundwater potential OR Moderate Groundwater Potential OR High Groundwater Potential)AND (Land use /Land cover is Builtup Land) AND (Thickness ofweathered material is less than 5 m OR greater than 5 m )] THEN Area is suitable for Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Structures.

Check Dams IF [(Area is underlain by Deccan Basalts OR Vindhyan Sediments OR Gondwana Sediments OR Alluvium) AND (Lineament is present) AND (Area is having Geomorphic Unit Plateau OR Piedmont Zone ORPlains) AND (Area is having Low Groundwater potential OR Moderate Groundwater Potential OR High Groundwater Potential)AND (Area is drained by 2 nd Order streams OR 3 rd Order streams)AND (Land use /Land cover is Waste lands OR Agricultural lands OR Forest lands NOT Builtup Land ) AND (Slope of the area is less than10% ) AND (Thickness of weathered material is greater than 5 m ) THEN Area is suitable for Check Dams.

Recharge-Cum-Discharge Wells

IF [(Area is underlain by Deccan Basalts OR Vindhyan Sediments ORGondwana Sediments OR Alluvium) AND (Lineament is presentI) AND(Area is having Geomorphic Unit Plateau OR Piedmont Zone OR Plains)AND (Area is having Low Groundwater potential OR ModerateGroundwater Potential OR High Groundwater Potential) AND (Land use/Land cover is Water bodies OR Irrigation canal) AND (Thickness ofweathered material is less than 5 m OR greater than 5 m.)] THEN Area issuitable for Recharge-Cum-Discharge Wells.

Contour Bunds

IF [(Area is underlain by Deccan Basalts OR Vindhyan Sediments ORGondwana Sediments OR Alluvium) AND (Area is having GeomorphicUnit Pediment OR Piedmont Slope) AND (Area is having LowGroundwater potential OR Moderate Groundwater Potential OR HighGroundwater Potential) AND (Land use /Land cover is Waste land ORForest land) AND (Thickness of weathered material is less than 5 m)AND (Slope of the area is greater than 10%.) THEN Area is suitable forContour bunds.

Table 1: Artificial recharge site selection criteria and Boolean logical operators


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Check dams are constructed across small streams having gentle slope and feasible in hard rock as well asalluvial formations. The site selected for check dam should have sufficient thickness of permeable bed orweathered formation to facilitate recharge of stored water within short span of time. Check dams are used asmultipurpose structure with an aim to trap the silt, to store water as small tanks and also to utilize the waterfor agricultural purposes. In alluvial as well as hard rock areas, dug wells which have either gone dry or thewater levels have declined considerably can be recharge through Recharge-cum-Discharge wells. In thearea of moderate or gentle slopes, fast flowing water can be intercepted before it attains the erosive velocityby putting contour bunds across the slope following contour lines in the area. suggested structures andtheir sites are demarcated by using Boolean logical concept in GIS is given in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. Suitable zones for different artifical recharge structures delineated by GIS modelling

Conclusison

This study has been established methodology for demarcation of zones suitable for artificial rechargestructure using remote sensing and GIS. GIS modeling using Boolean logical operators (IF,THEN, AND, ORand NOT) is the brilliant approach of delineation of zones of different recharge structures. In study area, bytaking into account of local topography, lithology, landuse/landcover and availability of surface andgroundwater potentials zones suitable for different recharge structures have been delineated. From GISmodeling it revealed that artificial structures viz. percolation tanks, check dams, Roof top rain water harvesting,Recharge-cum-discharge wells and contour bunds are feasible in the area. Major part of Gondwana sediments,Deccan basalts and Vindhyan sediments can recharge artificially by percolation tanks, expected recharge

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may vary from 28% to 61% of stored water through percolation tanks. Roof top rain water harvestingstructure is most feasible technique in an industrial area like Ambuja Cement Factory, Manikgarh CementFactory and village area. Check dams can be constructed across 2nd and 3rd ordered streams having gentleslope and are feasible in an area of Kamthi sandstone, Vindhyan shales and limestones with shallow anddeep pediplain. Recharge-cum-Discharge wells are feasible along the irrigation canal running in EW directionin southern part of the watershed. Contour bunds are most suitable recharge structure in the southern partof the watershed and having geomorphic feature like pediment and piedmont slope.

References

Biswas, A. K., 1991. Water for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, 7th World Congress on WaterResources, Rabat Morrocco, pp. 13 – 18.

Burrough, P. A. and McDonnell, R. A., 1998. Principles of Geographical Information Systems. Oxford UniversityPress, New York, pp. 111 – 115.

CGWB, 2000. Guide on Artificial Recharge to Groundwater, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of WaterResources.

Joshi, A. K., 1992. Remote Sensing – Reply, Current Science, Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 272 – 273.

Karanth, K. R., 1997. Ground water Assessment, Development and Management, Tata McGraw-Hill PublishingCompany Limited, New Delhi.

Rokade, V. M., 2003. Integrated Geological Investigations for Groundwater Potential and water resourcemanagement of Sasti watershed, Taluka Rajura of Chandrapur District (MS) using Remote Sensingand GIS, unpublished Doctorate thesis, Nagpur University, Nagpur, pp. 145.

Rokade, V. M., Kundal P. and Joshi, A. K., 2004. Water Resources Development action plan for Sasti watershed,Chandrapur district, Maharashtra using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Journalof the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2004, pp. 363-372.

Rokade, V. M., Kundal P. and Joshi, A. K., 2007. Groundwater Potential Modeling through Remote Sensingand GIS: A case study from Rajura Taluka, Chandrapur District (MS), Journal of The GeologicalSociety of India, vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 943-948.

Saraf, A. K. and Choudhuray, P. R., 1998. Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration andidentification of artificial of artificial recharge sites, Int. Journal of Remote Sensing, 19 (10): 1825-1841.

Singh, L. M., Roy, P. K., Roy, A. K. and Anand, R., 1993. Application of Remote Sensing and GeographicInformation System in Hydrogeologic investigation of Imphal Valley (Manipur). Proc. Nat. Symp.Remote Sensing Application for Resource Management with special emphasis on NE Region, Guwahati,Nov. 25 – 27, 1993. pp. 143-147.


IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR DIFFERENT ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

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