ID-140 Review Notes (Furniture, Architectural Detail, Windows, Doors …ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w135249/pdf/id140/windowsdoors.pdf · ID-140 Review Notes (Furniture, Architectural Detail,

ID-140 Review Notes (Furniture, Architectural Detail, Windows, Doors and Stairs) Furniture Be able to identify the following generic names of furniture as identified in in the Furniture Identification Table that is posted on my website. You do not need to know the period – only the items listed below and underlined in red on the handout. Chippendale side chair, Queen Anne armchair, Windsor chair, Lawson lounge chair, settee , slipper chair, Camel Back sofa, Tuxedo Sofa, Chesterfield sofa, chaise lounge, wing chair, club chair, ladder-back chair, secretary, Chest on Chest, French Commode, Highboy, Breakfront, Armoire, Hutch, Buffet, Nesting tables, Tilt-top table, Gateleg table, Pembroke table, Butler’s tray table, Four-poster bed, Canopy bed and Sleigh bed. In addition, you should never refer to a sofa as a couch. Architectural Detail Wainscot: a wall treatment that dates back to the Middle Ages, this is the wood paneling that was applied to the walls typically reaching the height of the doors or higher. Today, it is often referred to as the portion below a chair rail, however this is not the most appropriate definition. Dado: The wall treatment below a chair rail is referred to as the dado. Typically the chair rail is 30 – 36” high. Pilaster: A decorative column used as an ornamental motif in which the column is flattened against the wall or surface. The columns have the appropriate base, shaft, fluting, and capital. Beadboard: A popular 19-early 20th century wall paneling consisting of narrow vertical strips separated by a small rounded vertical bead. It is popular today in cottage and country style interiors because of its informal design. Base: Molding used to finish the wall where it meets the flooring. Typically base is a term used to describe a rubber or vinyl product and baseboard is used to describe a wood type of base treatment. Chair rail: This is the molding that is placed at chair height to protect the wall finishes from being damaged from the backs of chairs. Typical height is 30 – 36”. Crown: Decorative molding placed where the walls meet the ceiling to add a finishing touch. They can be very ornate or very simple.

Window styles that you should be able to identify from a picture include: (Palladian, awning, bay, Jalousie, casement, clerestory, sash, sidelights and transom.)

Palladian Casement Awning Jalousie

Bay Sash Clerestory Transom Functions of Windows:

1) Light emission 2) View 3) Ventilation 4) Visual communication 5) Fire escape

Types of Windows:

1) Operable 2) Fixed (only for light and views)

Factors to consider when placing windows

1) Fenestration 2) Heat and cold (orientation) 3) Views 4) Privacy 5) Furniture placement 6) Security

Be able to identify the parts of a window: (Sash, trim, sill, head jamb, side jamb,)

Materials: Wood and plastic are typically the materials used in holding in a glass. Metal was popular in the 70’s and is strong and it does not shrink or swell, but it can rust and have condensation. Wood will shrink and swell and requires a protective finish to prevent rot, but it does not encourage condensation. Plastic is what most people use which provided excellent thermal qualities at affordable prices. Doors: See attached handout. Stairs: Know the parts of a stair on from slide show. (stringer, riser, nosing, baluster, tread, newel post.)

Sliding doorsSliding doors are appropriate when space istight. They have many disadvantages. Theyare nor good for frequent use, they areawkward to open and close, and they aredifficult to seal against sound and light. Inaddition, they are not acceptable for exitdoors.

Folding doorsFolding doors are also good where space islimited. However, like sliding doors, theyhave disadvantages. They are not good fornormal passage and are best used for closetsand other minor spaces. Accordion foldingdoors can be used as space dividers but arelimited in maximum sizeto about 20 ft (6 rn)high by 40 ft (12 m) wide.

.......................... Selectio.n and Detailing Procedures

Special doorsMovable walls can be classified as specialdoors. They are used to divide very largespaces. They are composed of individualsolid sections of material that fit tightlytogether when closed. When open, the sec-tions come apart and slide into a storagearea. Movable walls are suspended fromceiling tracks and usually include provisionsfor sealing the wall against sound transmis-sion.

Other types of special doors can be used forinterior construction, but they are not ascommon as other types. Overhead coilingdoors, for example, are sometimes used forsecuring large openings during off-hours.They can also act as automatic-closing firedoors for large openings.

Figure 3.1Doorclassificationby operation

operation

swinging

hinged

aliding

pocket

folding

bi-fold

variations

--pivoted(offset & center hung)

balanced

bi-pass surface

accordion

special

movable wall overhead coiling revolving

Doors/53

i~

l-)i

~~Ie.ction.and.Det~.iI.i~~.Procedures .

Revolving doors are commonly used forbuilding entrances to prevent air infiltrationand to accommodate many people. How-ever, they are not acceptable as exit doors oraccessible doors. Smaller revolving doors areavailable that provide seals against light fordarkrooms.

Door types and materialsDoors are also classified by their type and thematerial from which they are made. Com-mon door types include flush, panel, lou-vered, sash, glass, and Dutch. Commonmaterials for doors include wood (and woodwith plasticlaminate facing), steel (also calledhollow metal), aluminum, glass, and othermetals, such as brass, bronze, and stainlesssteel. Combinations are also possible, suchas ornamen tal sheet metal laminated to woodor steel doors. Not all door types are avail-able or possible in all materials. The com-mon type and material combinations are

shown in Figure 3.3. Many variations arepossible within most of the type/materialcombinations.

Components of openingassembliesThere are four major components of a doorsystem: the door itself, the frame, the hard-ware, and the partition in which the frameand opening are placed. Each must be coor-dinated with the others and must be appro-priate for the function of the door as well asthe design intent. This concept is especiallyimportant when detailing and specifyingfire-rated opening assemblies. As with doortypes and materials, there are many possiblecombinations and variations of these fourcomponents, but some are never used. Forexample, a steel door is never placed in awood frame, but wood doors are commonlyset in steel or aluminum frames.

Door handing The standard method of referring to the way a door swings is called the door hand or thehanding of the door. Handing is used by designers, specifiers, and hardware suppliers tocommunicate how a door swings and what kind of hardware must be supplied for a specificopening. Some hardware will only work on a door that swings a particular way because of theway the strike side of the door is beveled. Hardware that can work on any hand of door iscalled reversible, or nonhanded.

The door hand is determined by standing on the outside of the door, as shown in Figure 3.2.The exterior of a building is considered the outside, as is the hallway side of a room door, thelobby side of a door opening into a room, or the room side of a closet door. In situations wherethe distinction is not clear, such as between two offices, the outside is considered the side of

the door where the hinge is not visible.

When standing on the outside looking at thedoor, if the door hinges on the left andswings away, it is a left-hand door. Ifithingeson the right and swings away, it is a right-hand door. If the door swings toward you, itis considered a left-hand reverse or a right-hand reverse, depending on the hinge loca-tion. Sometimes a left-hand reverse doormay be referred to as a right-hand door anda right-hand reverse door as a left-handdoor, but it is better to use the correctterminology.

left hand

Figure 3.2Door handing

right hand right hand

reverse

5411 Doors

left hand

reverse

outside

242 Chapter 9

series of tables. Such pieces must be custom designedand built for a particular set of dimensions-they cannotbe ordered from a catalog. Custom designs help establisha distinctive look for an interior because they are one of akind, created for a unique set of requirements.

Contract ConsiderationsErgonomics

Other Furniture Types

Unlike residential work, in which the designer oftenknows the users and can cater to individual body sizesand types, contract design entails the ergonomic chal-lenge of selecting furniture for a continually changinggroup of users whom the designer has never seen. Inmany interiors, a profile of the typical, or target, user canbe created from demographic information supplied bythe client. For example, target users in a fine restaurantwill be different from those in a sporting goods store or

The vocabulary of furniture selection includes the namesof a wide variety of types. These are not styles, but sim-ply different kinds of pieces with varying functions thatare often available in a wide range of styles. Table 9.1 il-lustrates many types of furniture.

Table 9.1 I Furniture Identification ~u~~~_~~~~] _Side Chair Side Chair Side Chair

No Arms No Arms No Arms

Hitchcock, nineteenth century Sheraton, eighteenth century -X- Chippendale, eighteenth century.

Open Armchair Open Armchair Open Armchair

With Arms Belter Designer Hoffman Designer

'*" Queen Anne, eighteenth century Rococo Revival, nineteenth century Prague chair, twentieth century

Furniture Selection 243

Table 9.1 Furniture Identification (continued)

Fauteuil Fauteuil Fauteuil

French Open Arm French Open Arm French Open Arm

Regence, eighteenth century Rococo, eighteenth century Neoclassic, eighteenth century

Bergere Bergere

French Closed Arm j*Windsor Chair.

Bow BackFrench Closed Arm

Rococo, eighteenth century Neoclassic, eighteenth century American, eighteenth/nineteenth centuries

Comb Back Pierced Splat

*' Lawson Lounge Chair

Rolled Arm

Windsor Chair Windsor Chair

American, eighteenth/nineteenth centuries English, eighteenth/nineteenth centuries Contemporary (continued)

244 Chapter 9

Table 9.1 I Furniture Identification (continued)

Armless Chair

Contemporary

_sette~

Double Pierced Splat

Chippendale, eighteenth century

Sofa

Bow Back

Hepplewhite, eighteenth century

Ottoman

Upholstered Footstool

Contemporary

Settee

Bentwood

Thonet, late nineteenth century

Sofa

-* Tuxedo

Contemporary

4. Settee

Deacon's Bench

American, eighteenth/nineteenth centuries

Sofa

~camelBacL

Chippendale, eighteenth century

Sofa

Lawson with Rolled Arms

Contemporary

Table 9.1 I Furniture Identification (continued)

Sofa'*- Chesterfield with Tufted Back and Rolled Arms

Contemporary

Also Called Chaise Lounge

Contemporary

Tub Chair

Rounded Back

Contemporary

Chaise Longue

Reclining Sofa

American Empire, nineteenth century

-fWing Chair

Upholstered Wings

Queen Anne, eighteenth century

-*' Club Chair

Oversized Upholstered

Contemporary, Victorian reproduction

Chaise Longue

Pony Chaise

Le Corbusier, twentieth century

Wing Chair

Upholstered Wings

Chippendale, eighteenth century

~ Ladder-Back

Sausage-Shaped Turnings/Rush Seat

American, eighteenth/nineteenth centuries(continued)

2461 Chapter 9

"--=

Table 9.1 I Furniture Identification (continued)

Ladder-Back •.~ Ladder-Back

Pierced Slats

Ladder-Back

Chaise a Capucine Rocker

~ ~

. ,

"=- ;:;:;:=

~~ <, :;;:;

~I""

1

Country French Chippendale, eighteenth century Shaker, nineteenth century

Ladder-Back Table Desk Knee-Hole Desk

Hill Chair French Bureau Plat Space for Knees

Mackintosh, twentieth century Neoclassical, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century

Rolltop Desk Rolltop Desk Tall Case Clock

Tambour Top Rolls Shut French Bureau a Cylindre Also Called Grandfather Clock

American, early twentieth century Rococo, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century

Furniture Selection 247

Table 9.1 Furniture Identification (continued)

."'* Secretary *Chest on Chest•Chest of Drawers*-French CommodeDrop-Front Desk with Bookcase Stacked Double Chest

Chippendale, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century Rococo, eighteenth century

Chest of Drawers ~ Highboy Highboy

Block Front Chest on Raised Legs Also Called Tall Boy

Chippendale, eighteenth century Queen Anne, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century

*Armoire "* Hutch•..Front Breaks or Comes Forward Closet: Also Called Wardrobe Open Cupboard

Chippendale, eighteenth century Country French American vernacular(continued)

2481 Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Furniture Identification (continued)

±BUffet "*' Tilt-Top Table ,""* Nesting Tables -Serving Piece: Also Called Sideboard •Stack Underneath One Another Top Tilts, Also Called Tip-Top

Hepplewhite, eighteenth century Hepplewhite, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century

Pedestal Table *' Gateleg Table- Butterfly Table

Also Called Tripod Legs Swing Out on Drop Leaf Small Drop Leaf

Shaker candlestand English/American vernacular Vernacular, seventeenth/eighteenth centuries

-.:it Pembroke Table Tea Table Flap-Top Table

Tea Table-Sized Drop Leaf Small Tall Table Top Opens for Games

'II

It ~\'

Hepplewhite/Sheraton, eighteenth century Queen Anne, eighteenth century Duncan Phyfe, nineteenth century

Table 9.1 I Furniture IdentificaHon (continued)

Furniture Selection 249

Console Table Console Table

Goes Against the Wall French

~ Butler's Tray Table

Used as a Coffee Table

American Empire, nineteenth century Rococo, eighteenth century

-* Canopy Bed

No Canopy Posters Topped with Canopy

Chippendale, eighteenth century

~ Sleigh Bed

Headboard/Footboard Same Height

Chippendale, eighteenth century Chippendale, eighteenth century Country French

, pediatrician's office. While individual patrons and em-ployees will change, their statistical similarities in age,height and weight, physical condition, and special needswill remain fairly constant. The designer's goal is to selectf II rnishings of the right height, shape, and feel to satisfyt he user that the particular interior is intended to serve.

In some interiors, the ergonomics of furniture selec-t ion are governed by the interests of the client rather thanthose of the users. You may have noticed that the seat-ing in fast-food restaurants, airports, and shopping mallsis somewhat uncomfortable. This is not an accident; thernMlagers of these locales intend to discourage loitering.Visually, too, the furniture in a contract interior may beI('ss "comfortable" than that in a residential one, wherethe same users will live with it day after day. Hotel lob-bics, restaurants, and retail stores may utilize elaborately

decorative, even outrageous furniture to evoke a memo-rable impression during the short time the target user ispresent.

DurabilityWhile it may be obvious that furniture selected for con-tract use needs to be durable, it is worth considering spe-cific characteristics that can help furniture meet the testof hard wear over time:

• Patterns, lightly textured surfaces, and medium-darkcolors camouflage dirt and scratches better than sol-ids, smooth surfaces, and light colors.

• Materials and finishes should be suitable for thoroughcleaning with detergents or other solvents.