Dr. CK Tan, UMS 1 Computer and Multimedia in Education: Theory and Concepts
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Dr. CK Tan, UMS 1
Computer and Multimediain Education:
Theory and Concepts
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 2
What is Educational Technology?
Educational Technology
AV ITProcess
TeachingMethodologies
TV, Radio,Digital TV,
Cellular phone,etc
Computerand Internet
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 3
WHAT IS COMPUTER IN EDUCATION ?
Computer in education is the use of computers in the design, development, delivery and evaluation of teaching and learning materials (instruction). It means:• computer-based instruction (CBI)• computer-assisted instruction (CAI)• computer-assisted language learning
(CALL)
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 4
DiscussionWhy do we need to use technology in T & L?
ERASE
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What is learning?
Learning theory explains how individuals learnvia a set of organized principles in order toacquire new abilities and/or knowledge
To learn is to change (or have the capacity tochange) one’s level of ability or knowledge in apermanent way which is brought about byexperience or interaction of a person with his/herenvironment
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LEARNING THEORIES
Learning Theory Main Principle
Behavioural Perspective reinforcement
Cognitivist Perspective organised information
Constructivist Perspective learn from one another
No one learning theory is the BEST and integratingthem with different learning situation may look thebest.
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LEARNING THEORIES
Rules formaking services Short service Long service
PRACTICES
EVALUATION
Behaviourist: focus on repetition of observed behaviourand observation of progress
Cognitivist: focus on comprehension of small chunks ofknowledge and observation of progress
Constructivist: focus on information exchange andobservation of progress
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 8
Essentials of Teaching
A teacher needs to:know how to employ the most effective teaching
and learning strategies to ensure progress ofstudents
be able to assess what their students know,understand and can do
have high expectations for all their pupilsirrespective of race, gender, family backgroundor learning ability
know how to motivate their studentsKingston University, London
Teaching is the activity of facilitating learningDr. Kasun, University of Colombo
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DiscussionWhy are the problems do we face in T & L?
ERASE
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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Cooperative learning DiscoveryProblem solvingInstructional gamesSimulationDiscussionDrill and practiceTutorialDemonstrationPresentation
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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Type T & L MethodBehaviourist Drill and practice
Simulation Demonstration Lecture and tutorial
Cognitivist Problem solving Mind mapping
Constructivist DiscussionCooperative learning
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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS USNG ICT
Type T & L MethodBehaviourist Online exercises (quiz, objective
items, cloze, matching items)Simulation/gamesDemonstration (video, audio, flash animation)Online presentation (slideshare.com, Prezi, slides.com)
Cognitivist Problem solving Mind mapping (mindmapping.com)
Constructivist Discussion (online forum –padlet.com, blogspot.com, LinkedIn)Cooperative learning (FB, WeChat, Telegram, Whatapps)
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Cooperative learning is an instructional paradigm in whichteams of students work on structured tasks (e.g., homeworkassignments, laboratory experiments, or design projects).Learning is via social interaction among group members.
(Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998)
Approach:Constructivist
Cooperative Learning Method
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 14
Approach:Constructivist
Discovery learning takes place in problem solving situationswhere the learner draws on his or her own past experience andexisting knowledge to discover facts and relationships and newtruths to be learned. Models that are based upon discoverylearning model include: guided discovery, problem-basedlearning, simulation-based learning, case-based learning,incidental learning and etc. Discovery learning is inquiry-basedand was created by Bruner, J.S. (1967).
Discovery Learning Method
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Approach:Cognitivist
Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the largerproblem process that includes problem finding and problemshaping. It is a way to improve motivation, thinking, andlearning.
Wikipedia
Problem Solving Method
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Approach:Behaviourist
Instructional games are learning activities that encourage students to perform or master targeted concepts/skills/strategies in a particularlearning task. Examples of instructional games include checkers, cards, dice, spinners and game boards (including games using computer). Instructional games can be implemented in individualized learning situations. Keyword: learning is fun.
Instructional Game Method
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 17
Approach:Behaviourist
Simulation method is: The act of imitating the behaviour of some situation. An ICT technique of representing the real world
by a computer program.Model: representation of something (sometimes
on a smaller scale).
Simulation Method
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 18
Approach:Constructivist
Discussion method is used usually in brainstorming ofideas or small scale problem solving. Small groupdiscussion is more favourable or the buzz groupmethod where discussion starts off with pairs and latermerged into larger groups for comparison of ideas.
Discussion Method
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 19
Approach:Behaviourist
Drill and Practice method is one of the most effectiveinstructional techniques in learning. It helps to improvethe learner’s skills and readiness levels, adjusting bothpractice repetitions and new content introduction in theprocess. For example, the corrective feedbackparadigm sets an effective pattern for the rehearsal offailed problems.
Allen, M.W. (2006)
Drill and Practice Method
Dr. CK Tan, UMS 20
Approach:Constructivist
The tutorial method is a sequential small group discussionthat derives from the main lecture group. Students areencouraged to participate in tutorial discussion on lecturetopics to motivate and reinforce understanding of conceptsthat are being lectured.
Tutorial Method
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Approach:Behaviourist
The demonstration method is an instructional method in which an instructor shows and explains to enrich and increase the learner's understanding. The effective demonstration involves telling, showing, questioning, and application. This method is also known as “imitation learning” or “teaching by showing”. It is quite similar to simulation but usually done by human or can be done with recorded videos too.
Demonstration Method
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Approach:Behaviourist
Presentation method is: The act of presenting, or something presented A lecture or speech given in front of an audience Presentation using computer slides is known as electronic presentation and it is usually a 1-way traffic but also can improved by allowing interactions with the audience.
Presentation Method
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OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES
HighlightingAnalogies
MnemonicsImagery
Concept mapsFeedback
Case studiesRole playing
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WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?
Instructional Media Characteristics
Real objects and models Actual item / 3-D representation
Text Words (written format)
Video Recorded Movies / Videos
Audio Sound /music / narration
Graphics (visuals / slides) Graphics, pictures, line drawings, maps
Multimedia Combination of some of the above formats
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WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA ?
Multimedia combines text, graphics, audio,animation and video into educational activitiesthat provide information, entertainmentand motivation to learners.
Many multimedia research showed that a learner canunderstand and learn :
• 20 % of what they see
• 30% of what they hear
• 50% of what they see and hear
• 80 % of what they see, hear and do
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MULTIMEDIA: THE LEARNING PIRAMID
National Training Laboratories, Betel, Maine, USA
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Relationship between Learning Methodand Comprehension
Learning Method Comprehension (%)Watch presentation 50Active discussion 70
Give speech 70Give presentation 90
Simulate real incident 90Complete a project 90
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DiscussionHow does giving a presentation help students learn better?
ERASE
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ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
The advantages of multimedia are as follow :
• more effective learning if can be integrate multimediain learning
• will increase learner’s interest and motivation
• promote personalized learning: self-paced, self-directedand self-access learning
• can save manpower for teaching (role as facilitatoronly) via Learning Management System (LMS) and cansave cost and time.
• today’s storage technology allows a lot of multimedialearning materials and sources to be put google drive(online) or on pen drive (offline)
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DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
The disadvantages of multimedia are as follow :
• multimedia computers can be costly.
• teachers need to be trained on how to producemultimedia content. High training cost.
• a lot of copyrighted multimedia materials are costly.
• distance education using multimedia content can bedisrupted if internet access is slow.
• rural areas are at a disadvantage with regard to the useof multimedia in education; unequalled learningoppurtunities